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Ma Q, Zhong S, Ma T, Yue Y, Zou S, Sui S, Ai L, Guo Y. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That FvPAP1 Genes Are Related to the Prolongation of Red-Leaf Period in Ficus virens. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5724-5743. [PMID: 38921014 PMCID: PMC11202158 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ficus virens is a deciduous tree that is highly valuable both economically and medicinally. Like other plants with 'red young leaves', the red-leaf period of most F. virens trees lasts only a few days, and the red leaves have little ornamental value. However, in recent years, some lines of F. virens with bright red young leaves and a prolonged red-leaf period have been utilized for urban greening. To explore the mechanism of the different lengths of the duration of F. virens leaves, we analyzed the physiology and changes in gene expression during the development of two varieties of leaves. The detection of anthocyanin in different developmental stages of the F. virens leaves showed that the changes in color of the red leaves of F. virens were primarily caused by the change in anthocyanin content. A transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of anthocyanin changed significantly during the development of leaves. A MYB gene FvPAP1, which was consistent with the change in anthocyanin content, was identified. A real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis and heterologous expression transgenic studies showed that FvPAP1 promoted the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. The difference in the expression of FvPAP1 in time and intensity in the young leaves may be the reason for the difference in the duration of the red-leaf period in different lines of F. virens. A sequence analysis showed that the cDNA sequence of FvPAP1 was polymorphic, and possible reasons were discussed. These results can provide insight for similar studies on the mechanism of the formation of red coloring in other woody plant leaves and provide molecular targets to breed new materials with more prolonged red-leaf periods in F. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, Chongqing 400715, China; (Q.M.)
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing 401329, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuhua Zhong
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing 401329, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Tianci Ma
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing 401329, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Yajie Yue
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing 401329, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Shihui Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, Chongqing 400715, China; (Q.M.)
| | - Shunzhao Sui
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing 401329, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Lijiao Ai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, Chongqing 400715, China; (Q.M.)
| | - Yulong Guo
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing 401329, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Y.); (S.S.)
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Luo Y, Gessler A, D'Odorico P, Hufkens K, Stocker BD. Quantifying effects of cold acclimation and delayed springtime photosynthesis resumption in northern ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:984-1002. [PMID: 37583086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Land carbon dynamics in temperate and boreal ecosystems are sensitive to environmental change. Accurately simulating gross primary productivity (GPP) and its seasonality is key for reliable carbon cycle projections. However, significant biases have been found in early spring GPP simulations of northern forests, where observations often suggest a later resumption of photosynthetic activity than predicted by models. Here, we used eddy covariance-based GPP estimates from 39 forest sites that differ by their climate and dominant plant functional types. We used a mechanistic and an empirical light use efficiency (LUE) model to investigate the magnitude and environmental controls of delayed springtime photosynthesis resumption (DSPR) across sites. We found DSPR reduced ecosystem LUE by 30-70% at many, but not all site-years during spring. A significant depression of LUE was found not only in coniferous but also at deciduous forests and was related to combined high radiation and low minimum temperatures. By embedding cold-acclimation effects on LUE that considers the delayed effects of minimum temperatures, initial model bias in simulated springtime GPP was effectively resolved. This provides an approach to improve GPP estimates by considering physiological acclimation and enables more reliable simulations of photosynthesis in northern forests and projections in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Luo
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8902, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Petra D'Odorico
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Koen Hufkens
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8902, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8902, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Singh R. Spectral reflectance and fluorescence is a rapid, non-destructive tool for drought tolerance monitoring in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1421-1435. [PMID: 37119439 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera plants were exposed to drought stress for 23 days. Relative water content (RWC), gaseous exchange, fluorescence parameters, and spectral reflectance changes were monitored under drought stress. Assimilation rate and RWC decreased by 81% and 65%, respectively, during drought exposure of 23 days. Photosynthetic reflectance index (PRI) and water index (WI) showed a decreasing pattern under drought stress and correlated with Amax and RWC. Anthocyanin reflectance index and anthocyanin content increased with drought stress. Similarly, rational among R727, R696, R770, and R731 reflects chlorophyll content and Chl a/b ratio and copes with actual chlorophyll content. Fluorescence changes showed the opening and closing of PSII reaction centers, while absorbance change at 830/875 nm showed activity and energy balance of PSI. Non-photochemical quenching increased under drought, which showed depoxydation of xanthine cycle pigment. Energy balance at the acceptor and donor side of PSI adjusted under drought stress by increasing electron carrying limitation at donor side. Energy balance between PSI and PSII is maintained by increasing cyclic electron flux under mild drought stress. Both protective mechanism depoxydation of xanthine cycle pigment and enhancement of cyclic electron flux reduced or diminished under severe drought stress. Decrease in leaf area and stomatal closure may cause a reduction in transpiration that results into loss of RWC and altered physiological processes. Since fluorescence, absorbance change and spectral reflectance are non-invasive measurements that may be used as indicators for assessing drought tolerance in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India, 226015.
