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Jiang D, Han Q, Su Y, Cao X, Wu B, Wei C, Chen K, Li X, Zhang B. Glycoside hydrolase PpGH28BG1 modulates benzaldehyde metabolism and enhances fruit aroma and immune responses in peach. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:1444-1459. [PMID: 39140299 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Benzaldehyde (BAld) is one of the most widely distributed volatiles that contributes to flavor and defense in plants. Plants regulate BAld levels through various pathways, including biosynthesis from trans-cinnamic acid (free BAld), release from hydrolysis of glycoside precursors (BAld-H) via multiple enzymatic action steps, and conversion into downstream chemicals. Here, we show that BAld-H content in peach (Prunus persica) fruit is up to 100-fold higher than that of free BAld. By integrating transcriptome, metabolomic, and biochemical approaches, we identified glycoside hydrolase PpGH28BG1 as being involved in the production of BAld-H through the hydrolysis of glycoside precursors. Overexpressing and silencing of PpGH28BG1 significantly altered BAld-H content in peach fruit. Transgenic tomatoes heterologously expressing PpGH28BG1 exhibited a decrease in BAld-H content and an increase in SA accumulation, while maintaining fruit weight, pigmentation, and ethylene production. These transgenic tomato fruits displayed enhanced immunity against Botrytis cinerea compared to wild type (WT). Induced expression of PpGH28BG1 and increased SA content were also observed in peach fruit when exposed to Monilinia fructicola infection. Additionally, elevated expression of PpGH28BG1 promoted fruit softening in transgenic tomatoes, resulting in a significantly increased emission of BAld compared to WT. Most untrained taste panelists preferred the transgenic tomatoes over WT fruit. Our study suggests that it is feasible to enhance aroma and immunity in fruit through metabolic engineering of PpGH28BG1 without causing visible changes in the fruit ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingyuan Han
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yike Su
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangmei Cao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Boping Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunyan Wei
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Desheng Middle Road No. 298, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310021, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
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Lu XY, Lai MY, Qin P, Zheng YC, Liao JY, Zhang ZJ, Xu JH, Yu HL. Facilitating secretory expression of apple seed β-glucosidase in Komagataella phaffii for the efficient preparation of salidroside. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400347. [PMID: 39167556 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived β-glucosidases hold promise for glycoside biosynthesis via reverse hydrolysis because of their excellent glucose tolerance and robust stability. However, their poor heterologous expression hinders the development of large-scale production and applications. In this study, we overexpressed apple seed β-glucosidase (ASG II) in Komagataella phaffii and enhanced its production from 289 to 4322 U L-1 through expression cassette engineering and protein engineering. Upon scaling up to a 5-L high cell-density fermentation, the resultant mutant ASG IIV80A achieved a maximum protein concentration and activity in the secreted supernatant of 2.3 g L-1 and 41.4 kU L-1, respectively. The preparative biosynthesis of salidroside by ASG IIV80A exhibited a high space-time yield of 33.1 g L-1 d-1, which is so far the highest level by plant-derived β-glucosidase. Our work addresses the long-standing challenge of the heterologous expression of plant-derived β-glucosidase in microorganisms and presents new avenues for the efficient production of salidroside and other natural glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Cong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Chen F, Zang J, Wang Z, Wang J, Shi L, Xiu Y, Lin S, Lin W. Mandelonitrile lyase MDL2-mediated regulation of seed amygdalin and oil accumulation of Prunus Sibirica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:590. [PMID: 38902595 PMCID: PMC11191352 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Prunus sibirica seeds with rich oils has great utilization, but contain amygdalin that can be hydrolyzed to release toxic HCN. Thus, how to effectively reduce seed amygdalin content of P. sibirica is an interesting question. Mandelonitrile is known as one key intermediate of amygdalin metabolism, but which mandelonitrile lyase (MDL) family member essential for its dissociation destined to low amygdalin accumulation in P. sibirica seeds still remains enigmatic. An integration of our recent 454 RNA-seq data, amygdalin and mandelonitrile content detection, qRT-PCR analysis and function determination is described as a critical attempt to determine key MDL and to highlight its function in governing mandelonitrile catabolism with low amygdalin accumulation in Prunus sibirica seeds for better developing edible oil and biodiesel in China. RESULTS To identify key MDL and to unravel its function in governing seed mandelonitrile catabolism with low amygdalin accumulation in P. sibirica. Global identification of mandelonitrile catabolism-associated MDLs, integrated with the across-accessions/developing stages association of accumulative amount of amygdalin and mandelonitrile with transcriptional level of MDLs was performed on P. sibirica seeds of 5 accessions