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Zeigler-Hill V, Vonk J, Fatfouta R. Does narcissus prefer to be alone? Narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 38014712 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations that narcissistic personality traits had with the preference for solitude. BACKGROUND Preference for solitude may be impacted by various characteristics. Narcissism may be one such characteristic given its association with specific motivations for engagement with other individuals (e.g., status attainment). METHOD We examined whether the associations that narcissism had with the preference for solitude were moderated by perceived attainment of status or instability of status. RESULTS Across three studies (N = 627/479/675), extraverted narcissism had the expected aversion to solitude. Antagonistic narcissism and neurotic narcissism did not have consistent associations with the preference for solitude across these studies, nor did the perceived attainment of status consistently moderate the links between narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude. However, perceived instability of status moderated the associations that extraverted narcissism and antagonistic narcissism had with the preference for solitude. More specifically, the more stable status was perceived to be, the greater the aversion to solitude for those high in extraverted narcissism and the greater the preference for solitude for those high in antagonistic narcissism. CONCLUSIONS This pattern of results suggests that the motivations underlying preferences for solitude differ depending on particular narcissistic traits that predict whether one is more concerned with maintaining, gaining, or losing status. These results build upon what is known about the connections that narcissism has with the preference for solitude.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Vonk
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Ramzi Fatfouta
- Department of Psychology, University of Applied Sciences for Media, Communication and Management, Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Siegel T, Magrach A, Laurance WF, Luther D. A global meta-analysis of the impacts of forest fragmentation on biotic mutualisms and antagonisms. Conserv Biol 2023:e14206. [PMID: 37855172 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Forest fragmentation is a grave threat to biodiversity. Forests are becoming increasingly fragmented with more than 70% now < 1 km from forest edge. Although much is known about the effects of forest fragmentation on individual species, much less is understood about its effects on species interactions (i.e., mutualisms, antagonisms, etc.). In 2014, a previous meta-analysis assessed the impacts of forest fragmentation on different species interactions, across 82 studies. We pooled the previous data with data published in the last 10 years (combined total 104 studies and 168 effect sizes). We compared the new set of publications (22 studies and 32 effect sizes) with the old set to evaluate potential changes in species interactions over time given the global increase in fragmentation rates. Mutualisms were more negatively affected by forest fragmentation than antagonisms (p < 0.0001). Edge effects, fragment size, and degradation negatively affected mutualisms, but not antagonisms, a different finding from the original meta-analysis. Parasitic interactions increased as fragment size decreased (p < 0.0001)-an intriguing result at variance with earlier studies. New publications showed a more negative mean effect size of forest fragmentation on mutualisms than old publications. Although research is still limited for some interactions, we identified an important scientific trend: current research tends to focus on antagonisms. We concluded that forest fragmentation disrupts important species interactions and that this disruption has increased over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Spake R, Bowler DE, Callaghan CT, Blowes SA, Doncaster CP, Antão LH, Nakagawa S, McElreath R, Chase JM. Understanding 'it depends' in ecology: a guide to hypothesising, visualising and interpreting statistical interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:983-1002. [PMID: 36859791 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists routinely use statistical models to detect and explain interactions among ecological drivers, with a goal to evaluate whether an effect of interest changes in sign or magnitude in different contexts. Two fundamental properties of interactions are often overlooked during the process of hypothesising, visualising and interpreting interactions between drivers: the measurement scale - whether a response is analysed on an additive or multiplicative scale, such as a ratio or logarithmic scale; and the symmetry - whether dependencies are considered in both directions. Overlooking these properties can lead to one or more of three inferential errors: misinterpretation of (i) the detection and magnitude (Type-D error), and (ii) the sign of effect modification (Type-S error); and (iii) misidentification of the underlying processes (Type-A error). We illustrate each of these errors with a broad range of ecological questions applied to empirical and simulated data sets. We demonstrate how meta-analysis, a widely used approach that seeks explicitly to characterise context dependence, is especially prone to all three errors. Based on these insights, we propose guidelines to improve hypothesis generation, testing, visualisation and interpretation of interactions in ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Spake
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, RG6 6EX, Reading, UK
| | - Diana E Bowler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, OX10 8BB, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Corey T Callaghan
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle - Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, 33314-7719, FL, USA
| | - Shane A Blowes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - C Patrick Doncaster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Laura H Antão
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- UNSW Data Science Hub, Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard McElreath
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Hossain MB, Ahmed L, Martin-Diana AB, Brunton NP, Barry-Ryan C. Individual and Combined Antioxidant Activity of Spices and Spice Phenolics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36829866 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the interaction effects (additive, synergistic, and antagonistic) of different groups of spices, their constituent phenolic compounds, and synthetic antioxidants on the total phenol (TP) content and antioxidant activity, as measured by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the mixtures. The results showed that there was an additive effect in all the groups studied, except for the group containing turmeric or curcumin. The groups containing turmeric or curcumin showed a moderate synergistic effect. Among the groups of spices, the highest summated TP (50.6 mg GAE/mL) and FRAP (106.2 mg Trolox/mL) values were observed in the group containing clove, cinnamon, pimento, rosemary, oregano, and cardamom. In the case of the groups of pure phenolics, the highest summated TP (364.96 mg GAE/mL) and FRAP (1124.25 mg Trolox/mL) values were observed in the group containing eugenol, acetyl eugenol, caffeic acid, and protocatechuic acid. The summated and combined TP and FRAP values of the samples correlated highly with the correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.976 and 0.988, respectively, inferring an additive nature of the interaction effect in most of the groups studied. The interactions of phenolics in mixtures are very complex, being affected by a number of factors, and requires more investigations. The current study will add considerable knowledge to the existing literature to understand the diversity and mechanisms of interactions.