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Narayan S, Sharma RK, Kumar V, Sanyal I, Shirke PA. Alterations in plant anatomy and higher lignin synthesis provides drought tolerance in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107905. [PMID: 37527608 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Four contrasting varieties of guar, RGC-1002 and RGC-1038, drought tolerant, while, Sarada and RGC-936, drought sensitive, were monitored in watered and drought. The water status, phenolics, plant anatomy and transcript level of genes related to anatomical traits were assessed. The study aimed to decipher the anatomical adaptations of guar plants in response to water stress. The physiological determinants, relative water content (RWC), water potential (ψ), and leaf membrane damage, declined under drought in all four varieties although, the decrement was lesser in the tolerant varieties. Furthermore, the tolerant cultivars subjected to water stress recorded higher accumulation of total phenolic content, anthocyanin and lignin, which efficiently scavenge the reactive oxygen species. The results suggest that the cultivars RGC-1002 and RGC-1038 are better able to resist drought-induced oxidative stress than Sarada and RGC-936. Moreover, leaf, petiole, stem and root anatomical traits viz. size of epidermal cell, parenchyma, width of cortex layer, and diameter of xylem vessels were narrowed in all the varieties although, the decrement was lesser in the tolerant varieties under drought. The expression analysis of genes revealed that drought-tolerant varieties showed enhanced mechanical support for water conduction by up-regulation of genes, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase1 (PAL1), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCOMT), and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD6) in water stress conditions. The alterations in physio-anatomical, biochemical and gene expression traits in tolerant guar varieties enabled them to maintain steady nutrient transport while reducing the risk of embolisms and increasing water-flow resistance for better survival in water stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Narayan
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR(#) - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR(#) - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Indraneel Sanyal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Pramod Arvind Shirke
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR(#) - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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5
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Wang Y, Zhen J, Che X, Zhang K, Zhang G, Yang H, Wen J, Wang J, Wang J, He B, Yu A, Li Y, Wang Z. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of autumn leaf color change in Fraxinus angustifolia. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15319. [PMID: 37197583 PMCID: PMC10184661 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fraxinus angustifolia is a type of street tree and shade tree with ornamental value. It has a beautiful shape and yellow or reddish purple autumn leaves, but its leaf color formation mechanism and molecular regulation network need to be studied. In this study, we integrated the metabolomes and transcriptomes of stage 1 (green leaf) and stage 2 (red-purple leaf) leaves at two different developmental stages to screen differential candidate genes and metabolites related to leaf color variation. The results of stage 1 and stage 2 transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 5,827 genes were differentially expressed, including 2,249 upregulated genes and 3,578 downregulated genes. Through functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, we found that they were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, pigment metabolism, carotene metabolism, terpenoid biosynthesis, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, pigment accumulation, and other biological processes. By measuring the metabolites of Fraxinus angustifolia leaves, we found the metabolites closely related to the differentially expressed genes in two different periods of Fraxinus angustifolia, among which flavonoid compounds were the main differential metabolites. Through transcriptome and metabolomics data association analysis, we screened nine differentially expressed genes related to anthocyanins. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR results showed that these nine genes showed significant expression differences in different stages of the sample, and we speculate that they are likely to be the main regulatory factors in the molecular mechanism of leaf coloration. This is the first time that we have analyzed the transcriptome combination metabolome in the process of leaf coloration of Fraxinus angustifolia, which has important guiding significance for directional breeding of colored-leaf Fraxinus species and will also give new insights for enriching the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Bioinformatics Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoyu Che
