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Wang W, Wang H, Zhang Z, Li W, Yin X, Long Y. Dual RNA sequencing during Trichoderma harzianum-Phytophthora capsici interaction reveals multiple biological processes involved in the inhibition and highlights the cell wall as a potential target. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38742618 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora capsici is a destructive oomycete pathogen, causing huge economic losses for agricultural production. The genus Trichoderma represents one of the most extensively researched categories of biocontrol agents, encompassing a diverse array of effective strains. The commercial biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 exhibits pronounced biocontrol effects against many plant pathogens, but its activity against P. capsici is not known. RESULTS T. harzianum T-22 significantly inhibited the growth of P. capsici mycelia and the culture filtrate of T-22 induced lysis of P. capsici zoospores. Electron microscopic analyses indicated that T-22 significantly modulated the ultrastructural composition of P. capsici, with a severe impact on the cell wall integrity. Dual RNA sequencing revealed multiple biological processes involved in the inhibition during the interaction between these two microorganisms. In particular, a marked upregulation of genes was identified in T. harzianum that are implicated in cell wall degradation or disruption. Concurrently, the presence of T. harzianum appeared to potentiate the susceptibility of P. capsici to cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors such as mandipropamid and dimethomorph. Further investigations showed that mandipropamid and dimethomorph could strongly inhibit the growth and development of P. capsici but had no impact on T. harzianum even at high concentrations, demonstrating the feasibility of combining T. harzianum and these cell wall synthesis inhibitors to combat P. capsici. CONCLUSION These findings provided enhanced insights into the biocontrol mechanisms against P. capsici with T. harzianum and evidenced compatibility between specific biological and chemical control strategies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuzhu Zhang
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhui Yin
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Long
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Lu Y, Jin Z, Li B, Wu L, He Y. Antifungal mechanism of cell-free supernatant produced by Trichoderma virens and its efficacy for the control of pear Valsa canker. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1377683. [PMID: 38694806 PMCID: PMC11061385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1377683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pear Valsa canker, caused by Valsa pyri (V. pyri), poses a major threat to pear production. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) produced by Trichoderma virens (T. virens) to control the development of pear Valsa canker and reveal the inhibitory mechanism against the pathogenic fungi. Results Using morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, the pathogen G1H was identified as V. pyri, and the biocontrol fungus WJ561 was identified as Trichoderma virens. CFS derived from WJ561 exhibited strong inhibition of mycelial growth and was capable of reducing the pathogenicity of V. pyri on pear leaves and twigs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed deformations and shrinkages in the fungal hyphae treated with CFS. The CFS also destroyed the hyphal membranes leading to the leakage of cellular contents and an increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, CFS significantly inhibited the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and downregulated the expression of antioxidant defense-related genes in V. pyri, causing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Artesunate, identified as the main component in CFS by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), exhibited antifungal activity against V. pyri. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the promising potential of T. virens and its CFS in controlling pear Valsa canker. The primary inhibitory mechanism of CFS involves multiple processes, including membrane damage and negatively affecting enzymatic detoxification pathways, consequently leading to hyphal oxidative damage of V. pyri. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the utilization of T. virens to control V. pyri in practical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Lu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujian He
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizer, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi City, China
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Kredics L, Büchner R, Balázs D, Allaga H, Kedves O, Racić G, Varga A, Nagy VD, Vágvölgyi C, Sipos G. Recent advances in the use of Trichoderma-containing multicomponent microbial inoculants for pathogen control and plant growth promotion. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:162. [PMID: 38613584 PMCID: PMC11015995 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Chemical pesticides and fertilizers are used in agricultural production worldwide to prevent damage from plant pathogenic microorganisms, insects, and nematodes, to minimize crop losses and to preserve crop quality. However, the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers can severely pollute soil, water, and air, posing risks to the environment and human health. Consequently, developing new, alternative, environment-friendly microbial soil treatment interventions for plant protection and crop yield increase has become indispensable. Members of the filamentous fungal genus Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreales) have long been known as efficient antagonists of plant pathogenic microorganisms based on various beneficial traits and abilities of these fungi. This minireview aims to discuss the advances in the field of Trichoderma-containing multicomponent microbiological inoculants based on recent experimental updates. Trichoderma strains can be combined with each other, with other fungi and/or with beneficial bacteria. The development and field performance of such inoculants will be addressed, focusing on the complementarity, synergy, and compatibility of their microbial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Rita Büchner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Dóra Balázs
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Allaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kedves
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Gordana Racić
- Faculty of Ecological Agriculture, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, Sremska Kamenica, 21208, Serbia
| | - András Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Viktor Dávid Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - György Sipos
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Forest and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sopron, Sopron, 9400, Hungary
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Al-Shuaibi BK, Kazerooni EA, Al-Maqbali D, Al-Kharousi M, Al-Yahya’ei MN, Hussain S, Velazhahan R, Al-Sadi AM. Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma Ghanense and Trichoderma Citrinoviride toward Pythium aphanidermatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:284. [PMID: 38667955 PMCID: PMC11051229 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pythium-induced damping-off of cucumber is a major constraint to cucumber production in different parts of the world. Although chemical fungicides are used for managing this disease, they have many drawbacks to the environment. The ability of the antagonistic fungi isolated from the rhizosphere and endosphere of Dactyloctenium robecchii and Moraea sisyrinchium in the control of soilborne pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum was inspected. Native Trichoderma isolates, Trichoderma ghanense and Trichoderma citrinoviride, were isolated from plant stem and soil samples collected from Al-Seeb, Oman. Using a dual culture technique, the antagonistic activity of the fungal isolates against P. aphanidermatum was examined in vitro. Among Trichoderma isolates, T. ghanense was more efficient in restraining the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum, causing an inhibition percentage of 44.6%. Further, T. citrinoviride induced significantly lower cessation of P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth (31.3%). Microscopic and electrolyte leakage inspection of the pathogen mycelia depicted extreme morphological malformations in their mycelium, which can be attributed to the antifungal metabolites of antagonists. Greenhouse studies demonstrated the effectivity of T. ghanense in controlling Pythium damping-off of cucumber plants, where the number of surviving plants was over 90% when the biocontrol agents were used compared to 0 in the control plants. Furthermore, treatment of the plants with the antagonists promoted growth characteristics of plants compared to uninoculated plants. This included improvements in shoot and root lengths, leaf length and width, and dry weight. These findings suggest that T. ghanense and T. citrinoviride can be developed as alternatives to synthetic chemical fungicides to manage soilborne pathogens of cucumber. This research is also the first to clarify the biocontrol ability of T. citrinoviride and T. ghanense against cucumber damping-off caused by P. aphanidermatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriya Khalfan Al-Shuaibi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
| | - Elham Ahmed Kazerooni
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
| | - Dua’a Al-Maqbali
- Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Center (Mawarid), Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, P.O. Box 82, Muscat 112, Oman; (D.A.-M.); (M.A.-K.); (M.N.A.-Y.)
| | - Moza Al-Kharousi
- Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Center (Mawarid), Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, P.O. Box 82, Muscat 112, Oman; (D.A.-M.); (M.A.-K.); (M.N.A.-Y.)
| | - Mohamed N. Al-Yahya’ei
- Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Center (Mawarid), Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, P.O. Box 82, Muscat 112, Oman; (D.A.-M.); (M.A.-K.); (M.N.A.-Y.)