to determine crucial MDL2 for seed mandelonitrile catabolism of P. sibirica. MDL2 gene was cloned from the seeds of P. sibirica, and yeast eukaryotic expression revealed an ability of MDL2 to specifically catalyze the dissociation of mandelonitrile with the ideal values of Km (0.22 mM) and Vmax (178.57 U/mg). A combination of overexpression and mutation was conducted in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of PsMDL2 decreased seed mandelonitrile content with an increase of oil accumulation, upregulated transcript of mandelonitrile metabolic enzymes and oil synthesis enzymes (involving FA biosynthesis and TAG assembly), but exhibited an opposite situation in mdl2 mutant, revealing a role of PsMDL2-mediated regulation in seed amygdalin and oil biosynthesis. The PsMDL2 gene has shown as key molecular target for bioengineering high seed oil production with low amygdalin in oilseed plants. CONCLUSIONS This work presents the first integrated assay of genome-wide identification of mandelonitrile catabolism-related MDLs and the comparative association of transcriptional level of MDLs with accumulative amount of amygdalin and mandelonitrile in the seeds across different germplasms and developmental periods of P. sibirica to determine MDL2 for mandelonitrile dissociation, and an effective combination of PsMDL2 expression and mutation, oil and mandelonitrile content detection and qRT-PCR assay was performed to unravel a mechanism of PsMDL2 for controlling amygdalin and oil production in P. sibirica seeds. These findings could offer new bioengineering strategy for high oil production with low amygdalin in oil plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junxin Zang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lingling Shi
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Xiu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shanzhi Lin
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Weijun Lin
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610044, Sichuan, China.
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Zhang D, Ye J, Song Y, Wei Y, Jiang S, Chen Y, Shao X. Isomerization and Stabilization of Amygdalin from Peach Kernels. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114550. [PMID: 37299025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, isomerization conditions, cytotoxic activity, and stabilization of amygdalin from peach kernels were analyzed. Temperatures greater than 40 °C and pHs above 9.0 resulted in a quickly increasing isomer ratio (L-amygdalin/D-amygdalin). At acidic pHs, isomerization was significantly inhibited, even at high temperature. Ethanol inhibited isomerization; the isomer rate decreased with the ethanol concentration increasing. The growth-inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells of D-amygdalin was diminished as the isomer ratio increased, indicating that isomerization reduces the pharmacological activity of D-amygdalin. Extracting amygdalin from peach kernels by ultrasonic power at 432 W and 40 °C in 80% ethanol resulted in a 1.76% yield of amygdalin with a 0.04 isomer ratio. Hydrogel beads prepared by 2% sodium alginate successfully encapsulated the amygdalin, and its encapsulation efficiency and drug loading rate reached 85.93% and 19.21%, respectively. The thermal stability of amygdalin encapsulated in hydrogel beads was significantly improved and reached a slow-release effect in in vitro digestion. This study provides guidance for the processing and storage of amygdalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Jianfen Ye
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yu Song
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
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Kannan P, Shafreen M M, Achudhan AB, Gupta A, Saleena LM. A review on applications of β-glucosidase in food, brewery, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Carbohydr Res 2023; 530:108855. [PMID: 37263146 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
β-glucosidases hydrolyse glycosidic bonds to release non-reducing terminal glucosyl residues from glycosides and oligosaccharides via catalytic mechanisms. It is very well known that the β-glucosidase enzyme is used in biorefineries for cellulose degradation, where β-glucosidases is the rate-limiting enzyme for the final glucose production from cellobiose. The β-glucosidase enzyme is used as a catalyst in other industrial sectors, including pharmaceuticals, breweries, dairy, and food processing. With the aid of β-glucosidase enzymes, cyanogenic glycosides and plant glycosides are transformed into sugar moiety and aglycones. These aglycone compounds are employed as aromatic compounds in the food processing and brewing industries. They are also used as medications and dietary supplements based on their pharmacological qualities. Applications of aglycones and the microbiological sources of β-glucosidase in aglycone production have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kannan
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohiraa Shafreen M
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunmozhi Bharathi Achudhan
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Annapurna Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lilly M Saleena