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Bioinformatics Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Hongyashan State-owned Forest Farm in Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiming Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Grammar, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bo He
- Green Building Development Center of Baoding, Baoding, China
| | - Ailong Yu
- Flower and Wood Technical Service Center of Hengshui, Hengshui, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Agati G, Guidi L, Landi M, Tattini M. Anthocyanins in photoprotection: knowing the actors in play to solve this complex ecophysiological issue. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2228-2235. [PMID: 34449083 PMCID: PMC9291080 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- National Research Council of ItalyInstitute of Applied Physics ‘Nello Carrara’Via Madonna del Piano 10Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceI‐50019Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentUniversity of PisaVia del Borghetto 80I‐56124PisaItaly
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentUniversity of PisaVia del Borghetto 80I‐56124PisaItaly
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionNational Research Council of ItalyVia Madonna del Piano 10I‐50019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
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7
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Landi M, Agati G, Fini A, Guidi L, Sebastiani F, Tattini M. Unveiling the shade nature of cyanic leaves: A view from the "blue absorbing side" of anthocyanins. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1119-1129. [PMID: 32515010 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins have long been suggested as having great potential in offering photoprotection to plants facing high light irradiance. Nonetheless, their effective ability in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from supernumerary photons has been questioned by some authors, based upon the inexact belief that anthocyanins almost exclusively absorb green photons, which are poorly absorbed by chlorophylls. Here we focus on the blue light absorbing features of anthocyanins, a neglected issue in anthocyanin research. Anthocyanins effectively absorb blue photons: the absorbance of blue relative to green photons increases from tri- to mono-hydroxy B-ring substituted structures, reaching up to 50% of green photons absorption. We offer a comprehensive picture of the molecular events activated by low blue-light availability, extending our previous analysis in purple and green basil, which we suggest to be responsible for the "shade syndrome" displayed by cyanic leaves. While purple leaves display overexpression of genes promoting chlorophyll biosynthesis and light harvesting, in green leaves it is the genes involved in the stability/repair of photosystems that are largely overexpressed. As a corollary, this adds further support to the view of an effective photoprotective role of anthocyanins. We discuss the profound morpho-anatomical adjustments imposed by the epidermal anthocyanin shield, which reflect adjustments in light harvesting capacity under imposed shade and make complex the analysis of the photosynthetic performance of cyanic versus acyanic leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Agati
- Institute of Applied Physics 'Nello Carrara', Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy
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Upreti P, Narayan S, Khan F, Tewari LM, Shirke PA. Physiological attributes associated with leaf spectral alterations in guar [ Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] under drought. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:125. [PMID: 33643760 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two contrasting guar varieties [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.], RGC-1002-a better drought tolerant than RGC-936-a comparatively sensitive variety, were subjected to 8 days of water stress. The physiological characteristics of gas exchange, pigments and the spectral properties of the leaves were monitored and assessed. The guar variety, RGC-1002 exhibited higher relative water content (RWC) and biomass accumulation in water stress condition as compared to RGC-936. The RGC-1002 variety also showed a higher rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and lesser reduction in chlorophyll content as compared to RGC-936 variety. On the 8th day of drought, the leaf anthocyanin levels were also higher in RGC-1002 than RGC-936. Increased levels of anthocyanin result in decrease in absorption of light, and an increase in reflectance, and transmittance. The scattering coefficient of leaf spectra was significantly increased in RGC-936 than in RGC-1002 leaves; this is due to an increase in the size of intercellular air spaces and shrinkage of cells as a result of water loss. The leaf reflectance was also observed to be significantly increased in RGC-936 than in RGC-1002 leaves. The physiological and leaf optical observations substantiate that RGC-1002 was better adapted to water stress than RGC-936 variety. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02674-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Upreti