| | - Shah Hussain
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
| | - Rethinasamy Velazhahan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
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Kabir AH, Bennetzen JL. Molecular insights into the mutualism that induces iron deficiency tolerance in sorghum inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127630. [PMID: 38295681 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is a common mineral stress in plants, including sorghum. Although the soil fungus Trichoderma harzianum has been shown to mitigate Fe deficiency in some circumstances, neither the range nor mechanism(s) of this process are well understood. In this study, high pH-induced Fe deficiency in sorghum cultivated in pots with natural field soil exhibited a significant decrease in biomass, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and Fe-uptake in both the root and shoot. However, the establishment of T. harzianum colonization in roots of Fe-deprived sorghum showed significant improvements in morpho-physiological traits, Fe levels, and redox status. Molecular detection of the fungal ThAOX1 (L-aminoacid oxidase) gene showed the highest colonization of T. harzianum in the root tips of Fe-deficient sorghum, a location thus targeted for further analysis. Expression studies by RNA-seq and qPCR in sorghum root tips revealed a significant upregulation of several genes associated with Fe uptake (SbTOM2), auxin synthesis (SbSAURX15), nicotianamine synthase 3 (SbNAS3), and a phytosiderophore transporter (SbYS1). Also induced was the siderophore synthesis gene (ThSIT1) in T. harzianum, a result supported by biochemical evidence for elevated siderophore and IAA (indole acetic acid) levels in roots. Given the high affinity of fungal siderophore to chelate insoluble Fe3+ ions, it is likely that elevated siderophore released by T. harzianum led to Fe(III)-siderophore complexes in the rhizosphere that were then transported into roots by the induced SbYS1 (yellow-stripe 1) transporter. In addition, the observed induction of several plant peroxidase genes and ABA (abscisic acid) under Fe deficiency after inoculation with T. harzianum may have helped induce tolerance to Fe-deficiency-induced oxidative stress and adaptive responses. This is the first mechanistic explanation for T. harzianum's role in helping alleviate Fe deficiency in sorghum and suggests that biofertilizers using T. harzianum will improve Fe availability to crops in high pH environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Kabir
- School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, LA 71209, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Lotfalinezhad E, Taheri A, Razavi SE, Sanei SJ. Preparation and assessment of alginate-microencapsulated Trichoderma harzianum for controlling Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani on tomato. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129278. [PMID: 38211905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop microencapsulation technology using alginate to improve the viability and performance of Trichoderma harzianum. The method of ionic gelation was used to prepare the microparticles, and the efficiency of encapsulation was estimated to be 99%. The average size of the prepared microspheres was 2600 μm (wet) and 1000 μm (dry). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microspheres were approximately spherical. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer analysis indicated an interaction between T. harzianum and the microspheres. The results of temperature resistance and light stability against ultraviolet radiation emphasized the positive impact of microencapsulation in improving the viability and resistance of T. harzianum compared to the non-microencapsulated state. The disease percentage of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in plants treated with microencapsulated T. harzianum microcapsules was 8.88 % and 20 % respectively, but in the control group was 73.33 % (p ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Lotfalinezhad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Abdolhossein Taheri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Razavi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Javad Sanei
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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Song M, Wang X, Xu H, Zhou X, Mu C. Effect of Trichoderma viride on insoluble phosphorus absorption ability and growth of Melilotus officinalis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12345. [PMID: 37524898 PMCID: PMC10390638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (Pi) deficiency is a major factor of limiting plant growth. Using Phosphate-solubilizing microorganism (PSM) in synergy with plant root system which supply soluble Pi to plants is an environmentally friendly and efficient way to utilize Pi. Trichoderma viride (T. viride) is a biocontrol agent which able to solubilize soil nutrients, but little is known about its Pi solubilizing properties. The study used T. viride to inoculate Melilotus officinalis (M. officinalis) under different Pi levels and in order to investigate the effect on Pi absorption and growth of seedlings. The results found that T. viride could not only solubilizate insoluble inorganic Pi but also mineralize insoluble organic Pi. In addition, the ability of mineralization to insoluble organic Pi is more stronger. Under different Pi levels, inoculation of T. viride showed that promoted the growth of aboveground parts of seedlings and regulated the morphology of roots, thus increasing the dry weight of seedlings. The effect of T. viride on seedling growth was also reflected the increasing of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigment content. Moreover, compared to the uninoculated treatments, inoculation of T. viride also enhanced Pi content in seedlings. Thus, the T. viride was a beneficial fungus for synergistic the plant Pi uptake and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Song
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Changchun Greening Management Center, Changchun, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Resources Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Xiaofu Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Plant Resources Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China.
| | - Chunsheng Mu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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Xiao Z, Zhao Q, Li W, Gao L, Liu G. Strain improvement of Trichoderma harzianum for enhanced biocontrol capacity: Strategies and prospects. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1146210. [PMID: 37125207 PMCID: PMC10134904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1146210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the control of plant diseases, biocontrol has the advantages of being efficient and safe for human health and the environment. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum and its closely related species can inhibit the growth of many phytopathogenic fungi, and have been developed as commercial biocontrol agents for decades. In this review, we summarize studies on T. harzianum species complex from the perspective of strain improvement. To elevate the biocontrol ability, the production of extracellular proteins and compounds with antimicrobial or plant immunity-eliciting activities need to be enhanced. In addition, resistance to various environmental stressors should be strengthened. Engineering the gene regulatory system has the potential to modulate a variety of biological processes related to biocontrol. With the rapidly developing technologies for fungal genetic engineering, T. harzianum strains with increased biocontrol activities are expected to be constructed to promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Tobacco Group Beijing Cigarette Factory Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Liwei Gao,
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Liu,
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Brondi M, Florencio C, Mattoso L, Ribeiro C, Farinas C. Encapsulation of Trichoderma harzianum with nanocellulose/carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposite. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boakye TA, Li H, Osei R, Boamah S, Min Z, Ni C, Wu J, Shi M, Qiao W. Antagonistic Effect of Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TL6 and TL13) on Fusarium solani and Fusarium avenaceum Causing Root Rot on Snow Pea Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1148. [PMID: 36354916 PMCID: PMC9693188 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Snow pea root rot in China is caused by Fusarium solani (FSH) and Fusarium avenaceum (FAH), which affect snow pea production. The chemical control methods used against FSH and FAH are toxic to the environment and resistance may be developed in persistence applications. Therefore, an alternative approach is needed to control these pathogens. This study focuses on Trichoderma longibrachiatum strains (TL6 and TL13), mycoparasitic mechanisms of FSH and FAH, as well as growth-promoting potentials on snow pea seedlings under FSH and FAH stress at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. The average inhibitory rates of TL6 against FSH and FAH were 54.58% and 69.16%, respectively, on day 7. Similarly, TL13 average inhibitory rates against FSH and FAH were 59.06% and 71.27%, respectively, on day 7. The combined TL13 and TL6 with FSH and FAH reduced disease severity by 86.6, 81.6, 57.60, and 60.90%, respectively, in comparison to the controls. The snow pea plants inoculated with FSH and FAH without TL6 and TL13 increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents in the leaves by 64.8, 66.0, 64.4 and 65.9%, respectively, compared to the control. However, the combined FSH and FAH with TL6 and TL13 decreased the MDA and H2O2 content by 75.6, 76.8, 70.0, and 76.4%, respectively, in comparison to the controls. In addition, the combined TL6 + FSH and TL6 + FAH increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) by 60.5, 64.7, and 60.3%, respectively, and 60.0, 64.9, and 56.6%, respectively, compared to the controls. Again, compared to the controls, the combined TL13 + FSH and TL13 + FAH increased the activity of SOD, POD, and CAT by 69.7, 68.6, and 65.6%, respectively, and 70.10, 69.5, and 65.8%, respectively. Our results suggest that the pretreatment of snow pea seeds with TL6 and TL13 increases snow pea seedling growth, controls FSH and FAH root rot, increases antioxidant enzyme activity, and activates plant defense mechanisms. The TL13 strain had the greatest performance in terms of pathogen inhibition and snow pea growth promotion compared to the TL6 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Afriyie Boakye
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Richard Osei
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Solomon Boamah
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhang Min
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chunhui Ni
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jin Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wanqiang Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Biocontrol potential of Trichoderma harzianum CGMCC20739 (Tha739) against postharvest bitter rot of apples. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127182. [PMID: 36116145 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the biocontrol ability of Trichoderma harzianum CGMCC20739 (Tha739) against apple bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In vitro tests, Tha739 inhibited the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. Microscopic observation showed that Tha739 grew in parallel with, coiled around, and deformed the hyphae of C. gloeosporioides. Tha739-derived metabolites decreased the conidia production of C. gloeosporioides. In vivo tests, the lesion diameters of wounded apples treated with Tha739 1 h before C. gloeosporioides were lower than those of wounded apples treated with Tha739 after pathogen inoculation. In addition, compared with the apples inoculated with C. gloeosporioides only, the disease index of unwounded apples inoculated with Tha739 and C. gloeosporioides decreased by 2.17-fold. Furthermore, compared with the control, the total soluble solid contents of apples treated with Tha739 were 9.02 % and 1.54 % higher at 1 and 3 d, respectively. The titratable acidity contents of apples treated with Tha739 were 10.02 % and 14.58 % higher than those in the control at 1 and 3 d after treatment, respectively. The soluble sugar content and weight loss in Tha739 treatment group and control were not significantly different. The results showed that Tha739 could control apple bitter rot and maintain the nutritional quality of the fruit. Thus, T. harzianum Tha739 is a potentially biocontrol agent for harvested apples.