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Boakye TA, Li H, Osei R, Boamah S, Min Z, Ni C, Wu J, Shi M, Qiao W. Antagonistic Effect of Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TL6 and TL13) on Fusarium solani and Fusarium avenaceum Causing Root Rot on Snow Pea Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1148. [PMID: 36354916 PMCID: PMC9693188 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Snow pea root rot in China is caused by Fusarium solani (FSH) and Fusarium avenaceum (FAH), which affect snow pea production. The chemical control methods used against FSH and FAH are toxic to the environment and resistance may be developed in persistence applications. Therefore, an alternative approach is needed to control these pathogens. This study focuses on Trichoderma longibrachiatum strains (TL6 and TL13), mycoparasitic mechanisms of FSH and FAH, as well as growth-promoting potentials on snow pea seedlings under FSH and FAH stress at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. The average inhibitory rates of TL6 against FSH and FAH were 54.58% and 69.16%, respectively, on day 7. Similarly, TL13 average inhibitory rates against FSH and FAH were 59.06% and 71.27%, respectively, on day 7. The combined TL13 and TL6 with FSH and FAH reduced disease severity by 86.6, 81.6, 57.60, and 60.90%, respectively, in comparison to the controls. The snow pea plants inoculated with FSH and FAH without TL6 and TL13 increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents in the leaves by 64.8, 66.0, 64.4 and 65.9%, respectively, compared to the control. However, the combined FSH and FAH with TL6 and TL13 decreased the MDA and H2O2 content by 75.6, 76.8, 70.0, and 76.4%, respectively, in comparison to the controls. In addition, the combined TL6 + FSH and TL6 + FAH increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) by 60.5, 64.7, and 60.3%, respectively, and 60.0, 64.9, and 56.6%, respectively, compared to the controls. Again, compared to the controls, the combined TL13 + FSH and TL13 + FAH increased the activity of SOD, POD, and CAT by 69.7, 68.6, and 65.6%, respectively, and 70.10, 69.5, and 65.8%, respectively. Our results suggest that the pretreatment of snow pea seeds with TL6 and TL13 increases snow pea seedling growth, controls FSH and FAH root rot, increases antioxidant enzyme activity, and activates plant defense mechanisms. The TL13 strain had the greatest performance in terms of pathogen inhibition and snow pea growth promotion compared to the TL6 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Afriyie Boakye
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Richard Osei
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Solomon Boamah
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhang Min
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chunhui Ni
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jin Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wanqiang Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Alfiky A, L'Haridon F, Abou-Mansour E, Weisskopf L. Disease Inhibiting Effect of Strain Bacillus subtilis EG21 and Its Metabolites Against Potato Pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology 2022; 112:2099-2109. [PMID: 35536116 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0530-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potato production worldwide is plagued by several disease-causing pathogens that result in crop and economic losses estimated to billions of dollars each year. To this day, synthetic chemical applications remain the most widespread control strategy despite their negative effects on human and environmental health. Therefore, obtainment of superior biocontrol agents or their naturally produced metabolites to replace fungicides or to be integrated into practical pest management strategies has become one of the main targets in modern agriculture. Our main focus in the present study was to elucidate the antagonistic potential of a new strain identified as Bacillus subtilis EG21 against potato pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Rhizoctonia solani using several in vitro screening assays. Microscopic examination of the interaction between EG21 and R. solani showed extended damage in fungal mycelium, while EG21 metabolites displayed strong anti-oomycete and zoosporecidal effect on P. infestans. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed that EG21 produced antifungal and anti-oomycete cyclic lipopeptides surfactins (C12 to C19). Further characterization of EG21 confirmed its ability to produce siderophores and the extracellular lytic enzymes cellulase, pectinase and chitinase. The antifungal activity of EG21 cell-free culture filtrate (CF) was found to be stable at high-temperature/pressure treatment and extreme pH values and was not affected by proteinase K treatment. Disease-inhibiting effect of EG21 CF against P. infestans and R. solani infection was confirmed using potato leaves and tubers, respectively. Biotechnological applications of using microbial agents and their bioproducts for crop protection hold great promise to develop into effective, environment-friendly and sustainable biocontrol strategies. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsayed Alfiky
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert-Gockel 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert-Gockel 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Abou-Mansour
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert-Gockel 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laure Weisskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert-Gockel 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Xu S, Zhang M, Fang X, Hu X, Xing H, Yang Y, Meng J, Wen T, Liu J, Wang J, Wang C, Xu H. CD123 Antagonistic Peptides Assembled with Nanomicelles Act as Monotherapeutics to Combat Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:38584-38593. [PMID: 35977045 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. Due to the development of drug resistance to traditional chemotherapies and high relapse rate, AML still has a low survival rate and there is in an urgent need for better treatment strategies. CD123 is widely expressed by AML cells, also associated with the poor prognosis of AML. In this study, we fabricated nanomicelles loaded with a lab-designed CD123 antagonistic peptide, which were referred to as mPO-6. The antagonistic and therapeutic effects were investigated with CD123+ AML cell lines and a refractory AML mouse (AE and CKITD816V) model. Results show that mPO-6 can specifically bind to the CD123+ AML cells and inhibit the cell viability effectively. Intravenous administration of mPO-6 significantly reduces the percentage of AML cells' infiltration and prolongs the median survival of AML mice. Further, the efficiency of mPO-6 is demonstrated to interfere with the axis of CD123/IL-3 via regulating the activation of STAT5, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways related to cell proliferation or apoptosis at the level of mRNA and protein in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, the novel CD123 antagonistic peptide micelle formulation mPO-6 can significantly enhance apoptosis and prolong the survival of AML mice by effectively interfering with the axis of CD123/IL-3 and therefore is a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of refractory AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Meichen Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaocui Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center of Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuechun Hu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yanlian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center of Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center of Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Long Y, Luo R, Xu Z, Cheng S, Li L, Ma H, Bao M, Li M, Ouyang Z, Wang N, Duan S. A Fluorescent Reporter-Based Evaluation Assay for Antibacterial Components Against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:864963. [PMID: 35602035 PMCID: PMC9114712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the agent of citrus bacterial canker (CBC) disease, which has significantly reduced citrus quantity and quality in many producing areas worldwide. Copper-based bactericides are the primary products for CBC control and management, but the problems derived from copper-resistant and environmental contamination have become issues of anxiety. Thus, there is a need to find alternative antibacterial products instead of relying on a single type of agent. This study developed a method to evaluate the inhibition of antibacterial agents using the fluorescence-labeled recombinant Xcc strain (Xcc-eYFP). The optimization of timelines and parameters for the evaluation of antibacterial agents involved the use of a Spark™ multimode microplate reader. This evaluation and screening method can be applied to bactericides, cocktail-mixture formulations, antagonistic bacteria, and derived metabolites. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of commercial bactericides determined by fluorescence agrees with the MIC values determined by the conventional method. A screened cocktail-mixture bactericide presents more activity than the individual agents during the protective effects. Notably, this method has been further developed in the screening of Xcc-antagonistic bacterial strains. In summary, we provide a validated strategy for screening and evaluation of different antibacterial components for inhibition against Xcc for CBC control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Long
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ruifang Luo
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Cheng
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Haijie Ma
- College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minli Bao
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Ouyang
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Shuo Duan
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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Abstract
AbstractTrade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined, categorized, and studied in at least six, not mutually exclusive, ways. (1) Allocation constraints are caused by a limited resource (e.g., energy, time, space, essential nutrients), such that increasing allocation to one component necessarily requires a decrease in another (if only two components are involved, this is referred to as the Y-model, e.g., energy devoted to size versus number of offspring). (2) Functional conflicts occur when features that enhance performance of one task decrease performance of another (e.g., relative lengths of in-levers and out-levers, force-velocity trade-offs related to muscle fiber type composition). (3) Shared biochemical pathways, often involving integrator molecules (e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters, transcription factors), can simultaneously affect multiple traits, with some effects being beneficial for one or more components of Darwinian fitness (e.g., survival, age at first reproduction, fecundity) and others detrimental. (4) Antagonistic pleiotropy describes genetic variants that increase one component of fitness (or a lower-level trait) while simultaneously decreasing another. (5) Ecological circumstances (or selective regime) may impose trade-offs, such as when foraging behavior increases energy availability yet also decreases survival. (6) Sexual selection may lead to the elaboration of (usually male) secondary sexual characters that improve mating success but handicap survival and/or impose energetic costs that reduce other fitness components. Empirical studies of trade-offs often search for negative correlations between two traits that are the expected outcomes of the trade-offs, but this will generally be inadequate if more than two traits are involved and especially for complex physiological networks of interacting traits. Moreover, trade-offs often occur only in populations that are experiencing harsh environmental conditions or energetic challenges at the extremes of phenotypic distributions, such as among individuals or species that have exceptional athletic abilities. Trade-offs may be (partially) circumvented through various compensatory mechanisms, depending on the timescale involved, ranging from acute to evolutionary. Going forward, a pluralistic view of trade-offs and constraints, combined with integrative analyses that cross levels of biological organization and traditional boundaries among disciplines, will enhance the study of evolutionary organismal biology.