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, U.P. 226001 India
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, D. S. B. Campus, Nainital, 263001 India
| | - Shiv Narayan
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, U.P. 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Furqan Khan
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, U.P. 226001 India
- Present Address: KPHEI, Jhalwa College, Affiliated to Prof. Rajendra Singh (Rajju Bhaiya) University, Prayagraj, U.P. India
| | - Lalit Mohan Tewari
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, D. S. B. Campus, Nainital, 263001 India
| | - Pramod Arvind Shirke
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, U.P. 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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Vangelisti A, Guidi L, Cavallini A, Natali L, Lo Piccolo E, Landi M, Lorenzini G, Malorgio F, Massai R, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Rallo G, Remorini D, Vernieri P, Giordani T. Red versus green leaves: transcriptomic comparison of foliar senescence between two Prunus cerasifera genotypes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1959. [PMID: 32029804 PMCID: PMC7005320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The final stage of leaf ontogenesis is represented by senescence, a highly regulated process driven by a sequential cellular breakdown involving, as the first step, chloroplast dismantling with consequent reduction of photosynthetic efficiency. Different processes, such as pigment accumulation, could protect the vulnerable photosynthetic apparatus of senescent leaves. Although several studies have produced transcriptomic data on foliar senescence, just few works have attempted to explain differences in red and green leaves throughout ontogenesis. In this work, a transcriptomic approach was used on green and red leaves of Prunus cerasifera to unveil molecular differences from leaf maturity to senescence. Our analysis revealed a higher gene regulation in red leaves compared to green ones, during leaf transition. Most of the observed DEGs were shared and involved in transcription factor activities, senescing processes and cell wall remodelling. Significant differences were detected in cellular functions: genes related to photosystem I and II were highly down-regulated in the green genotype, whereas transcripts involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, such as UDP glucose-flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) were exclusively up-regulated in red leaves. In addition, cellular functions involved in stress response (glutathione-S-transferase, Pathogen-Related) and sugar metabolism, such as three threalose-6-phosphate synthases, were activated in senescent red leaves. In conclusion, data suggests that P. cerasifera red genotypes can regulate a set of genes and molecular mechanisms that cope with senescence, promoting more advantages during leaf ontogenesis than compared to the green ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vangelisti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Natali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ermes Lo Piccolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fernando Malorgio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossano Massai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rallo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giordani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Zhang Q, Zhai J, Chen G, Lin W, Peng C. The Changing Distribution of Anthocyanin in Mikania micrantha Leaves as an Adaption to Low-Temperature Environments. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E456. [PMID: 31717889 PMCID: PMC6918224 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, a protective substance in plant leaves, can accumulate in large quantities under low-temperature induction. In order to explore the effect of anthocyanins in Mikania micrantha leaves, the Rubisco, photosynthesis, pigments, and antioxidative capacity in mature leaves (ML) and young leaves (YL) of M. micrantha were investigated in winter. YL were red on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, while ML was red on the abaxial surfaces and green on the adaxial surfaces. Compared with ML, the relative expression of the genes related to anthocyanin synthesis and anthocyanin content were significantly higher in YL. Antioxidants such as flavonoids and total phenols were found in higher quantities, and the total antioxidant capacity was also significantly higher in YL. However, in ML, the Rubisco and chlorophyll content related to photosynthesis were significantly higher. The stomata of ML displayed a larger aperture than YL, and the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate were significantly higher in ML. The results suggested that M. micrantha leaves could better adapt to the winter environment through changing the distribution of anthocyanins in leaves of different maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Changlian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Q.Z.); (J.Z.); (G.C.); (W.L.)