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Win KT, Kobayashi M, Tanaka F, Takeuchi K, Oo AZ, Jiang CJ. Identification of Pseudomonas strains for the biological control of soybean red crown root rot. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14510. [PMID: 36008526 PMCID: PMC9411174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean red crown root rot (RCR), caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen, Calonectria ilicicola, is the most destructive disease affecting soybean production in Japan. To date, no resistant cultivars or effective fungicides have been developed to control this disease. In this study, we evaluated 13 bacterial strains to determine their efficacy in controlling C. ilicicola. We first investigated whether the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the bacterial strains exhibited any antifungal activity against C. ilicicola using the double-plate chamber method. The results showed that VOCs from three Pseudomonas bacterial strains, OFT2 (Pseudomonas sp.), OFT5 (Pseudomonas sp.), and Cab57 (Pseudomonas protegens), exhibited strong inhibitory activity against C. ilicicola mycelial growth. Some antifungal activity was also observed in the culture supernatants of these Pseudomonas strains. Greenhouse soil inoculation tests showed that application of OFT2, OFT5, and Cab57 cultures around soybean seeds after seed sowing significantly reduced the severity of RCR, as shown by up to 40% reduction in C. ilicicola fungal growth in the roots and 180-200% increase in shoot and root fresh weights compared to the water control. Our results suggest that OFT2, Cab57, and OFT5 produce potent antifungal compounds against C. ilicicola, thereby showing considerable potential for the biological control of C. ilicicola during soybean production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Thuzar Win
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Michie Kobayashi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Fukuyo Tanaka
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kasumi Takeuchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Aung Zaw Oo
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058686, Japan
| | - Chang-Jie Jiang
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan. .,Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Wang Y, Chen H, Ma L, Gong M, Wu Y, Bao D, Zou G. Use of CRISPR-Cas tools to engineer Trichoderma species. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2521-2532. [PMID: 35908288 PMCID: PMC9518982 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their lignocellulose degradability and biocontrol activities, fungi of the ubiquitously distributed genus Trichoderma have multiple industrial and agricultural applications. Genetic manipulation plays a valuable role in tailoring novel engineered strains with enhanced target traits. Nevertheless, as applied to fungi, the classic tools of genetic manipulation tend to be time-consuming and tedious. However, the recent development of the CRISPR-Cas system for gene editing has enabled researchers to achieve genome-wide gene disruptions, gene replacements, and precise editing, and this technology has emerged as a primary focus for novel developments in engineered strains of Trichoderma. Here, we provide a brief overview of the traditional approaches to genetic manipulation, the different strategies employed in establishing CRSIPR-Cas systems, the utilization of these systems to develop engineered strains of Trichoderma for desired applications, and the future trends in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Polyphasic Characterization of Four Aspergillus Species as Potential Biocontrol Agents for White Mold Disease of Bean. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060626. [PMID: 35736109 PMCID: PMC9224856 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus comprises several species that play pivotal roles in agriculture. Herein, we morphologically and physiologically characterized four genetically distinct Aspergillus spp., namely A. japonicus, A. niger, A. flavus, and A. pseudoelegans, and examined their ability to suppress the white mold disease of bean caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. Seriation type of Aspergillus spp. correlates with conidiospores discharge as detected on the Petri glass lid. Members of Nigri section cover their conidial heads with hard shells after prolonged incubation. In addition, sporulation of the tested Aspergillus isolates is temperature sensitive as it becomes inhibited at low temperatures and the colonies become white. Examined Aspergillus spp. were neither infectious to legumes nor aflatoxigenic as confirmed by HPLC except for A. flavus and A. pseudoelegans which, secreted 5 and 1 ppm of aflatoxin B1, respectively. Co-inoculations of Sclerotinia’s mycelium or sclerotia with a spore suspension of Aspergillus spp. inhibited their germination on PDA at 18 °C and 28 °C, and halted disease onset on detached common bean and soybean leaves. Similarly, plants treated with A. japonicus and A. niger showed the highest survival rates compared to untreated plants. In conclusion, black Aspergillus spp. are efficient biocides and safe alternatives for the management of plant diseases, particularly in organic farms.
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Combining Desirable Traits for a Good Biocontrol Strategy against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061189. [PMID: 35744707 PMCID: PMC9228387 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) causes white mold, a disease that leads to substantial losses on a wide variety of hosts throughout the world. This economically important fungus affects yield and seed quality, and its control mostly relies on the use of environmentally damaging fungicides. This review aimed to present the latest discoveries on microorganisms and the biocontrol mechanisms used against white mold. A special focus is put on the identification of biocontrol desirable traits required for efficient disease control. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved and the conditions required for their action is also essential to ensure a successful implementation of biocontrol under commercial field conditions. In this review, a brief introduction on the pathogen, its disease cycle, and its main pathogenicity factors is presented, followed by a thorough description of the microorganisms that have so far demonstrated biocontrol potential against white mold and the mechanisms they use to achieve control. Antibiosis, induced systemic resistance, mycoparasitism, and hypovirulence are discussed. Finally, based on our actual knowledge, the best control strategies against S. sclerotiorum that are likely to succeed commercially are discussed, including combining biocontrol desirable traits of particular interest.
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Monitoring Mycoparasitism of Clonostachys rosea against Botrytis cinerea Using GFP. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060567. [PMID: 35736050 PMCID: PMC9225460 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is an important mycoparasite, with great potential for controlling numerous plant fungal diseases. Understanding the mechanisms and modes of action will assist the development and application of this biocontrol fungus. In this study, the highly efficient C. rosea 67-1 strain was marked with the green fluorescent protein (GFP), and the transformant possessed the same biological characteristics as the wild-type strain. Fungal interactions with Botrytis cinerea during co-culture and encounter on tomato leaves were assessed by fluorescence confocal and electron microscopy. The results indicated that once the two fungi met, the hyphae of C. rosea grew alongside those of B. cinerea, then attached tightly to the host and developed special structures, via which the biocontrol fungus penetrated the host and absorbed nutrients, eventually disintegrating the cells of the pathogen. Mycoparasitism to B. cinerea was also observed on tomato leaves, suggesting that C. rosea can colonize on plants and act following the invasion of the pathogenic fungus.