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Cuenca‐Cambronero M, Pantel JH, Marshall H, Nguyen TTT, Tomero‐Sanz H, Orsini L. Evolutionary mechanisms underpinning fitness response to multiple stressors in Daphnia. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2457-2469. [PMID: 34745337 PMCID: PMC8549616 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple stressors linked to anthropogenic activities can influence how organisms adapt and evolve. So far, a consensus on how multiple stressors drive adaptive trajectories in natural populations has not been reached. Some meta-analysis reports show predominance of additive effects of stressors on ecological endpoints (e.g., fecundity, mortality), whereas others show synergistic effects more frequently. Moreover, it is unclear what mechanisms of adaptation underpin responses to complex environments. Here, we use populations of Daphnia magna resurrected from different times in the past to investigate mechanisms of adaptation to multiple stressors and to understand how historical exposure to environmental stress shapes adaptive responses of modern populations. Using common garden experiments on resurrected modern and historical populations, we investigate (1) whether exposure to one stress results in higher tolerance to a second stressor; (2) the mechanisms of adaptation underpinning long-term evolution to multistress (genetic evolution, plasticity, evolution of plasticity); and (3) the interaction effects of multiple stressors on fitness (synergism, antagonism, additivity). We measure the combined impact of different levels of resource availability (algae) and biocides on fitness-linked life-history traits and interpret these results in light of historical environmental exposures. We show that exposure to one stressor can alter tolerance to second stressors and that the interaction effect depends on the severity of either stressor. We also show that mechanisms of adaptation underpinning phenotypic evolution significantly differ in single-stress and multistress scenarios. These adaptive responses are driven largely by synergistic effects on fecundity and size at maturity, and additive effects on age at maturity. Exposure to multiple stressors shifts the trade-offs among fitness-linked life-history traits, with a stronger effect on Daphnia populations when low-resource availability and high biocide levels are experienced. Our study indicates that mitigation interventions based on single-stress analysis may not capture realistic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cuenca‐Cambronero
- Department of Fish Ecology and EvolutionEawagKastanienbaumSwitzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and EvolutionInstitute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Jelena H. Pantel
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, and Environmental ScienceThe American University of ParisParisFrance
| | - Hollie Marshall
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tien T. T. Nguyen
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Henar Tomero‐Sanz
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Department of Molecular Cancer Pathology of IRYCISHospital Ramon y CajalMadridSpain
| | - Luisa Orsini
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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11
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Dalal P, Sharma D. Microbe defines the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug: a complete paradigm. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6358522. [PMID: 34448860 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body harbors a diverse microbiome that regulates host physiology and disease development. Several studies have also been reported where the human microbiome interferes with the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. Reports have also suggested the use of microbes in specific targeting and drug delivery. This review mainly focuses on the alteration in the efficacy of the drug by human microbiota. We have also discussed how the diversity in microbes can determine the therapeutic outcomes of a particular drug. The pathways involved in the alteration are also focused, with some highlights on microbes being used in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dalal
- Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector - 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - D Sharma
- Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector - 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
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12
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Thapa A, Horgan KA, White B, Walls D. Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone-Synergistic or Antagonistic Agri-Food Chain Co-Contaminants? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080561. [PMID: 34437432 PMCID: PMC8402399 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZEN) are two commonly co-occurring mycotoxins produced by members of the genus Fusarium. As important food chain contaminants, these can adversely affect both human and animal health. Critically, as they are formed prior to harvesting, their occurrence cannot be eliminated during food production, leading to ongoing contamination challenges. DON is one of the most commonly occurring mycotoxins and is found as a contaminant of cereal grains that are consumed by humans and animals. Consumption of DON-contaminated feed can result in vomiting, diarrhoea, refusal of feed, and reduced weight gain in animals. ZEN is an oestrogenic mycotoxin that has been shown to have a negative effect on the reproductive function of animals. Individually, their mode of action and impacts have been well-studied; however, their co-occurrence is less well understood. This common co-occurrence of DON and ZEN makes it a critical issue for the Agri-Food industry, with a fundamental understanding required to develop mitigation strategies. To address this issue, in this targeted review, we appraise what is known of the mechanisms of action of DON and ZEN with particular attention to studies that have assessed their toxic effects when present together. We demonstrate that parameters that impact toxicity include species and cell type, relative concentration, exposure time and administration methods, and we highlight additional research required to further elucidate mechanisms of action and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Thapa
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland;
| | | | - Blánaid White
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (D.W.); Tel.: +353-01-7006731 (B.W.); +353-01-7005600 (D.W.)
| | - Dermot Walls
- School of Biotechnology, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (D.W.); Tel.: +353-01-7006731 (B.W.); +353-01-7005600 (D.W.)
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13
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Baazeem A, Alorabi M, Manikandan P, Alotaibi SS, Almanea A, Abdel-Hadi A, Vijayaraghavan P, Raj SRF, Kim YO, Kim HJ. Paecilomyces formosus MD12, a Biocontrol Agent to Treat Meloidogyne incognita on Brinjal in Green House. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:632. [PMID: 34436171 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to analyze the potential of fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of soybean, brinjal, tomato, and potato plants. The density of fungi varied in the pot soil and rhizosphere after Paecilomyces formosus MD12 treatment. The P. formosus MD12 population was 6.3 ± 0.13 × 104 CFU g−1 in the pot planted with brinjal, and the population increased in the rhizosphere (6.72 ± 0.41 × 104 CFU g−1). P. formosus MD12 was cultured in the production medium, and the supernatant was used for egg inhibition studies on a root-knot nematode parasite, Meloidogyne incognita. It was revealed that maximum egg inhibition (94.7 ± 6.2%) was obtained at 100% concentration of extract. The culture supernatant from P. formosus MD12 affected the development of M. incognita juvenile, and the mortality rate was maximum after 96 h (95 ± 6%). Mortality was reduced when treated with 25%, 50%, and 75% supernatant. At 1 × 107 mL−1 of spore suspension, we found reductions of 71.6 ± 3.3% nematode populations in the soil, 60.7 ± 2.2% from the root, and 63.6 ± 2.4% egg mass compared with the control in the pot experiment. The culture supernatant applied at the 10% level showed a maximum mean reduction of the nematode population in roots (72.4 ± 2.2%), soil (77.9 ± 2.5%), and egg masses (73.2 ± 1.5%), respectively. The presence of P. formosus MD12 in a soil environment could antagonize nematode parasites and improve soil amendment. The P. formosus MD12 strain showed good biocontrol ability against the root-knot nematode, M. incognita, under in vitro and green house experimental condition.