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Integrated physiological and genomic analysis reveals structural variations and expression patterns of candidate genes for colored- and green-leaf poplar. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11150. [PMID: 31371772 PMCID: PMC6673700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colored-leaf plants are increasingly popular and have been attracting more and more attentions. However, the molecular mechanism of leaf coloration in plants has not been fully understood. In this study, a colored-leaf cultivar of Populus deltoides (Caihong poplar, CHP) and green-leaf cultivar of Populus deltoides L2025 were used to explore the mechanism of leaf coloration through physiological and the whole genome resequencing analysis. The content of anthocyanins, total Chl, and carotenoids in the leaves of CHP and L2025 were evaluated. The ratio of anthocyanins to total Chl in CHP was 25.0 times higher than that in L2025; this could be attributed to the red leaf color of CHP. Based on the whole genome resequencing analysis, 951,421 polymorphic SNPs and 221,907 indels were screened between CHP and L2025. Using qRT-PCR analysis, three structural genes (flavonol synthase 1 family protein, UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase 3′ and flavonoid 3-O-galactosyl transferase family protein) and six transcription factors (MYB-related protein Myb4, transcription factor GAMYB, PtrMYB179, transcription factor bHLH53, transcription factor bHLH3, VARICOSE family protein) may be involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, which could be used as candidate genes to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of leaf coloration in Populus deltoids, and could be used in molecular breeding in the future.
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Passari AK, Upadhyaya K, Singh G, Abdel-Azeem AM, Thankappan S, Uthandi S, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF, Malik JA, AS A, Gupta VK, Ranjan S, Singh BP. Enhancement of disease resistance, growth potential, and photosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by inoculation with an endophytic actinobacterium, Streptomyces thermocarboxydus strain BPSAC147. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219014. [PMID: 31269087 PMCID: PMC6608948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic stresses in plants have a significant impact on agricultural productivity. In the present study, in vivo experiments were conducted to determine the physiological responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings by inoculation with an endophytic actinobacterium, Streptomyces thermocarboxydus isolate BPSAC147 under greenhouse conditions. Further, photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical (NPQ) were calculated in seedlings inoculated with S. thermocarboxydus (T1) and were compared with control (T0) plants. Furthermore, the electron transport rate (ETR) of PSII exhibited a significant increase in T1 plants, relative to T0 plants. These results indicate that inoculation of tomato seedlings with S. thermocarboxydus had a positive effect on the process of photosynthesis, resulting in enhanced chlorophyll fluorescence parameters due to increased ETR in the thylakoid membrane. GC-MS analysis showed significant differences in the volatile compounds in the different treatments performed under greenhouse conditions. The present study suggests that S. thermocarboxydus can be used as new biocontrol agent to control Fusarium wilt in tomato crops and enhance productivity by enhancing photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Passari
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Biotecnologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Garima Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Sugitha Thankappan
- Biocatalysts Lab, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Lab, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jahangir Ahmed Malik
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Alqarawi AS
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjay Ranjan
- Application Scientist, Spectraritec, Ranjit Nagar Commercial Complex, Saadipur, Delhi
| | - Bhim Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
- * E-mail:
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Zhang TJ, Zheng J, Yu ZC, Huang XD, Zhang QL, Tian XS, Peng CL. Functional characteristics of phenolic compounds accumulated in young leaves of two subtropical forest tree species of different successional stages. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1486-1501. [PMID: 29579301 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of phenolic compounds (including anthocyanins) in leaves is associated with photosynthetic performance, but the regulatory mechanism is unclear. Schima superba Gardn. et Champ. and Cryptocarya concinna Hance., which exhibit distinct anthocyanin accumulation patterns, are dominant tree species in the early- and late-successional stages, respectively, of subtropical forests in China. RNA-seq and analyses of phenolic concentrations, antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic characteristics were performed on young and mature leaves of these two species under contrasting light conditions. The high-light-acclimated young leaves of S. superba and C. concinna and low-light-acclimated young leaves of C. concinna were red. These red leaves had higher ratios of electron transport rate to gross photosynthesis (ETR:Pgross) and total antioxidant capacity to chlorophyll (TAC:Chl) than did the green leaves, regardless of light