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Bandara AY, Weerasooriya DK, Trexler RV, Bell TH, Esker PD. Soybean Roots and Soil From High- and Low-Yielding Field Sites Have Different Microbiome Composition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675352. [PMID: 34917042 PMCID: PMC8669749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of high- (H) and low- (L) yielding field sites within a farm is a commonly observed phenomenon in soybean cultivation. Site topography, soil physical and chemical attributes, and soil/root-associated microbial composition can contribute to this phenomenon. In order to better understand the microbial dynamics associated with each site type (H/L), we collected bulk soil (BS), rhizosphere soil (RS), and soybean root (R) samples from historically high and low yield sites across eight Pennsylvania farms at V1 (first trifoliate) and R8 (maturity) soybean growth stages (SGS). We extracted DNA extracted from collected samples and performed high-throughput sequencing of PCR amplicons from both the fungal ITS and prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene regions. Sequences were then grouped into amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and subjected to network analysis. Based on both ITS and 16S rRNA gene data, a greater network size and edges were observed for all sample types from H-sites compared to L-sites at both SGS. Network analysis suggested that the number of potential microbial interactions/associations were greater in samples from H-sites compared to L-sites. Diversity analyses indicated that site-type was not a main driver of alpha and beta diversity in soybean-associated microbial communities. L-sites contained a greater percentage of fungal phytopathogens (ex: Fusarium, Macrophomina, Septoria), while H-sites contained a greater percentage of mycoparasitic (ex: Trichoderma) and entomopathogenic (ex: Metarhizium) fungal genera. Furthermore, roots from H-sites possessed a greater percentage of Bradyrhizobium and genera known to contain plant growth promoting bacteria (ex: Flavobacterium, Duganella). Overall, our results revealed that there were differences in microbial composition in soil and roots from H- and L-sites across a variety of soybean farms. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that differences in microbial composition could have a causative relationship with observed within-farm variability in soybean yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Y. Bandara
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Dilooshi K. Weerasooriya
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ryan V. Trexler
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Terrence H. Bell
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Paul D. Esker
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Boamah S, Zhang S, Xu B, Li T, Calderón-Urrea A. Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TG1) Enhances Wheat Seedlings Tolerance to Salt Stress and Resistance to Fusarium pseudograminearum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:741231. [PMID: 34868125 PMCID: PMC8635049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is abiotic stress that inhibits seed germination and suppresses plant growth and root development in a dose-dependent manner. Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fg) is a plant pathogen that causes wheat crown rot. Chemical control methods against Fg are toxic to the environment and resistance has been observed in wheat crops. Therefore, an alternative approach is needed to manage this devastating disease and the effects of salinity. Our research focused on the mycoparasitic mechanisms of Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TG1) on Fg and the induction of defenses in wheat seedlings under salt and Fg stress at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. The average inhibition rate of TG1 against Fg was 33.86%, 36.32%, 44.59%, and 46.62%, respectively, in the four NaCl treatments (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM). The mycoparasitic mechanisms of TG1 against Fg were coiling, penetration, and wrapping of Fg hyphae. In response to inoculation of TG1 with Fg, significant upregulation of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) was observed. The expression of β-1, 6-glucan synthase (PP4), endochitinase precursor (PH-1), and chitinase (chi18-15) increased by 1. 6, 1. 9, and 1.3-fold on day 14 compared with day 3. Wheat seedlings with combined TG1 + Fg treatments under different NaCl stress levels decreased disease index by an average of 51.89%; increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activity by an average of 38%, 61%, and 24.96%, respectively; and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content by an average of 44.07% and 41.75% respectively, compared with Fg treated seedlings. The combined TG1 + Fg treatment induced the transcription level of plant defense-related genes resulting in an increase in tyrosin-protein kinase (PR2), chitinase class I (CHIA1), and pathogenesis-related protein (PR1-2) by an average of 1.15, 1.35, and 1.37-fold, respectively compared to Fg treatment. However, the expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) increased 3.40-fold under various NaCl stresses. Our results suggest that TG1 enhances wheat seedling growth and controls wheat crown rot disease by strengthening the plant defense system and upregulating the expression of pathogenesis-related genes under both Fg and salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Boamah
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuwu Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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Wu M, Wei H, Ma K, Cui P, Zhu S, Lai D, Ren J, Wang W, Fan A, Lin W, Su H. ThpacC Acts as a Positive Regulator of Homodimericin A Biosynthesis and Antifungal Activities of Trichoderma harzianum 3.9236. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12695-12704. [PMID: 34677054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Pal/Rim pathway and its key transcription factor PacC play important roles in fungal adaptation to ambient pH regarding growth, secondary metabolism, and virulence. However, the effect of PacC on the secondary metabolism of the important biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum remains elusive. To answer this question, ThpacC deletion (KO-ThpacC) and overexpression (OE-ThpacC) mutants of T. harzianum 3.9236 were constructed. Transcriptomic analysis of T. harzianum and KO-ThpacC suggested that ThpacC acted as both a positive and a negative regulator for secondary metabolite (SM) production. Further investigation revealed that deletion of ThpacC abolished homodimericin A and 8-epi-homodimericin A production. Moreover, ThpacC plays a role in the antagonism of T. harzianum against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. 8-epi-Homodimericin A demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity against S. sclerotiorum. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the ThpacC function on SM production and the antifungal activity of T. harzianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Peiqi Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shaozhou Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jinwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Aili Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Afzal I, Sabir A, Sikandar S. Trichoderma: Biodiversity, Abundances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Plant Health and Rhizosphere Microbiome: Effects of the Bionematicide Aphanocladium album in Tomato Plants Infested by Meloidogyne javanica. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121922. [PMID: 33287243 PMCID: PMC7761678 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The artificial introduction in the soil of antagonistic microorganisms can be a successful strategy, alternative to agrochemicals, for the control of the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and for preserving plant health. On the other hand, plant roots and the associated rhizosphere constitute a complex system in which the contribution of microbial community is fundamental to plant health and development, since microbes may convert organic and inorganic substances into available plant nutrients. In the present study, the potential nematicidal activity of the biopesticide Aphanocladium album (A. album strain MX-95) against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in infected tomato plants was investigated. Specifically, the effect of the A. album treatment on plant fitness was evaluated observing the plant morphological traits and also considering the nematode propagation parameters, the A. album MX-95 vitality and population density. In addition, the treatment effects on the rhizosphere microbiome were analysed by a metabarcoding procedure. Treatments with A. album isolate MX-95 significantly decreased root gall severity index and soil nematode population. The treatment also resulted in increased rhizosphere microbial populations. A. album MX-95 can be favourably considered as a new bionematicide to control M. javanica infestation.
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Oliveira CM, Almeida NO, da Rocha MR, Rezende MH, Carneiro RGDS, Ulhoa CJ. Anatomical changes induced by isolates of Trichoderma spp. in soybean plants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242480. [PMID: 33196686 PMCID: PMC7668596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current work we evaluated the anatomical changes induced by T. harzianum and T. asperellum in two soybean cultivars, BRSGO Caiaponia and NA 5909 RG. Soybean production represents a growing market worldwide, and new methods aimed at increasing its productivity and yield are constantly being sought. Fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been widely used in agriculture as a promising alternative for the promotion of plant growth and for biological control of various pathogens. It is known that Trichoderma spp. colonize plant roots, but the anatomical changes that this fungus can cause are still less studied. Experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to collect leaves and soybean roots to perform analysis of growth parameters, enzymatic activity of defense-related enzymes and anatomical changes. It was observed that inoculation of Trichoderma spp. caused anatomical alterations, among them, increase in stomatal index at the abaxial leaf surface, thickness of the root cortex, thickness of adaxial epidermis, mean diameter of the vascular cylinder, thickness of the mesophyll, and thickness of the spongy parenchyma of the soybean plants. These results indicate that the alterations in these factors may be related to the process of plant resistance to pathogens, and better performance against adverse conditions. This study demonstrates that the anatomical study of plants is an important tool to show the effects that are induced by biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Martins Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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O Omomowo I, E Fadiji A, I Omomowo O. Exploiting Potential of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and <i>Glomus versiforme</i> in Mitigating <i>Cercospora</i> Leaf Spot Disease and Improving Cowpea Growth. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:1276-1284. [PMID: 32981261 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.1276.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Trichoderma species are of utmost importance in agro-biotechnological applications because, in their interactions with plant hosts, they out-compete most pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed at exploiting the potential of Trichoderma harzianum together with Glomus versiforme and its mutants, in inhibiting cowpea leaf spot rot induced due to Cercospora canescens infestation and improving agronomic growth parameter in a screen house experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was designed using single and co-inoculation of the bioagents: in all, eleven treatments were applied, consisting of Glom_verwild, Glom_ver30, Glom_ver60, Glom_ver90, Trich_h, Glom_verwild+Trich_h, Glom_ver30+Trich_h, Glom_ver60+Trich_h, Glom_ver90+Trich_h, Pathogen alone and control. Cowpea growth yield parameters and disease severity were assessed after 7 weeks. RESULTS The deployed treatments improved agronomic growth parameters substantially (p<0.05) relative to control. Glom_ver 60+Trich_h treatment exerted the highest agronomic growth improvement yield. In addition, the best reduction in the incidence and severity of cowpea leaf spot disease was obtained using Glom_ver 60+Trich_h. A significantly higher germination rate in seeding, confirms both inhibitory and growth improvement potency of the bio inoculants treatment. CONCLUSION This study's findings confirmed the beneficial impacts of the treatment of seed and soil with dual T. harzianum and G. versiforme, in improving the immunity of cowpea to Cercospora canescens leaf spot infection and improve cowpea growth.