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14
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Sharma A, Kaushik N, Sharma A, Bajaj A, Rasane M, Shouche YS, Marzouk T, Djébali N. Screening of Tomato Seed Bacterial Endophytes for Antifungal Activity Reveals Lipopeptide Producing Bacillus siamensis Strain NKIT9 as a Potential Bio-Control Agent. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:609482. [PMID: 34177819 PMCID: PMC8222588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.609482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigates the diversity pattern and fungicidal potential of bacterial endophytes isolated from two different organic varieties of tomato plants (V1 and V2). A total of seventy-five bacterial isolates identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a majority of genus as Bacillus and one Planococcus, which were grouped into eight different species. The Shannon diversity H' (1.56), Simpson's index of diversity (0.93), Magalef' index (2.23), Evenness (0.96), and Species richness (7) indicated the high endophytic bacterial diversity in the V1 variety of the tomato. Bacterial endophytes isolated from both of the varieties were screened for their antifungal activity against five economically critical fungal pathogens (viz., Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Verticillium lateritium, and Alternaria solani) of tomato crop through dual culture assay. The data revealed B. siamensis strain NKIT9 as the most potent antagonist, significantly (p < 0.05) inhibiting the mycelial growth between 75 to 90% against selected fungal pathogens. High bioactivity of lipopeptide extract of strain NKIT9 was recorded against R. solani with minimum IC50 value of 230 μg/ml. The Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Definition Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HDMS) analysis of this lipopeptide extract revealed the presence of Surfactin and Bacillomycin D. Furthermore, in-vitro results showed that the selected bacterial strain significantly minimized the disease incidence in damping-off assay which makes this strain a promising antifungal bio-control agent. Moreover, in the pot experiment the NKIT9 increased the fruit yield by 59.2% compared with the untreated R. solani infested control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Sharma
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.,Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Nutan Kaushik
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Abhay Bajaj
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Mandar Rasane
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Yogesh S Shouche
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Takwa Marzouk
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Hammam-lif, Tunisia
| | - Naceur Djébali
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Hammam-lif, Tunisia
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15
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Jan R, Aaqil Khan M, Asaf S, Lubna, Park JR, Lee IJ, Kim KM. Flavonone 3-hydroxylase Relieves Bacterial Leaf Blight Stress in Rice via Overaccumulation of Antioxidant Flavonoids and Induction of Defense Genes and Hormones. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6152. [PMID: 34200345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient accumulation of flavonoids is important for increased tolerance to biotic stress. Although several plant defense mechanisms are known, the roles of many pathways, proteins, and secondary metabolites in stress tolerance are unknown. We generated a flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) overexpressor rice line and inoculated Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. oryzae and compared the control and wildtype inoculated plants. In addition to promoting plant growth and developmental maintenance, the overexpression of F3H increased the accumulation of flavonoids and increased tolerance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) stress. Moreover, leaf lesion length was higher in the infected wildtype plants compared with infected transgenics. Kaempferol and quercetin, which scavenge reactive oxygen species, overaccumulated in transgenic lines compared with wildtypes in response to pathogenic infection, detected by scanning electron microscopy and spectrophotometry. The induction of F3H altered the antioxidant system and reduced the levels of glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the transgenic lines compared with the wildtypes. Downstream gene regulation analysis showed that the expression of F3H increased the regulation of flavonol synthase (FLS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and slender rice mutant (SLR1) during BLB stress. The analysis of SA and JA signaling revealed an antagonistic interaction between both hormones and that F3H induction significantly promoted SA and inhibited JA accumulation in the transgenic lines. SA-dependent nonexpressor pathogenesis-related (NPR1) and Xa1 showed significant upregulation in the infected transgenic lines compared with the infected control and wildtype lines. Thus, the overexpression of F3H was essential for increasing BLB stress tolerance.
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Fu B, Olawole O, Beattie GA. Biological Control and Microbial Ecology Draft Genome Sequence Data of Glutamicibacter sp. FBE-19, a Bacterium Antagonistic to the Plant Pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila. Phytopathology 2021; 111:765-768. [PMID: 33174822 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0380-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glutamicibacter sp. FBE-19 was isolated based on its strong antagonism to the cucurbit bacterial blight pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila on plates. Members of the Glutamicibacter genus can promote plant growth under saline conditions and antagonize fungi on plates via chitinolytic activity; however, their production of antibacterial compounds has not been examined. Here, we report the genome sequence of strain FBE-19. The genome is 3.85 Mbp with a G+C content of 60.1% and comprises 3,791 genes. Genes that may contribute to its antagonistic activity include genes for the secondary metabolites stenothricin, salinosporamide A, a second β-lactone compound, and a carotenoid. The Glutamicibacter sp. FBE-19 genome data may be a useful resource if this strain proves to be an effective biocontrol agent against E. tracheiphila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzhong Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei 432000, China
| | - Olakunle Olawole
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Gwyn A Beattie
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
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17
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Lee S, Lee DK, Jeon S, Kim SH, Jeong J, Kim JS, Cho JH, Park H, Cho WS. Combination effect of nanoparticles on the acute pulmonary inflammogenic potential: additive effect and antagonistic effect. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:276-288. [PMID: 33554687 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1862336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The combination effect of co-exposed different types of nanomaterials is little known although humans are generally exposed to a mixture of nanomaterials from urban ultrafine particles or industrial nanomaterials. Herein, we evaluated the combined effect of nanoparticles (NPs) using three types of NPs in different inflammogenic categories: carbon black (CB), nickel oxide (NiO), and copper oxide (CuO). A single type of NPs or NPs in combination was intratracheally instilled into the lungs of rats and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed at 24 h after instillation to evaluate the acute inflammogenic potential. The percentage of neutrophils in BALF was selected as a toxicity endpoint and the potential for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, dose-response of the combined effect, sequential treatment of CB and NiO, and uptake of NiO to alveolar macrophages after combined treatment of CB and NiO were evaluated for the mechanism of the combined effect. Co-exposure of CuO and NiO showed an additive effect on the percentage of neutrophils and ROS generation potential, which implies that the physicochemical properties of each NP are not influenced by the other type. While CB exerted an antagonistic effect on the percentage of neutrophils in combined treatment with CuO or NiO. The antagonistic effect of CB was due to the scavenging activity of the ROS generated by the CuO and NiO rather than the competition in cellular uptake to target cells (i.e. alveolar macrophages), which highlight the importance of the combined effect of NPs in the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghan Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Jeon
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuntae Park
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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18
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Ameen F, Almansob A, Al Tami M, Al-Enazi N, Al-Sabri A, Orfali R. Epigenetic Modifiers Affect the Bioactive Compounds Secreted by an Endophyte of the Tropical Plant Piper longum. Molecules 2020; 26:E29. [PMID: 33374682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven endophytic fungi were isolated from the tropical medicinal plant Piper longum L. After preliminary screening, Phomopsis heveicola was selected for the epigenetic activation treatments. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potentials of crude extracts obtained from the treatments (with and without epigenetic modifiers) were analyzed in vitro. The extracts inhibited growth of the human pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Salmonella typhi, as well as the phytopathogens Puccinia recondita, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, and Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, DPPH-scavenging activity was higher in valproic acid treated extracts. Volatile chemicals with known biological activities (measured with GC-MS/MS), were released in the valproic acid treatment. The antimicrobial potentials of the extracts were confirmed using MRM/MS analysis. The experiments revealed a new promising endophytic fungus, P. heveicola, to be utilized in biological plant protection and in biomedical applications.
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Cui G, Yin K, Lin N, Liang M, Huang C, Chang C, Xi P, Deng YZ. Burkholderia gladioli CGB10: A Novel Strain Biocontrolling the Sugarcane Smut Disease. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1943. [PMID: 33297590 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we isolated an endophytic Burkholderia gladioli strain, named CGB10, from sugarcane leaves. B. gladioli CGB10 displayed strong inhibitory activity against filamentous growth of fungal pathogens, one of which is Sporisorium scitamineum that causes sugarcane smut, a major disease affecting the quality and production of sugarcane in tropical and subtropical regions. CGB10 could effectively suppress sugarcane smut under field conditions, without itself causing any obvious damage or disease, thus underscoring a great potential as a biocontrol agent (BCA) for the management of sugarcane smut. A toxoflavin biosynthesis and transport gene cluster potentially responsible for such antifungal activity was identified in the CGB10 genome. Additionally, a quorum-sensing gene cluster was identified too and compared with two close Burkholderia species, thus supporting an overall connection to the regulation of toxoflavin synthesis therein. Overall, this work describes the in vitro and field Sporisorium scitamineum biocontrol by a new B. gladioli strain, and reports genes and molecular mechanisms potentially involved.