conditions. In addition, the red leaves had a higher expression level of the UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) gene than did the green leaves, irrespective of light conditions. Total antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with flavonoid content in C. concinna leaves and with total phenolic content in leaves of both species under both high and low light. Consistent with the measurements of photosynthetic performance and flavonoids:Chl ratio, photosynthesis-related genes were extensively downregulated and flavonoid-pathway-related genes were extensively upregulated in young leaves relative to mature leaves. Under high and low light, both non-photochemical quenching and TAC:Chl, which serve as different types of photoprotective tools, were enhanced in young leaves of S. superba, whereas only TAC:Chl was enhanced in young leaves of C. concinna. Our results indicate that the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in young leaves is likely enhanced by an imbalance between photosynthetic electron supply and demand and that flavonoids play a larger role in meditating photoprotection in late-successional species than in early-successional ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zheng-Chao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xuan-Dong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xing-Shan Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
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15
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Khan F, Upreti P, Singh R, Shukla PK, Shirke PA. Physiological performance of two contrasting rice varieties under water stress. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 23:85-97. [PMID: 28250586 PMCID: PMC5313403 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Two rice varieties PR-115 and Super-7 were imposed to water stress and different physiological traits were monitored to evaluate the performance of these varieties under drought. Under water stress condition although the relative water content, osmotic potential, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, carbon discrimination and biomass decreased in both the varieties however, the reduction was more pronounced in Super-7 variety. Oryzanol a trans-ester of ferulic acid functions as antioxidant and it increased along with total phenolic and anthocyanin content in both the varieties under drought stress. However, gallic acid, 4 hydroxy benzoic acid, syringic acid and chlorogenic acid showed differential pattern in both of the varieties under water limiting conditions. Under drought, grain yield was penalized by 17 and 54% in PR-115 and Super-7 varieties, respectively in comparison to watered plants. Super-7 variety showed pronounced electrolyte leakage and MDA enhancement under water stress condition. High non photochemical quenching and reduction in Y(NO) and Y(II) indicated balanced energy management in tolerant PR-115 variety. The studies showed that PR-115 is a drought tolerant variety while Super-7 is drought sensitive in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan Khan
- Plant Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Priyanka Upreti
- Plant Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- Plant Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Present Address: Biotechnology Division, CSIR – Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O-CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226 015 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Higginbotom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Naini, Allahabad, 211 007 India
| | - Pramod Arvind Shirke
- Plant Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
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Zhang TJ, Chow WS, Liu XT, Zhang P, Liu N, Peng CL. A magic red coat on the surface of young leaves: anthocyanins distributed in trichome layer protect Castanopsis fissa leaves from photoinhibition. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1296-1306. [PMID: 27614357 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of anthocyanins in young leaves plays an important role in mitigation against photodamage and allows leaves to grow and develop normally. Many studies have reported that foliar anthocyanins are distributed within the vacuoles of mesophyll cells, so we explored the novel defence style of anthocyanin-coated young leaves of Castanopsis fissa, a dominant subtropical forest tree species, via removable trichomes. Anthocyanins were distributed in C. fissa leaf trichomes, which produced a red coating for the young leaves. As young leaves developed and then matured, the thickness and density of the anthocyanin trichomes progressively decreased, the coating finally disappearing, allowing greater utilization of light by mature leaves. In addition to anthocyanins, the trichomes contained a remarkably high amount of phenolics, which enable the red coating to be more efficient in screening ultraviolet light. Compared with mature leaves, the young leaves exhibited lower photosynthetic ability, which was attributable to the reduced chlorophyll and Rubisco contents. Removal of the red coating had little effect on the photosynthetic capacity of young leaves. However, the young leaves without the coating suffered greater light-induced photoinhibition due to greater excess light entering the chloroplast and the production of H2O2 Our results suggest that the anthocyanin coating is photoprotective and this anthocyanin defence style may be a metabolically cost-effective way of adjusting the anthocyanin content in response to demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Jie Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Xiao-Tao Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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17