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Atallah O, Yassin S. Aspergillus spp. eliminate Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by imbalancing the ambient oxalic acid concentration and parasitizing its sclerotia. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5265-5279. [PMID: 32844537 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a pathogen of more than 600 host plants, secretes oxalic acid to regulate the ambient acidity and provide conducive environment for pathogenicity and reproduction. Few Aspergillus spp. were previously proposed as potential biocontrol agents for S. sclerotiorum as they deteriorate sclerotia and prevent pathogen's overwintering and initial infections. We studied the nature of physical and biochemical interactions between Aspergillus and Sclerotinia. Aspergillus species inhibited sclerotial germination as they colonized its rind layer. However, Aspergillus-infested sclerotia remain solid and viable for vegetative and carpogenic germination, indicating that Aspergillus infestation is superficial. Aspergillus spp. of section Nigri (Aspergillus japonicus and Aspergillus niger) were also capable of suppressing sclerotial formation by S. sclerotiorum on agar plates. Their culture filtrate contained high levels of oxalic, citric and glutaric acids comparing to the other Aspergillus spp. tested. Exogenous supplementation of oxalic acid altered growth and reproduction of S. sclerotiorum at low concentrations. Inhibitory concentrations of oxalic acid displayed lower pH values comparing to their parallel concentrations of other organic acids. Thus, S. sclerotiorum growth and reproduction are sensitive to the ambient oxalic acid fluctuations and the environmental acidity. Together, Aspergillus species parasitize colonies of Sclerotinia and prevent sclerotial formation through their acidic secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Atallah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Sherene Yassin
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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Yang X, Jin H, Xu L, Cui H, Xin A, Liu H, Qin B. Diversity and Functions of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Roots and Leaves of Stipa purpurea in an Alpine Steppe at Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1027-1036. [PMID: 32325547 PMCID: PMC9728210 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2002.02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stipa purpurea is a unique and dominant herbaceous plant species in the alpine steppe and meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). In this work, we analyzed the composition and diversity of the culturable endophytic fungi in S. purpurea according to morphological and molecular identification. Then, we investigated the bioactivities of these fungi against plant pathogenic fungi and 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) deaminase activities. A total of 323 fungal isolates were first isolated from S. purpurea, and 33 fungal taxa were identified by internal transcribed spacer primers and grouped into Ascomycota. The diversity of endophytic fungi in S. purpurea was significantly higher in roots as compared to leaves. In addition, more than 40% of the endophytic fungi carried the gene encoding for the ACCD gene. The antibiosis assay demonstrated that 29, 35, 28, 37 and 34 isolates (43.9, 53.1, 42.4, 56.1, and 51.5%) were antagonistic to five plant pathogenic fungi, respectively. Our study provided the first assessment of the diversity of culturedepending endophytic fungi of S. purpurea, demonstrated the potential application of ACCD activity and antifungal activities with potential benefits to the host plant, and contributed to high biomass production and adaptation of S. purpurea to an adverse environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China,Corresponding authors H.J. Phone: +86-931-4968372 Fax: +86-931-8277088 E-mail: B.Q. E-mail: bqin@ licp.cas.cn
| | - Lihong Xu
- Qilihe District Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Lanzhou, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Cui
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, P.R. China,China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
| | - Aiyi Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Haoyue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China,Corresponding authors H.J. Phone: +86-931-4968372 Fax: +86-931-8277088 E-mail: B.Q. E-mail: bqin@ licp.cas.cn
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Pimentel MF, Arnão E, Warner AJ, Subedi A, Rocha LF, Srour A, Bond JP, Fakhoury AM. Trichoderma Isolates Inhibit Fusarium virguliforme Growth, Reduce Root Rot, and Induce Defense-Related Genes on Soybean Seedlings. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1949-1959. [PMID: 32396055 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-19-1676-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium virguliforme is among the most important diseases affecting soybean in the United States. The use of biological control agents (BCAs) such as Trichoderma spp. can be a valuable resource to suppress F. virguliforme populations. Therefore, this research focused on screening possible BCAs against F. virguliforme and evaluating mycoparasitism and the induction of systemic resistance as mechanisms underlying the antagonistic activity of selected BCAs against F. virguliforme. In total, 47 potential BCAs, including 41 Trichoderma isolates and 6 Mortierella isolates, were screened in a dual-plate assay. The most effective isolates belonged to the Trichoderma harzianum species and were able to inhibit F. virguliforme radial growth by up to 92%. Selected Trichoderma isolates were tested in the greenhouse and in a microplot study. They reduced root rot caused by F. virguliforme when the plants were coinoculated with the pathogen and the BCA. The tested BCA's ability to reduce F. virguliforme growth may be related to several mechanisms of action, including mycoparasitism and induction of defense-related genes in plants, as revealed by monitoring the expression of defense-related genes in soybean. Our results highlight the potential of native Trichoderma isolates to inhibit F. virguliforme growth and reduce SDS severity, providing the basis for future implementation of biological control in soybean production. More efforts are needed to implement the use of these approaches in production fields, and to deepen the current knowledge on the biology of these highly antagonistic isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian F Pimentel
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A
| | - Erika Arnão
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | | | - Arjun Subedi
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A
| | - Leonardo F Rocha
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A
| | - Ali Srour
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A
| | - Jason P Bond
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A
| | - Ahmad M Fakhoury
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A
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Iturralde ET, Stocco MC, Faura A, Mónaco CI, Cordo C, Pérez-Giménez J, Lodeiro AR. Coinoculation of soybean plants with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Trichoderma harzianum: Coexistence of both microbes and relief of nitrate inhibition of nodulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 26:e00461. [PMID: 32420051 PMCID: PMC7218258 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Trichoderma harzianum coexisted in soybean rhizosphere. Soybean inoculated with both microbes nodulated with high nitrate concentrations. T. harzianum produced auxins in culture medium. Auxins applied with B. japonicum alone relieved nitrate inhibition of nodulation.
Coinoculation of plants with mixtures of beneficial microbes sometimes produces synergistic effects. In this study, the effect of soybean coinoculation with the N2-fixing Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109 and the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum Th5cc was analyzed. Nodulation by E109 was not hampered by Th5cc, which antagonized five out of seven soybean pathogens tested. Furthermore, Th5cc relieved nitrate-inhibition of nodulation, enabling the formation of nodules containing infected cells with bacteroids in the presence of the otherwise inhibitory 10 mM KNO3. Th5cc released micromolar amounts of auxin, and addition of 11 μM indoleacetic acid to soybean plants inoculated with E109 in the absence of Th5cc also induced nodulation in the presence of 10 mM KNO3. Thus, Th5cc may release auxins into the soybean rhizosphere, which hormones might participate in overcoming the nitrate-inhibition of nodulation. Our results suggest that soybean plants coinoculated with these microorganisms might benefit from biocontrol while contributing to soil-nitrogen preservation.