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20
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Tao L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Luo L, Zhang Z, Chen J. [ Antagonistic activity of volatile metabolites from Trichoderma asperellum]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2020; 36:1181-1189. [PMID: 32597067 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.190442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. is a kind of filamentous fungi with important biocontrol value. Twelve strains of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from the soils of different types of crops in Shaoxing, Zhejiang and Foshan, Guangdong. The antagonistic resistance to Fusarium oxysporum was compared by plate confrontation test. The further analysis of volatile secondary metabolites for two strains were carried out using HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis. The results showed that T. asperellum ZJSX5003 and GDFS1009 had fast growth ability, and the inhibition effects on F. oxysporum were 73% and 74% respectively. Six identical volatile metabolites were detected as follows 2-Methyl-1-propanol, 3-Methyl-1-butanol, 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol, Acetyl methyl carbinol, Butane-2,3-diol and 6-n-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PAP). Among them, 6-PAP was validated to have a higher inhibitory effect on F. oxysporum in vitro. This study will provide basis for the development of biocontrol agents with metabolites of Trichoderma, such as 6-PAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Tao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Laipeng Luo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zenglu Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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21
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Borah A, Thakur D. Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of Culturable Endophytic Actinobacteria Associated With Camellia spp. for Growth Promotion in Commercial Tea Cultivars. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:318. [PMID: 32180767 PMCID: PMC7059647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant associated endophytic actinobacteria may contribute to plant growth and defense by direct or indirect methods. Our aim was to evaluate the plant growth promoting and antifungal activities of endophytic actinobacteria associated with Camellia spp. and related genera, Eurya to find potent plant growth promoting strains that could be applied in future microbe based bioformulations. We isolated 46 endophytic actinobacteria based on morphological characteristics of the isolates. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the strains represented nine actinobacterial genera, Nocardia, Amycolatopsis, Streptomyces, Pseudonocardia, Kribbella, Actinomadura, Microbispora, Rothia and Saccharomonospora. In vitro functional characterization of the isolates for plant growth promoting (PGP) traits revealed many potent PGP isolates such as, SA1 and S43 which showed all the tested PGP traits, i.e., phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ammonia, siderophore and chitinase production. Out of the 46 endophytic actinobacteria isolates, 21 showed inhibition against atleast one test fungal phytopathogen and, isolates SA25 and SA29 exhibited broad spectrum antifungal activity against all the tested phytopathogens. Most of the endophytic actinobacteria isolates having antifungal activity were positive for the presence of chitinase, NRPS (Non-ribosomal peptides synthetase) or PKS-1 (Polyketide Synthase) gene, suggesting the presence of distinctive mechanisms to inhibit the growth of pathogenic plant fungi. ARDRA (Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction analysis) and BOX-PCR fingerprinting analysis of the potent isolates with antagonistic activity grouped the isolates into 5 and 4 separate clusters, respectively. In addition, an assessment using bonitur scale revealed the top ranked isolates based on their PGP and biocontrol traits. Further detection of IAA production by the top ranked actinobacterial isolates namely, SA1, T1LA3 and S85 by using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was done. Endophytic actinobacteria isolates, namely, SA1, T1LA3, and SA14 were further tested for their efficacy in promoting the growth of commercial tea clones, namely, TV1, TV9, TV18, and TV22 in nursery conditions. All the endophytic isolates tested showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in terms of plant growth promoting parameters in the treated plants compared to untreated control and may, thus be, deemed as potential candidates for application in bioformulations for tea growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debajit Thakur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Dengue and chikungunya are two mosquito-borne viral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquito species and are a great public health concern in India. The present study was aimed to check the influence of antagonistic crustaceans, especially Mesocyclops aspericornis and Daphnia magna on Ae. aegypti L. mosquito population. METHOD Variable ratios of these crustaceans (Aedes: Mesocyclops: Daphnia) against Ae. aegypti larvae were tested by putting them in plastic beakers having dechlorinated water along with yeast stock solution provided as food, and kept in BOD incubator at a temperature of 26 ±1°C. RESULTS Out of all tested concentrations, 1:1:3 where the number of D. magna was thrice the number of Mesocyclops and Aedes; larvae showed a significant delay of 5-6 days in the developmental period. Maximum reduction in the emergence of females was recorded in the ratio 1:1:3, i.e. only 6.5 ± 0.47 females emerged when Daphnia used thrice the number of Aedes larvae. Body size of both males and females emerged from treated sets was found to be significantly reduced. The longevity of adults was also reduced from 8-17 days to 5-8 days in the case of males and from 14-26 days to 5-9 days in females. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Among variable ratios tested under laboratory conditions, 1:1:2 and 1:1:3 ratios were found to be the effective ratios that greatly reduced the development duration, survivorship of larvae, and the number of larvae emerging into adulthood. Thus, antagonistic crustaceans specifically Mesocyclops and Daphnia can be used as biocontrol agents for the sustainable control of container breeding mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thakur
- Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - D K Kocher
- Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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23
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Basalla J, Chatterjee P, Burgess E, Khan M, Verbrugge E, Wiegmann DD, LiPuma JJ, Wildschutte H. Loci Encoding Compounds Potentially Active against Drug-Resistant Pathogens amidst a Decreasing Pool of Novel Antibiotics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01438-19. [PMID: 31540982 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01438-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa is difficult to treat and has been deemed by the World Health Organization as a priority one pathogen for which antibiotics are most urgently needed. Although metagenomics and bioinformatic studies suggest that natural bacteria remain a source of novel compounds, the identification of genes and their products specific to activity against MDR pathogens remains problematic. Here, we examine water-derived pseudomonads and identify gene clusters whose compounds inhibit CF-derived MDR pathogens, including carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Since the discovery of penicillin, microbes have been a source of antibiotics that inhibit the growth of pathogens. However, with the evolution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, it remains unclear if there is an abundant or limited supply of natural products to be discovered that are effective against MDR isolates. To identify strains that are antagonistic to pathogens, we examined a set of 471 globally derived environmental Pseudomonas strains (env-Ps) for activity against a panel of 65 pathogens including Achromobacter spp., Burkholderia spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas spp. isolated from the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. From more than 30,000 competitive interactions, 1,530 individual inhibitory events were observed. While strains from water habitats were not proportionate in antagonistic activity, MDR CF-derived pathogens (CF-Ps) were less susceptible to inhibition by env-Ps, suggesting that fewer natural products are effective against MDR strains. These results advocate for a directed strategy to identify unique drugs. To facilitate discovery of antibiotics against the most resistant pathogens, we developed a workflow in which phylogenetic and antagonistic data were merged to identify strains that inhibit MDR CF-Ps and subjected those env-Ps to transposon mutagenesis. Six different biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were identified from four strains whose products inhibited pathogens including carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. BGCs were rare in databases, suggesting the production of novel antibiotics. This strategy can be utilized to facilitate the discovery of needed antibiotics that are potentially active against the most drug-resistant pathogens. IMPORTANCE Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa is difficult to treat and has been deemed by the World Health Organization as a priority one pathogen for which antibiotics are most urgently needed. Although metagenomics and bioinformatic studies suggest that natural bacteria remain a source of novel compounds, the identification of genes and their products specific to activity against MDR pathogens remains problematic. Here, we examine water-derived pseudomonads and identify gene clusters whose compounds inhibit CF-derived MDR pathogens, including carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa.