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Zhu H, Zhang TJ, Zhang P, Peng CL. Pigment patterns and photoprotection of anthocyanins in the young leaves of four dominant subtropical forest tree species in two successional stages under contrasting light conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1092-1104. [PMID: 27255467 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven subtropical forest succession is a dynamic process in which mesophytic climax communities replace heliophytic ones. Juvenile leaves (particularly mesophytic ones) are sensitive to high irradiances. To determine the photoprotection strategy that juvenile leaves use during subtropical forest succession, anthocyanin accumulation patterns were investigated in the young leaves of two mid-successional dominant trees (i.e., Schima superba and Castanopsis fissa) and two late-successional dominant trees (i.e., Cryptocarya concinna and Acmena acuminatissima) grown in 100% (FL) and 25% (LL) of full sunlight. All four tree species produced anthocyanins in their juvenile leaves when <50% of chlorophylls and carotenoids had developed. Higher anthocyanin concentrations accumulated in the young leaves grown in FL than in those grown in LL and in late-successional than in mid-successional trees. The juvenile leaves of late-successional trees were subjected to higher light-induced photoinhibition than those of mid-successional trees, despite of the fact that the leaves of late-successional trees showed greater non-photochemical quenching than those of mid-successional trees. Under LL conditions, photosystem II excitation pressure (1 - qP) was significantly higher in the juvenile leaves of late-successional trees than those of mid-successional trees. Under either FL or LL conditions, anthocyanin concentrations in juvenile leaves were negatively related to the light compensation point in mature leaves across species. However, anthocyanin concentrations were positively related to the antioxidant capacity of juvenile leaves. These results indicate that anthocyanin accumulation in the juvenile leaves of subtropical dominant trees during forest community succession is a flexible photoprotective response to ambient irradiances according to leaf sensitivity to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China School of Life Science & Food Technology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, PR China
| | - T J Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - P Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - C L Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong Province, PR China
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Saema S, Rahman LU, Singh R, Niranjan A, Ahmad IZ, Misra P. Ectopic overexpression of WsSGTL1, a sterol glucosyltransferase gene in Withania somnifera, promotes growth, enhances glycowithanolide and provides tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:195-211. [PMID: 26518426 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of sterol glycosyltransferase (SGTL1) gene of Withania somnifera showing its involvement in glycosylation of withanolide that leads to enhanced growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Withania somnifera is widely used in Ayurvedic medicines for over 3000 years due to its therapeutic properties. It contains a variety of glycosylated steroids called withanosides that possess neuroregenerative, adaptogenic, anticonvulsant, immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. The WsSGTL1 gene specific for 3β-hydroxy position has a catalytic specificity to glycosylate withanolide and sterols. Glycosylation not only stabilizes the products but also alters their physiological activities and governs intracellular distribution. To understand the functional significance and potential of WsSGTL1 gene, transgenics of W. somnifera were generated using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Stable integration and overexpression of WsSGTL1 gene were confirmed by Southern blot analysis followed by quantitative real-time PCR. The WsGTL1 transgenic plants displayed number of alterations at phenotypic and metabolic level in comparison to wild-type plants which include: (1) early and enhanced growth with leaf expansion and increase in number of stomata; (2) increased production of glycowithanolide (majorly withanoside V) and campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol in glycosylated forms with reduced accumulation of withanolides (withaferin A, withanolide A and withanone); (3) tolerance towards biotic stress (100 % mortality of Spodoptera litura), improved survival capacity under abiotic stress (cold stress) and; (4) enhanced recovery capacity after cold stress, as indicated by better photosynthesis performance, chlorophyll, anthocyanin content and better quenching regulation of PSI and PSII. Our data demonstrate overexpression of WsSGTL1 gene which is responsible for increase in glycosylated withanolide and sterols, and confers better growth and tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Saema
- Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
- Department of Bioscience, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Laiq Ur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Abhishek Niranjan
- Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | | | - Pratibha Misra
- Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India.