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Key Words
- AG, arabinose-gluconate medium
- Bradyrhizobium
- CFU, colony-forming units
- CR, Congo Red
- Coinoculation
- DAI, days after inoculation
- IAA, indoleacetic acid
- LPCB, lactophenol cotton blue
- MFS, modified Fåhræus solution
- Nitrate
- PDA, potato-dextrose agar
- PGPM, plant-growth promoting microbe
- Soybean
- Trichoderma
- YM, yeast-extract mannitol medium
- YMA, YM with 1.5 % (w/v) agar
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Tomás Iturralde
- Laboratorio de Interacciones entre Rizobios y Soja (Lirys), IBBM CCT-La Plata CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marina Celeste Stocco
- CIDEFI, CIC-PBA and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 119 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrés Faura
- Rizobacter Argentina SA, Avda. Dr. Arturo Frondizi 1150, Parque Industrial (2700), Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Inés Mónaco
- CIDEFI, CIC-PBA and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 119 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cristina Cordo
- CIDEFI, CIC-PBA and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 119 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Julieta Pérez-Giménez
- Laboratorio de Interacciones entre Rizobios y Soja (Lirys), IBBM CCT-La Plata CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Aníbal Roberto Lodeiro
- Laboratorio de Interacciones entre Rizobios y Soja (Lirys), IBBM CCT-La Plata CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 119 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
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Maruyama CR, Bilesky-José N, de Lima R, Fraceto LF. Encapsulation of Trichoderma harzianum Preserves Enzymatic Activity and Enhances the Potential for Biological Control. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:225. [PMID: 32269991 PMCID: PMC7110528 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a biological control agent used against phytopathogens and biostimulation in agriculture. However, its efficacy can be affected by biotic and abiotic factors, and microencapsulation has been used to maximize the efficacy. The objective was to develop polymeric microparticles to encapsulate T. harzianum, to perform physicochemical characterization to evaluate its stability, to evaluate effects on the soil microbiota, antifungal activity in vitro and enzymatic activity. Size distribution of wet and dry microparticles was 2000 and 800 μm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed spherical morphology and encapsulation of T. harzianum. Photostability assays showed that encapsulation protected the fungus against ultraviolet radiation. The evaluation of the microbiota showed that the proportion of denitrifying bacteria increased when compared to the control. The T. harzianum encapsulation showed an improvement in the chitinolytic and cellulosic activity. In vitro tests showed that encapsulated fungus were able to provide a greater control of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Rodrigues Maruyama
- Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, Brazil.,Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Natália Bilesky-José
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Renata de Lima
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, Brazil
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29
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Mehmood MA, Zhao H, Cheng J, Xie J, Jiang D, Fu Y. Sclerotia of a phytopathogenic fungus restrict microbial diversity and improve soil health by suppressing other pathogens and enriching beneficial microorganisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 259:109857. [PMID: 32072956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a notorious soil-borne pathogen of various important crops, produces numerous sclerotia to oversummer in the soil. Considering that sclerotia may also be attacked by other microbes in the soil, we hypothesized that sclerotia in soil may affect the community of soil microbes directly and/or indirectly. In this study, we inoculated sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum in soil collected from the field to observe changes in microbial diversity over three months using 16S rRNA and ITS2 sequencing techniques. Alpha diversity indices exhibited a decline in the diversity of microbial communities, while permanova results confirmed a significant difference in the microbial communities of sclerotia-amended and non-amended soil samples. In sclerotia-amended soil, fungal diversity showed enrichment of antagonists such as Clonostachys, Trichoderma, and Talaromyces and a drastic reduction in the plant pathogenic microbes compared to the non-amended soil. Sclerotia not only activated the antagonists but also enhanced the abundance of plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as Chitinophaga, Burkholderia, and Dyella. Moreover, the presence of sclerotia curtailed the growth of several notorious plant pathogenic fungi belonging to various genera such as Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Cladosporium, Athelia, Alternaria, and Macrophomina. Thus, we conclude that S. sclerotiorum when dormant in soil can reduce the diversity of soil microbes, including suppressing plant pathogens and enriching beneficial microbes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a plant pathogen has been found in soil that can significantly suppress other pathogens. Our findings may provide novel cues to understand the ecology of crop pathogens in soil and maintaining soil conditions that could be beneficial for constructing a healthy soil microorganism community required for mitigating soil-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Abid Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Plant Pathology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Huizhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Lopes ARDO, Locatelli GO, Barbosa RDM, Lobo Junior M, Moura Mascarin G, Lamenha Luna Finkler C. Preparation, characterisation and cell viability of encapsulated Trichoderma asperellum in alginate beads. J Microencapsul 2020; 37:270-282. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2020.1729884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Olivo Locatelli
- Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | - Murillo Lobo Junior
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, Brazil
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31
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Liu B, Ji S, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu Z. Isolation of Trichoderma in the rhizosphere soil of Syringa oblata from Harbin and their biocontrol and growth promotion function. Microbiol Res 2020; 235:126445. [PMID: 32113127 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the effective biocontrol of Syringa powdery mildew (Mircosphaera syringejaponicae) and to promote seedling growth, we identified 44 of the 181 Trichoderma isolates (T1-T181) isolated from the rhizosphere soil. Analysis identified 10 Trichoderma species, and T. pseudoharzianum T1 (TpseT1), T. afroharzianum T52 (TafrT52), and T. asperelloides T57 (TaspT57) were selected to make Trichoderma biofertilizer because of their fast growth and high spore production. Exposing Syringa oblata to Trichoderma biofertilizer showed that TafrT52 and TaspT57 could induce abscisic acid (ABA) production, and promote the shedding of diseased leaves and the generation of new leaves. Furthermore, TafrT52 increased the catalase (CAT) activity and reduced the H2O2 content. And the disease incidence was reduced by 37.84 % by Tasp (highest) in 2017 year and by 13.84 % by TpseT1(lowest) in 2018 year. In addition, all Trichoderma strains we selected could promote the lateral root growth of S. oblata seedlings; however, because of the downregulated gene expression at the late stage of chlorophyll synthesis, the chlorophyll content decreased in the new leaves. Antagonism among different Trichoderma species led to low biocontrol and growth promotion effects, thus the Trichoderma mixture cannot be use as biofertilizer. TafrT52, with better biocontrol and growth promotion effects, could be used for biocontrol of M. syringejaponicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shida Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Bononi L, Chiaramonte JB, Pansa CC, Moitinho MA, Melo IS. Phosphorus-solubilizing Trichoderma spp. from Amazon soils improve soybean plant growth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2858. [PMID: 32071331 PMCID: PMC7028723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic soils rapidly retain applied phosphorus fertilizers and consequently present low availability of this nutrient to plants. The use of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms to help plant phosphorus (P) absorption is a promising sustainable strategy for managing P deficiencies in agricultural soils. Trichoderma strains have been one of the most studied filamentous fungi for improving the production and development of several crop species mainly due to their capability for symbiotic associations and their ability to control soil-borne plant diseases. Thus, this work sought to bioprospect Trichoderma strains from the Amazon rainforest capable of solubilizing/mineralizing soil phosphate and promoting soybean growth. Soybean plants inoculated with selected Trichoderma strains were cultivated in soil under greenhouse conditions and under a gradient of rock phosphate and triple superphosphate. As a result, 19.5% of the isolated Trichoderma strains were able to solubilize phosphate. In addition, those strains produced different organic acids during the solubilization process. Trichoderma spp. strains showed positive responses in the promotion of soybean growth-from 2.1% to 41.1%-as well as in the efficiency of P uptake-up to 141%. These results reveal the potential of Trichoderma spp. from the Amazon biome as promising biofertilizer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bononi
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, EMBRAPA Environment, SP 340 Highway - Km 127.5, 13820-000, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
- College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Pádua Dias Avenue, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Josiane Barros Chiaramonte
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, EMBRAPA Environment, SP 340 Highway - Km 127.5, 13820-000, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristiane Pansa
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, EMBRAPA Environment, SP 340 Highway - Km 127.5, 13820-000, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
- College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Pádua Dias Avenue, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Alves Moitinho
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, EMBRAPA Environment, SP 340 Highway - Km 127.5, 13820-000, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
- College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Pádua Dias Avenue, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Itamar Soares Melo
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, EMBRAPA Environment, SP 340 Highway - Km 127.5, 13820-000, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil.
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33
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Vitorino LC, da Silva FO, Cruvinel BG, Bessa LA, Rosa M, Souchie EL, Silva FG. Biocontrol Potential of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Physiological Changes in Soybean in Response to Butia archeri Palm Rhizobacteria. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010064. [PMID: 31947723 PMCID: PMC7020477 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic parasitic fungus that causes Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), which is currently one of the most difficult agronomic crop diseases to control. A number of plants of the Brazilian Cerrado biome have been shown to be important sources of symbiotic microorganisms with biotechnological potential, so we decided to test the potential of bacteria isolated from the dwarf jelly palm, Butia archeri (Arecaceae) for the control of the pathogenic effects provoked by S. sclerotiorum. For this, we bioprimed seeds and evaluated the effects of this biopriming on the OJIP transient patterns prior to and following infection by the phytopathogen. Plants treated with the BA48R strain of Enterobacter sp., and in particular, those treated with the BA88R strain of Bacillus cereus presented the best results in terms of the loss/gain of the physiological and symptomatological variables evaluated. The plants bioprimed with BA88R presented high post-infection levels of total chlorophyll (33.35 FCIs) and chlorophyll a (26.39 FCIs), maintained a high Nitrogen Balance Index (NBI = 18.87), and synthesized low concentrations of flavonoids (1.39). These plants also maintained high levels of PIABS (1.111) and PITOTAL (1.300) following infection, and low levels of Di0/RC (0.602), which indicates that, in the presence S. sclerotiorum, the efficiency of the photosynthesis in the plants treated with these bacteria was less affected in the reaction centers, as confirmed by the negative amplitude recorded in the L band. The present study reconfirms the importance of the use of chlorophyll fluorescence for the diagnosis of disease and conditions of stress in crop plants, in addition to demonstrating the effectivenesss of the BA48R bacterial strain and, in particular, the BA88R strain on systemic resistance induction and suppression of S. sclerotiorum in Glycine max plants, with enormous potential for the development of more sustainable agricultural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Cristina Vitorino
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Federal Institute Goiano Rio Verde Campus, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, 75901-970 Rio Verde-GO, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (B.G.C.); (E.L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-643620-5600
| | - Fellipe Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Federal Institute Goiano Rio Verde Campus, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, 75901-970 Rio Verde-GO, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (B.G.C.); (E.L.S.)
| | - Bárbara Gonçalves Cruvinel
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Federal Institute Goiano Rio Verde Campus, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, 75901-970 Rio Verde-GO, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (B.G.C.); (E.L.S.)
| | - Layara Alexandre Bessa
- Laboratory of Plant Mineral Nutrition, Federal Institute Goiano Rio Verde Campus, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, 75901-970 Rio Verde-GO, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (F.G.S.)
| | - Márcio Rosa
- Rio Verde University (UniRV)-Rio Verde Campus, Fazenda Fontes do Saber, Caixa Postal 104, 75901-970 Rio Verde-GO, Brazil; marcio1506-@hotmail.com
| | - Edson Luiz Souchie
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Federal Institute Goiano Rio Verde Campus, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, 75901-970 Rio Verde-GO, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (B.G.C.); (E.L.S.)