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Li X, Yang B, Sun Y, Li S, Liu D, Zou Y, Xiao C. Screening of antagonistic strains of respiratory origin and analysis of their bacteriostatic effects on pathogens. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e940. [PMID: 31588663 PMCID: PMC6925161 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To find antagonistic strains in the respiratory tract having bacteriostatic properties against common pathogens. Methods The oropharyngeal microbiota of five healthy children aged 4–6 years were collected and α‐hemolytic bacteria screened on 15% sheep blood agar. Bacteriostatic effects of the isolated α‐hemolytic bacteria on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes were evaluated by the Oxford cup method. Antagonistic strains were identified by mass spectrometry, and the16S rDNAs were sequenced, and their best bacteriostatic concentrations and antagonistic spectra for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter Baumanii, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes were evaluated. Results Of 300 isolated α‐hemolytic bacterial clones, four exhibited bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed that two of them were Streptococcus mitis and two others were Streptococcus parasanguinis strains. Further tests showed that all 4 antagonistic strains also had bacteriostatic effects on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae, and Acinetobacter Baumanii, and the mode of action was not mediated by lactic acid production. Conclusion Four antagonistic Streptococcus strains derived from oropharyngeal microbiotas showed bacteriostatic effects on pathogens and may be involved in pharyngeal microbiome homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuyin Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Defeng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunling Xiao
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
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Oh JH, Kim J, Lee H, Kang Y, Oh IK. Directionally Antagonistic Graphene Oxide-Polyurethane Hybrid Aerogel as a Sound Absorber. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:22650-22660. [PMID: 29883082 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Innovative sound absorbers, the design of which is based on carbon nanotubes and graphene derivatives, could be used to make more efficient sound absorbing materials because of their excellent intrinsic mechanical and chemical properties. However, controlling the directional alignments of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, such as restacking, alignment, and dispersion, has been a challenging problem when developing sound absorbing forms. Herein, we present the directionally antagonistic graphene oxide-polyurethane hybrid aerogel we developed as a sound absorber, the physical properties of which differ according to the alignment of the microscopic graphene oxide sheets. This porous graphene sound absorber has a microporous hierarchical cellular structure with adjustable stiffness and improved sound absorption performance, thereby overcoming the restrictions of both geometric and function-orientated functions. Furthermore, by controlling the inner cell size and aligned structure of graphene oxide layers in this study, we achieved remarkable improvement of the sound absorption performance at low frequency. This improvement is attributed to multiple scattering of incident and reflection waves on the aligned porous surfaces, and air-viscous resistance damping inside interconnected structures between the urethane foam and the graphene oxide network. Two anisotropic sound absorbers based on the directionally antagonistic graphene oxide-polyurethane hybrid aerogels were fabricated. They show remarkable differences owing to the opposite alignment of graphene oxide layers inside the polyurethane foam and are expected to be appropriate for the engineering design of sound absorbers in consideration of the wave direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Oh
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering and Graphene Research Center at KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- LG Chem, Ltd. , 30 Magokjungang 10-ro , Gangseo-gu, Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongrae Lee
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjune Kang
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering and Graphene Research Center at KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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Wagner A, Norris S, Chatterjee P, Morris PF, Wildschutte H. Aquatic Pseudomonads Inhibit Oomycete Plant Pathogens of Glycine max. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1007. [PMID: 29896163 PMCID: PMC5986895 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seedling root rot of soybeans caused by the host-specific pathogen Phytophthora sojae, and a large number of Pythium species, is an economically important disease across the Midwest United States that negatively impacts soybean yields. Research on biocontrol strategies for crop pathogens has focused on compounds produced by microbes from soil, however, recent studies suggest that aquatic bacteria express distinct compounds that efficiently inhibit a wide range of pathogens. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that freshwater strains of pseudomonads might be producing novel antagonistic compounds that inhibit the growth of oomycetes. To test this prediction, we utilized a collection of 330 Pseudomonas strains isolated from soil and freshwater habitats, and determined their activity against a panel of five oomycetes: Phytophthora sojae, Pythium heterothalicum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium sylvaticum, and Pythium ultimum, all of which are pathogenic on soybeans. Among the bacterial strains, 118 exhibited antagonistic activity against at least one oomycete species, and 16 strains were inhibitory to all pathogens. Antagonistic activity toward oomycetes was significantly more common for aquatic isolates than for soil isolates. One water-derived strain, 06C 126, was predicted to express a siderophore and exhibited diverse antagonistic profiles when tested on nutrient rich and iron depleted media suggesting that more than one compound was produced that effectively inhibited oomycetes. These results support the concept that aquatic strains are an efficient source of compounds that inhibit pathogens. We outline a strategy to identify other strains that express unique compounds that may be useful biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul F. Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
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Thompson PL, MacLennan MM, Vinebrooke RD. An improved null model for assessing the net effects of multiple stressors on communities. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:517-525. [PMID: 28752533 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecological stressors (i.e., environmental factors outside their normal range of variation) can mediate each other through their interactions, leading to unexpected combined effects on communities. Determining whether the net effect of stressors is ecologically surprising requires comparing their cumulative impact to a null model that represents the linear combination of their individual effects (i.e., an additive expectation). However, we show that standard additive and multiplicative null models that base their predictions on the effects of single stressors on community properties (e.g., species richness or biomass) do not provide this linear expectation, leading to incorrect interpretations of antagonistic and synergistic responses by communities. We present an alternative, the compositional null model, which instead bases its predictions on the effects of stressors on individual species, and then aggregates them to the community level. Simulations demonstrate the improved ability of the compositional null model to accurately provide a linear expectation of the net effect of stressors. We simulate the response of communities to paired stressors that affect species in a purely additive fashion and compare the relative abilities of the compositional null model and two standard community property null models (additive and multiplicative) to predict these linear changes in species richness and community biomass across different combinations (both positive, negative, or opposite) and intensities of stressors. The compositional model predicts the linear effects of multiple stressors under almost all scenarios, allowing for proper classification of net effects, whereas the standard null models do not. Our findings suggest that current estimates of the prevalence of ecological surprises on communities based on community property null models are unreliable, and should be improved by integrating the responses of individual species to the community level as does our compositional null model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan M MacLennan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rolf D Vinebrooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Ubani-Rex OA, Saliu JK, Bello TH. Biochemical Effects of the Toxic Interaction of Copper, Lead and Cadmium on Clarias gariepinus. J Health Pollut 2017; 7:38-48. [PMID: 30524839 PMCID: PMC6221451 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-7.16.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of heavy metals in the aquatic environment is a concern because of potential toxicity and threats to plant and animal life. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the joint action toxicity and biochemical effects of sublethal concentrations of copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) against Clarias gariepinus over a period of 28 days. METHODS We procured fingerlings (weight: 5-8 g; length: 4.5-6.0 cm) and juveniles (weight: 20-25 g; length: 14.5-17.5 cm) from a commercial fish farm in Bariga, Lagos state, Nigeria. Test toxicants were selected from the analyzed heavy metals in the field based on their deviation from World Health Organization, Federal Environmental Protection Agency and United States Environmental Protection Agency standards. Fish were randomly loaded into a 4-L glass aquaria for the bioassay per toxicant concentration of two replicates and untreated control (dechlorinated tap water). RESULTS The derived 96 hour lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value of Cu (2.11 mg/L) was the most toxic followed by Cd (24.18 mg/L) and Pb (34.48 mg/L), which was the least toxic of the singly tested pollutants. The analysis of dose-response data of the joint action toxicity of Cu and Cd, and Cu and Pb determined 96 hour LC50 values of 1.804 mg/L and 2.15 mg/L, respectively. The interactions between the mixture of Cu:Cd conformed with the model of synergism (synergistic ratio (SR)>1 and relative toxic units (RTU)>1), while the interaction between Cu:Pb was found to be antagonistic (SR<1), with an SR value of 0.98. The biochemical effects study revealed that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the exposed fish, reduced glutathione was not significant at (P<0.05), and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glucose and cholesterol were significantly different (P<0.05). DISCUSSION The observed increased in the glutathione level in the Cu:Cd mixture and a corresponding decrease in MDA concentration in the liver of test animals revealed the ability of fish to overcome the effects of lipid peroxidation in this group because the Cu ion is displaced by Cd, and the fish were able to catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide via the Fenton reaction. CONCLUSIONS Further studies on the joint action toxicity of heavy metals are needed in order to further determine their concentration in the local environment. ETHICS APPROVAL Study protocols were approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of the University of Lagos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Kayode Saliu