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Singh R, Mishra A, Dhawan SS, Shirke PA, Gupta MM, Sharma A. Physiological performance, secondary metabolite and expression profiling of genes associated with drought tolerance in Withania somnifera. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1439-1450. [PMID: 25691002 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Physiological, biochemical, and gene expression responses under drought stress were studied in Withania somnifera. Photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, relative water content, chlorophyll content, and quantum yield of photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) decreased in response to drought stress. Comparative expression of genes involved in osmoregulation, detoxification, signal transduction, metabolism, and transcription factor was analyzed through quantitative RT-PCR. The genes encoding 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), serine threonine-protein kinase (STK), serine threonine protein phosphatase (PSP), aldehyde dehydrogenase (AD), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase/anthocyanin synthase (LD/AS), HSP, MYB, and WRKY have shown upregulation in response to drought stress condition in leaf tissues. Enhanced detoxification and osmoregulation along with increased withanolides production were also observed under drought stress. The results of this study will be helpful in developing stress-tolerant and high secondary metabolite yielding genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singh
- Plant Physiology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Anand Mishra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Sunita S Dhawan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Pramod A Shirke
- Plant Physiology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Madan M Gupta
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.
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Gururani MA, Venkatesh J, Tran LSP. Regulation of Photosynthesis during Abiotic Stress-Induced Photoinhibition. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1304-20. [PMID: 25997389 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants as sessile organisms are continuously exposed to abiotic stress conditions that impose numerous detrimental effects and cause tremendous loss of yield. Abiotic stresses, including high sunlight, confer serious damage on the photosynthetic machinery of plants. Photosystem II (PSII) is one of the most susceptible components of the photosynthetic machinery that bears the brunt of abiotic stress. In addition to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by abiotic stress, ROS can also result from the absorption of excessive sunlight by the light-harvesting complex. ROS can damage the photosynthetic apparatus, particularly PSII, resulting in photoinhibition due to an imbalance in the photosynthetic redox signaling pathways and the inhibition of PSII repair. Designing plants with improved abiotic stress tolerance will require a comprehensive understanding of ROS signaling and the regulatory functions of various components, including protein kinases, transcription factors, and phytohormones, in the responses of photosynthetic machinery to abiotic stress. Bioenergetics approaches, such as chlorophyll a transient kinetics analysis, have facilitated our understanding of plant vitality and the assessment of PSII efficiency under adverse environmental conditions. This review discusses the current understanding and indicates potential areas of further studies on the regulation of the photosynthetic machinery under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Lam Son Phan Tran
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Gururani MA, Venkatesh J, Ganesan M, Strasser RJ, Han Y, Kim JI, Lee HY, Song PS. In Vivo Assessment of Cold Tolerance through Chlorophyll-a Fluorescence in Transgenic Zoysiagrass Expressing Mutant Phytochrome A. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127200. [PMID: 26010864 PMCID: PMC4444231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll-a fluorescence analysis provides relevant information about the physiology of plants growing under abiotic stress. In this study, we evaluated the influence of cold stress on the photosynthetic machinery of transgenic turfgrass, Zoysia japonica, expressing oat phytochrome A (PhyA) or a hyperactive mutant phytochrome A (S599A) with post-translational phosphorylation blocked. Biochemical analysis of zoysiagrass subjected to cold stress revealed reduced levels of hydrogen peroxide, increased proline accumulation, and enhanced specific activities of antioxidant enzymes compared to those of control plants. Detailed analyses of the chlorophyll-a fluorescence data through the so-called OJIP test exhibited a marked difference in the physiological status among transgenic and control plants. Overall, these findings suggest an enhanced level of cold tolerance in S599A zoysiagrass cultivars as reflected in the biochemical and physiological analyses. Further, we propose that chlorophyll-a fluorescence analysis using OJIP test is an efficient tool in determining the physiological status of plants under cold stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Anand Gururani
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690–756, South Korea
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbook 712–749, South Korea
| | - Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143–701, South Korea
| | - Markkandan Ganesan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690–756, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Reto Jörg Strasser
- Bioenergetics Laboratory, University of Geneva, Jussy, CH-1254, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yunjeong Han
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500–757, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500–757, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Yeon Lee
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690–756, South Korea
| | - Pill-Soon Song
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690–756, South Korea
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