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Mineral Nutrition, Federal Institute Goiano Rio Verde Campus, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, 75901-970 Rio Verde-GO, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (F.G.S.)
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Portolan IB, Pietrobelli SR, Moura GS, Fernandes AP, Bonome LTDS, Franzener G. Action of Trichodermil 1306 in the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato crops. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000472019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is one of the most important diseases of tomato crop in Brazil. Several alternatives to fungicides have been evaluated in search for products that control this disease and have low environmental impact and toxicity to living beings. In this context, the use of Trichoderma spp. is an alternative to agrochemicals, since they are bioregulators and antagonists of several phytopathogens. This work aimed to evaluate the antagonistic and mycoparasitory action of the Trichodermil 1306 biofungicide against F. oxysporum, and its action in the control of fusarium wilt in tomato seeds and seedlings. The biofungicide was used at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150% of the dose recommended for application of 20 L with a backpack sprayer. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five replications. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and mean compared by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The 100% Trichodermil concentration was the most efficient for treating tomato seeds. Although this concentration did not show differences in relation to the lowest dose used (50%) in the tomato seed antagonism, mycoparasitism and F. oxysporum incidence tests were recommended because that the lowest concentration resulted in 18% lower root protrusion than that observed with 100% dosage. The in vitro antagonistic and mycoparasitory action of this biological fungicide indicates its potential in the control of fusarium wilt in tomato crops.
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Kamle M, Borah R, Bora H, Jaiswal AK, Singh RK, Kumar P. Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR): Role and Mechanism of Action Against Phytopathogens. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dario Rafael OH, Luis Fernándo ZG, Abraham PT, Pedro Alberto VL, Guadalupe GS, Pablo PJ. Production of chitosan-oligosaccharides by the chitin-hydrolytic system of Trichoderma harzianum and their antimicrobial and anticancer effects. Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107836. [PMID: 31669568 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan-oligosaccharides (COS) are low-molecular weight chitosan derivatives with interesting clinical applications. The optimization of both COS production and purification is an important step in the design of an efficient production system and for the exploration of new COS applications. Trichoderma harzianum is an innocuous biocontrol agent that represents a novel biotechnological tool due to the production of extracellular enzymes, including those that produce a COS mixture. In this work, we propose different systems for the production of COS using the T. harzianum chitinolitic system. A complete qualitative and quantitative analysis of a partially purified COS mixture were performed. Also, an evaluation of the anticancer and antimicrobial effects of the COS mixture was carried out. Three chitosan variants (colloidal, solid and solution) and two fungus stages (spores and mycelia) were tested for COS production. The best system consisted of the interaction of the solid chitosan and the fungal spores, producing a COS mixture containing species from the monomer to the hexamer, in a concentration range of 7-238 mg/mL, according to chromatographic analysis. The proposed purification method isolated the monomer and the dimer from the COS mixture. Moreover, the COS mixture has an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria and changes the morphology of yeasts. As anticancer compounds, COS inhibited the growth of cervical cancer cells at concentration of 4 mg/mL and significantly reduced the survival rate of the cells. In conclusion, T. harzianum proved to be an efficient system for COS mixture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olicón-Hernández Dario Rafael
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica. Laboratorio 7. Circuito Interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria CP, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Zepeda-Giraud Luis Fernándo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología. Laboratorio de bioquímica y biotecnología de hongos. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo. CP, 11350, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pedroza-Torres Abraham
- Cátedra CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario. Avenida San Fernando 22, Belisario Domínguez Secc XVI, CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vázquez-Landaverde Pedro Alberto
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Unidad Querétaro, Cerro Blanco 141. Colinas del Cimatario, CP 76090, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Guerra-Sánchez Guadalupe
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología. Laboratorio de bioquímica y biotecnología de hongos. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo. CP, 11350, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pardo Juan Pablo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica. Laboratorio 7. Circuito Interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria CP, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Nawrocka J, Gromek A, Małolepsza U. Nitric Oxide as a Beneficial Signaling Molecule in Trichoderma atroviride TRS25-Induced Systemic Defense Responses of Cucumber Plants Against Rhizoctonia solani. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:421. [PMID: 31057564 PMCID: PMC6478799 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Trichoderma atroviride TRS25 is presented as a biological control agent, which significantly limits the development of infection and reduces the disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.). The systemic disease suppression is related to oxidative, signaling, and biochemical changes, that are triggered in response to a pathogen. Induction of systemic defense in cucumber by TRS25 greatly depends on the accumulation of signaling molecules including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) as well as salicylic acid (SA) and its derivatives including methyl salicylate (MeSA) and octyl salicylate (OSA). The study established that NO was accumulated in leaves and shoots of the cucumber plants, especially those pretreated with Trichoderma and inoculated with R. solani, where the compound was accumulated mainly in the cells localized in the vascular bundles and in epidermal tissues. We suggest, for the first time, that in the plants pretreated with TRS25, the accumulation of H2O2 and NO may be related to catalase (CAT) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity decrease. On the other hand, excessive accumulation of NO and SA may be controlled by forming their inactive forms, S-nitrosothiols (SNO) and salicylic acid glucosylated conjugates (SAGC), respectively. The obtained results suggest that the mentioned molecules may be an important component of the complex signaling network activated by TRS25, which is positively involved in systemic defense responses of cucumber plants against R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nawrocka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Jia W, Hu C, Ming J, Zhao Y, Xin J, Sun X, Zhao X. Action of selenium against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Damaging membrane system and interfering with metabolism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 150:10-16. [PMID: 30195382 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) in soil is beneficial for environmental stress tolerance of plants, and it has widespread toxic effects on pathogens. Based on the fact that Se significantly inhibited the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, we set experiments with different concentrations of Se to investigate the action of Se against S. sclerotiorum in this study. The results showed that Se (>0.5 mg L-1) changed the morphology of S. sclerotiorum mycelia, and higher Se concentrations severely damaged mycelial structures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that Se treatment induced the chemical composition of mycelia with much abundance of functional groups such as alcohols, ketones, ammonium and esters, and 0.5 mg L-1 Se maximized their concentrations. Under Se treatments, the electrical conductivity of mycelia increased in a time-dependent manner, and osmolyte concentrations of mycelia increased as well. Se supplementation significantly reduced polymethylgalacturonase (PMG) and carboxymethylcellulase (Cx) activities, which protecting plants from infection, and increased the energy expenditure in S. sclerotiorum. Combined action of Se damage on membrane system, osmoregulation, reduction of cell wall degrading enzymes activities and improvement of energy expenditure resulted in the inhibition of S. sclerotiorum growth. Findings in this study provided evidences for using Se as a potential fungicide to control S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiajia Ming
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xin
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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De la Cruz-Quiroz R, Roussos S, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Hernandez-Castillo D, Aguilar CN. Growth inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora capsici by native Mexican Trichoderma strains. KARBALA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kijoms.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Multifunctional potential of endophytic and rhizospheric microbial isolates associated with Butia purpurascens roots for promoting plant growth. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2157-2174. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Zhang S, Xu B, Zhang J, Gan Y. Identification of the antifungal activity of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 and assessment of bioactive substances in controlling phytopathgens. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 147:59-66. [PMID: 29933994 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological control with microbial antagonists is considered an alternative approach for controlling plant diseases. Trichoderma species are one of the potential fungal biocontrol agents in suppression of soil-borne pathogens. However, the mechanism and characterization of Trichoderma spp. in inhibiting different phytopathogenic fungi are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the antagonistic potential of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 as a biocontrol agent against different phytopathogenic fungi and the associated antagonistic mechanism with bioactive substances. We found that the fermentation and crude extract of T. longibrachiatum T6 had a broad spectrum and potent activity inhibiting the growth of eleven phytopathogens evaluated, and of which, the inhibitory rate against Valsa mali reached 95% at 5 days after incubation. Ten fractions and six sub-fractions of bioactive substances were obtained on silica gel G chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 columns. One of the sub-fractions (coded sub-Fr.4f) exhibited highest inhibition against the pathogen V. mail, with the inhibitory rate of 80.64% at Day 5 of the treatment. Four key chemical inhibitors were identified: (i) 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylicacid, bis (2-methylpropyl) ester (DIBP) (C16H22O4); (ii) (Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid (C18H34O2); (iii) 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester (MEHP) (C16H22O4); and (iv) (Z)-13-Docosenamide (C22H43NO), using spectroscopic and nuclear magnetic resonance data. Two fungicidal compounds DIBP and MEHP provided significantly greater antifungal activities than the other compounds in the inhibition of the V. mail growth. There was a significant linear relationship between the monomer compounds MEPH or DIBP and the inhibitory rates of V. mail; at the concentration of 200 μg mL-1, the inhibitory rate reached over 86% or 78%. We conclude that the strain of T. longibrachiatum T6 can serve as an effective biocontrol agent against V. mali and the mechanism for this function was due to the secondary metabolites with effective bioactive substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwu Zhang