- Ecotoxicology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Hassan Bello
- Ecotoxicology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Desjardins CA, Naya FJ. Antagonistic regulation of cell-cycle and differentiation gene programs in neonatal cardiomyocytes by homologous MEF2 transcription factors. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10613-10629. [PMID: 28473466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes acquire their primary specialized function (contraction) before exiting the cell cycle. In this regard, proliferation and differentiation must be precisely coordinated for proper cardiac morphogenesis. Here, we have investigated the complex transcriptional mechanisms employed by cardiomyocytes to coordinate antagonistic cell-cycle and differentiation gene programs through the molecular dissection of the core cardiac transcription factor, MEF2. Knockdown of individual MEF2 proteins, MEF2A, -C, and -D, in primary neonatal cardiomyocytes resulted in radically distinct and opposite effects on cellular homeostasis and gene regulation. MEF2A and MEF2D were absolutely required for cardiomyocyte survival, whereas MEF2C, despite its major role in cardiac morphogenesis and direct reprogramming, was dispensable for this process. Inhibition of MEF2A or -D also resulted in the activation of cell-cycle genes and down-regulation of markers of terminal differentiation. In striking contrast, the regulation of cell-cycle and differentiation gene programs by MEF2C was antagonistic to that of MEF2A and -D. Computational analysis of regulatory regions from MEF2 isoform-dependent gene sets identified the Notch and Hedgehog signaling pathways as key determinants in coordinating MEF2 isoform-specific control of antagonistic gene programs. These results reveal that mammalian MEF2 family members have distinct transcriptional functions in cardiomyocytes and suggest that these differences are critical for proper development and maturation of the heart. Analysis of MEF2 isoform-specific function in neonatal cardiomyocytes has yielded insight into an unexpected transcriptional regulatory mechanism by which these specialized cells utilize homologous members of a core cardiac transcription factor to coordinate cell-cycle and differentiation gene programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Desjardins
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Francisco J Naya
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Zhang L, Tian X, Kuang S, Liu G, Zhang C, Sun C. Antagonistic Activity and Mode of Action of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid, Produced by Marine Bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA31x, Against Vibrio anguillarum In vitro and in a Zebrafish In vivo Model. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:289. [PMID: 28289406 PMCID: PMC5326748 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenazine and its derivatives are very important secondary metabolites produced from Pseudomonas spp. and have exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial activities. However, till date, there are few reports about marine derived Pseudomonas and its production of phenazine metabolites. In this study, we isolated a marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA31x which produced natural product inhibiting the growth of Vibrio anguillarum C312, one of the most serious bacterial pathogens in marine aquaculture. Combining high-resolution electro-spray-ionization mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses, the functional compound against V. anguillarum was demonstrated to be phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), an important phenazine derivative. Molecular studies indicated that the production of PCA by P. aeruginosa PA31x was determined by gene clusters phz1 and phz2 in its genome. Electron microscopic results showed that treatment of V. anguillarum with PCA developed complete lysis of bacterial cells with fragmented cytoplasm being released to the surrounding environment. Additional evidence indicated that reactive oxygen species generation preceded PCA-induced microbe and cancer cell death. Notably, treatment with PCA gave highly significant protective activities against the development of V. anguillarum C312 on zebrafish. Additionally, the marine derived PCA was further found to effectively inhibit the growth of agricultural pathogens, Acidovorax citrulli NP1 and Phytophthora nicotianae JM1. Taken together, this study reveals that marine Pseudomonas derived PCA carries antagonistic activities against both aquacultural and agricultural pathogens, which broadens the application fields of PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xueying Tian
- Tobacco Pest Integrated Management Key Laboratory of China, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdao, China
| | - Shan Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Tobacco Pest Integrated Management Key Laboratory of China, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdao, China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
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Horenstein AL, Chillemi A, Quarona V, Zito A, Mariani V, Faini AC, Morandi F, Schiavoni I, Ausiello CM, Malavasi F. Antibody mimicry, receptors and clinical applications. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:75-85. [PMID: 28035914 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the concept of antibodies acting as receptor agonists and antagonists, and on the potential relevance of this notion in applied medicine. Antibodies are composed of three functional units: two antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) that confer antigen specificity and one constant fragment (Fc) linking antibodies to immune effector functions. The proof-of-concept that large amounts of highly specific and homogeneous antibodies could be produced was provided in 1975 by César Milstein and Georges Köhler. These monoclonal antibody (mAb) reagents started a revolution in medical research, diagnostics, and clinical applications. Alongside diagnostic applications, mAbs were successfully used in vivo: (i) to bind (neutralize/antagonize) antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells; (ii) to activate immune effector mechanisms; (iii) to crosslink plasma membrane receptors and hence activate therapeutic signaling pathways; and lastly, (iv) the technique was expanded to produce bispecific mAbs, which can bind two different antigens while retaining the ability to activate immune effector functions. The abilities of mAbs to bind, transduce signals, and exert immunostimulatory agonistic capacities are the central issues of this review. The starting point is that some mAbs operate as molecular agonists, substituting for the natural ligand of the receptor. Our analysis is restricted to mAbs that act as receptor agonist/antagonists by either mimicking ligand binding, or through allosteric modulation mediated by binding sites that are topographically distinct from the orthosteric binding site. Functional considerations based on the agonistic stimulation of human CD38 by specific mAbs as surrogate ligands are described as examples of the features of such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Antonella Chillemi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Valeria Quarona
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Andrea Zito
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Valentina Mariani
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Angelo C Faini
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Fabio Morandi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16148, Italy
| | - Ilaria Schiavoni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Clara Maria Ausiello
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- Transplantation Immunology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino 10126, Italy
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Chatterjee P, Davis E, Yu F, James S, Wildschutte JH, Wiegmann DD, Sherman DH, McKay RM, LiPuma JJ, Wildschutte H. Environmental Pseudomonads Inhibit Cystic Fibrosis Patient-Derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02701-16. [PMID: 27881418 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02701-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which is evolving resistance to many currently used antibiotics. While much research has been devoted to the roles of pathogenic P. aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, less is known of its ecological properties. P. aeruginosa dominates the lungs during chronic infection in CF patients, yet its abundance in some environments is less than that of other diverse groups of pseudomonads. Here, we sought to determine if clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa are vulnerable to environmental pseudomonads that dominate soil and water habitats in one-to-one competitions which may provide a source of inhibitory factors. We isolated a total of 330 pseudomonads from diverse habitats of soil and freshwater ecosystems and competed these strains against one another to determine their capacity for antagonistic activity. Over 900 individual inhibitory events were observed. Extending the analysis to P. aeruginosa isolates revealed that clinical isolates, including ones with increased alginate production, were susceptible to competition by multiple environmental strains. We performed transposon mutagenesis on one isolate and identified an ∼14.8-kb locus involved in antagonistic activity. Only two other environmental isolates were observed to carry the locus, suggesting the presence of additional unique compounds or interactions among other isolates involved in outcompeting P. aeruginosa. This collection of strains represents a source of compounds that are active against multiple pathogenic strains. With the evolution of resistance of P. aeruginosa to currently used antibiotics, these environmental strains provide opportunities for novel compound discovery against drug-resistant clinical strains. IMPORTANCE We demonstrate that clinical CF-derived isolates of P. aeruginosa are susceptible to competition in the presence of environmental pseudomonads. We observed that many diverse environmental strains exhibited varied antagonistic profiles against a panel of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates, suggesting the presence of distinct mechanisms of inhibition among these ecological strains. Understanding the properties of these antagonistic events offers the potential for discoveries of antimicrobial compounds or metabolic pathways important to the development of novel treatments for P. aeruginosa infections.