- College of Plant protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- College of Plant protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yantai Gan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
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Nawrocka J, Małolepsza U, Szymczak K, Szczech M. Involvement of metabolic components, volatile compounds, PR proteins, and mechanical strengthening in multilayer protection of cucumber plants against Rhizoctonia solani activated by Trichoderma atroviride TRS25. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:359-373. [PMID: 28879466 PMCID: PMC5756291 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the spread of Rhizoctonia solani-induced disease was limited when cucumber plants were pretreated with Trichoderma atroviride TRS25. The systemic disease suppression was related to TRS25-induced resistance (TISR) induction with simultaneous plant growth promotion. Protection of cucumber was related to enhanced activity of defense enzymes, e.g., guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), syringaldazine peroxidase (SPX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) as well as phenolic (PC) concentration increases in the conditions of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, resulting in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) decrease. Moreover, the obtained results indicated that TISR might depend on accumulation of salicylic acid derivatives, that is methyl salicylate (MeSA), ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS), salicylic acid glucosylated conjugates (SAGC), and β-cyclocitral as well as volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as Z-3-hexanal, Z-3-hexenol, and E-2-hexenal. The results point to important, not previously documented, roles of these VOC in TISR signaling with up-regulation of PR1 and PR5 gene characteristic of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and of PR4 gene, marker of induced systemic resistance (ISR). The study established that TRS25 enhanced deposition of callose and lignin in specialized plant cells, which protected vascular system in cucumber shoots and roots as well as assimilation cells and dermal tissues in shoots and leaves. These compounds protected cucumber organs against R. solani influence and made them more flexible and resilient, which contributed to better nutrition and hydration of plants. The growth promotion coupled with systemic mobilization of biochemical and mechanical strengthening might be involved in multilayer protection of cucumber against R. solani activated by TRS25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nawrocka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - U Małolepsza
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - K Szymczak
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Szczech
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100, Skierniewice, Poland
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Towards a better greener future - an alternative strategy using biofertilizers. I: Plant growth promoting bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Selection of reliable reference genes for gene expression studies in Trichoderma afroharzianum LTR-2 under oxalic acid stress. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 141:28-31. [PMID: 28754446 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An appropriate reference gene is required to get reliable results from gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). In order to identify stable and reliable reference genes in Trichoderma afroharzianum under oxalic acid (OA) stress, six commonly used housekeeping genes, i.e., elongation factor 1, ubiquitin, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, α-tubulin, actin, from the effective biocontrol isolate T. afroharzianum strain LTR-2 were tested for their expression during growth in liquid culture amended with OA. Four in silico programs (comparative ΔCt, NormFinder, geNorm and BestKeeper) were used to evaluate the expression stabilities of six candidate reference genes. The elongation factor 1 gene EF-1 was identified as the most stably expressed reference gene, and was used as the normalizer to quantify the expression level of the oxalate decarboxylase coding gene OXDC in T. afroharzianum strain LTR-2 under OA stress. The result showed that the expression of OXDC was significantly up-regulated as expected. This study provides an effective method to quantify expression changes of target genes in T. afroharzianum under OA stress.
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Duke KA, Becker MG, Girard IJ, Millar JL, Dilantha Fernando WG, Belmonte MF, de Kievit TR. The biocontrol agent Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 primes Brassica napus defenses through distinct gene networks. BMC Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28629321 PMCID: PMC5477169 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biological control agent Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 is capable of protecting Brassica napus (canola) from the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum via direct antagonism. While we have elucidated bacterial genes and gene products responsible biocontrol, little is known about how the host plant responds to bacterial priming on the leaf surface, including global changes in gene activity in the presence and absence of S. sclerotiorum. Results Application of PA23 to the aerial surfaces of canola plants reduced the number of S. sclerotiorum lesion-forming petals by 91.1%. RNA sequencing of the host pathogen interface showed that pretreatment with PA23 reduced the number of genes upregulated in response to S. sclerotiorum by 16-fold. By itself, PA23 activated unique defense networks indicative of defense priming. Genes encoding MAMP-triggered immunity receptors detecting flagellin and peptidoglycan were downregulated in PA23 only-treated plants, consistent with post-stimulus desensitization. Downstream, we observed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production involving low levels of H2O2 and overexpression of genes associated with glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Leaf chloroplasts exhibited increased thylakoid membrane structures and chlorophyll content, while lipid metabolic processes were upregulated. Conclusion In addition to directly antagonizing S. sclerotiorum, PA23 primes the plant defense response through induction of unique local and systemic defense networks. This study provides novel insight into the effects of biocontrol agents applied to the plant phyllosphere. Understanding these interactions will aid in the development of biocontrol systems as an alternative to chemical pesticides for protection of important crop systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3848-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Duke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael G Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ian J Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jenna L Millar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Teresa R de Kievit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Zhang F, Chen C, Zhang F, Gao L, Liu J, Chen L, Fan X, Liu C, Zhang K, He Y, Chen C, Ji X. Trichoderma harzianum containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase and chitinase improved growth and diminished adverse effect caused by Fusarium oxysporum in soybean. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 210:84-94. [PMID: 28135657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An isolate, named Trichoderma harzianum T-soybean, showed growth-promoting for soybean seedlings and induced resistance to Fusarium oxysporum under greenhouse. Compared to control soybean seedlings, fresh weight, dry weight, lateral root number, chlorophyll content, root activity and soluble protein of plants pretreated with T-soybean increased, but initial pod height reduced. Furthermore, we found that T-soybean inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum by parasitic function. In addition, plate test results showed that culture filtrates of T-soybean also inhibited significantly F. oxysporum growth. Meanwhile, T-soybean treatment obviously reduced disease severity and induced quickly the H2O2 and O2- burst as well as pathogenesis related protein gene (PR3) expression after F. oxysporum inoculation, and subsequently diminished the cell damage in soybean caused by the pathogen challenge. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes activity analysis showed that the activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in T-soybean pretreated plants. These results suggested that T-soybean treatment induced resistance in soybean seedlings to F. oxysporum by companying the production of ROS and the increasing of ROS scavenging enzymes activity as well as PR3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China.
| | - Can Chen
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China
| | - Lidong Gao
- Henan Lotus Gourmet Powder Inc., XiangCheng 466200, China
| | - Jidong Liu
- Henan Lotus Gourmet Powder Inc., XiangCheng 466200, China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China.
| | - Xiaoning Fan
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China
| | - Yuting He
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China
| | - Xiue Ji
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Wenchangjie Dongduan, ZhouKou 466001, China
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