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Koskella B, Brockhurst MA. Bacteria-phage coevolution as a driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:916-31. [PMID: 24617569 PMCID: PMC4257071 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria-phage coevolution, the reciprocal evolution between bacterial hosts and the phages that infect them, is an important driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in microbial communities. There is growing evidence from both laboratory and natural populations that coevolution can maintain phenotypic and genetic diversity, increase the rate of bacterial and phage evolution and divergence, affect community structure, and shape the evolution of ecologically relevant bacterial traits. Although the study of bacteria-phage coevolution is still in its infancy, with open questions regarding the specificity of the interaction, the gene networks of coevolving partners, and the relative importance of the coevolving interaction in complex communities and environments, there have recently been major advancements in the field. In this review, we sum up our current understanding of bacteria-phage coevolution both in the laboratory and in nature, discuss recent findings on both the coevolutionary process itself and the impact of coevolution on bacterial phenotype, diversity and interactions with other species (particularly their eukaryotic hosts), and outline future directions for the field.
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Lakeman-Fraser P, Ewers RM. Untangling interactions: do temperature and habitat fragmentation gradients simultaneously impact biotic relationships? Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:rspb.2014.0687. [PMID: 24898374 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaining insight into the impact of anthropogenic change on ecosystems requires investigation into interdependencies between multiple drivers of ecological change and multiple biotic responses. Global environmental change drivers can act simultaneously to impact the abundance and diversity of biota, but few studies have also measured the impact across trophic levels. We firstly investigated whether climate (using temperature differences across a latitudinal gradient as a surrogate) interacts with habitat fragmentation (measured according to fragment area and distance to habitat edges) to impact a New Zealand tri-trophic food chain (plant, herbivore and natural enemy). Secondly, we examined how these interactions might differentially impact both the density and biotic processes of species at each of the three trophic levels. We found evidence to suggest that these drivers act non-additively across trophic levels. The nature of these interactions however varied: location synergistically interacted with fragmentation measures to exacerbate the detrimental effects on consumer density; and antagonistically interacted to ameliorate the impact on plant density and on the interactions between trophic levels (herbivory and parasitoid attack rate). Our findings indicate that the ecological consequences of multiple global change drivers are strongly interactive and vary according to the trophic level studied and whether density or ecological processes are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Lakeman-Fraser
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 1NA, UK
| | - Robert M Ewers
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
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Naidoo D, van Vuuren SF, van Zyl RL, de Wet H. Plants traditionally used individually and in combination to treat sexually transmitted infections in northern Maputaland, South Africa: antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 149:656-667. [PMID: 23880127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Although medicinal plants are used extensively to treat sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in rural northern Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal, the efficacy and safety of these plants have not previously been evaluated. AIM OF STUDY A study was designed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity profiles of a selection (individual plants and selected combinations) of traditionally used plants in this study area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous and organic (dichloromethane: methanol, 1:1) extracts were prepared. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against the STI associated pathogens; Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Ureaplasma urealyticum clinical strain, Oligella ureolytica ATCC 43534, Trichomonas vaginalis clinical strain, Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 14018 and Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 19424. For the combination study, interactions were assessed using the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC). The plant species were assessed for safety using the 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cellular viability assay on the human embryonic kidney epithelial (Graham, HEK-293) cell line. RESULTS For the antimicrobial studies, U. urealyticum was the most sensitive of the six test organisms, with the aqueous extract of Ranunculus multifidus (0.02mg/ml) and the organic extract of Peltophorum africanum (0.04mg/ml) being the most antimicrobially active plant species studied. Sclerocarya birrea was found to have the broadest spectrum of activity (mean MIC of 0.89mg/ml). The only plant species to exhibit some degree of cytotoxicity against the kidney epithelial cell line was Kigelia africana (100µg/ml), with 22% and 16% cell death for the aqueous and organic extracts, respectively. Of the 13 combinations studied, several synergistic combinations were evident, the most prominent being the combination of Albizia adianthifolia and Trichilia dregeana (aqueous extract) with an ΣFIC value of 0.15 against O. ureolytica. Synergistic interactions were observed regardless of the ratio of the aqueous mixtures of the two plants. Syzygium cordatum and S. birrea (aqueous extract) was also a combination of interest, demonstrating synergistic (ΣFIC=0.42) interactions against O. ureolytica. This combination, however, also displayed some cytotoxicity towards the human epithelial cell line. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that anecdotal evidence of plant use does not always correlate with in vitro activity. Furthermore, the toxicological profiling is of utmost importance as if not combined in its correct ratio can lead to potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Naidoo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
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Ikeda M, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M. ATBS1 INTERACTING FACTORs negatively regulate Arabidopsis cell elongation in the tri antagonistic bHLH system. Plant Signal Behav 2013; 8:e23448. [PMID: 23333962 PMCID: PMC3676513 DOI: 10.4161/psb.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that cell elongation in plants is regulated by a triantagonistic bHLH system, in which three bHLH proteins, Activator of Cell Elongation 1 (ACE1), Arabidopsis ILI1 binding BHLH 1 (AtIBH1) and Paclobutrazol Resistance 1 (PRE1), competitively regulate the expression of genes for cell elongation. Here we show that ATBS1 Interacting Factor 2 (AIF2), AIF3 and AIF4 interact with PRE1 and ACE1, similar to AtIBH1, and also negatively regulate cell elongation in the triantagonistic bHLH system. The expression of each AIF is constitutive or induced by light, but AtIBH1 expression is dependent on BR signaling and developmental phase. These results indicate that AIFs and AtIBH1 may play different roles in cell elongation in different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Ikeda
- Bioproduction Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba, Japan
- Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS); Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Bioproduction Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (IEST); Saitama University; Saitama, Japan
- Correspondence to: Masaru Ohme-Takagi,
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Sbilordo SH, Martin OY, Ward PI. The karyotype of the yellow dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria, a model organism in studies of sexual selection. J Insect Sci 2010; 10:118. [PMID: 20874599 PMCID: PMC3016996 DOI: 10.1673/031.010.11801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of karyotypical characteristics of a species is essential for understanding how sexually selected and sexually antagonistic traits evolve. The yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria L. (Diptera: Scathophagidae) is an established model system for studies of sexual selection and sexual conflict, but karyotypical data are lacking to date. Here, the karyotype of S. stercoraria was characterized using conventional Giemsa-staining and C-banding techniques. The diploid chromosome set consists of 6 pairs of bi-armed meta- or submetacentric chromosomes. The sex chromosomes are the largest chromosomes and constitute 30% of the total length of the diploid set in females and about 25% in males. Males are the heterogametic sex, and the length of the Y chromosome is about three-quarters of that of the X chromosome. C-banding revealed that both sex chromosomes are largely heterochromatic. In contrast, in the five autosome pairs, heterochromatin is limited to narrow bands in the centromeric regions. This karyotypic information will help provide a more profound understanding of the inheritance of phenotypic variation in reproductive traits and the chromosomal locations of underlying genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja H. Sbilordo
- Zoology Museum, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Integrative Biology IBZ, Experimental Ecology, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Y. Martin
- Institute for Integrative Biology IBZ, Experimental Ecology, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul I. Ward
- Zoology Museum, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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