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wei Y, Li Y, Wang S, Xiang Z, Li X, Wang Q, Dong W, Gao P, Dai L. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Armeniacae semen Amarum: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116265. [PMID: 36806484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Armeniacae Semen Amarum (Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim., Ku xingren, bitter almond, ASA) is an important medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It is widely used because of its remarkable curative effect in relieving cough and asthma, moistening intestines and defecating. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to enlighten the deeper knowledge about ASA, giving a comprehensive overview of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology for future investigation of plant-based drugs and therapeutic applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS The databases used are Web of Science, PubMed, Baidu academic, Google academic, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP . In addition, detailed information on ASA was obtained from relevant monographs such as Chinese Pharmacopoeia. RESULTS The active components of ASA mainly include amygdalin, bitter almond oil, essential oil, protein, vitamin, trace elements and carbohydrates. The pharmacological studies have shown that ASA has beneficial effects such as antitussive, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antitumour, cardioprotective, antifibrotic, immune regulatory, bowel relaxation, insecticidal, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Many reports have been published on ASA's various active ingredients and biological uses. However, only a few reviews on its phytoconstituents and pharmacological uses. In addition, the exploration and development of ASA in other fields also deserve more attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China; College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China; College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Shengguang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Zedong Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China; College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China; College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Qingquan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China; College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Weichao Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China; College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Long Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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Choi B, Koh E. Effect of fruit thermal processing on ethyl carbamate content in maesil ( Prunus mume) liqueur. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1427-1434. [PMID: 34790426 PMCID: PMC8581116 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal effect of maesil on the content of ethyl carbamate and its precursors during one-year ripening of maesil liqueur was investigated. Fresh maesil (control), fruit blanched for 2 min (blanched), and fruit blanched and dried for 15 h at 50 °C (blanched/dried) were soaked in the liquor containing 25% alcohol at a ratio of 1:2 (w/w) for 100 days at 25 °C and the liquid was further ripened for 260 days. Ethyl carbamate ranged from 13.1 to 204.4 μg/kg with the highest value at 210 day. Thermally treated samples had higher ethyl carbamate concentration than the control, suggesting that thermal treatment increased the formation of ethyl carbamate. A positive correlation between ethyl carbamate content and β-glucosidase activity in all samples indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis of amygdalin by β-glucosidase determined ethyl carbamate concentration during the fermentation of maesil liqueur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogyoung Choi
- Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797 Korea
| | - Eunmi Koh
- Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797 Korea
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Zheng Y, Yuan F, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Jia X, Zhu L, Guo J. Genome-wide association studies of grain quality traits in maize. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9797. [PMID: 33963265 PMCID: PMC8105333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High quality is the main goal of today's maize breeding and the investigation of grain quality traits would help to breed high-quality varieties in maize. In this study, genome-wide association studies in a set of 248 diverse inbred lines were performed with 83,057 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and five grain quality traits were investigated in diverse environments for two years. The results showed that maize inbred lines showed substantial natural variations of grain quality and these traits showed high broad-sense heritability. A total of 49 SNPs were found to be significantly associated with grain quality traits. Among these SNPs, four co-localized sites were commonly detected by multiple traits. The candidate genes which were searched for can be classified into 11 biological processes, 13 cellular components, and 6 molecular functions. Finally, we found 29 grain quality-related genes. These genes and the SNPs identified in the study would offer essential information for high-quality varieties breeding programs in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zheng
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,Hebei Sub-Center of National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
| | - Fan Yuan
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,Hebei Sub-Center of National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
| | - Yaqun Huang
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,Hebei Sub-Center of National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
| | - Yongfeng Zhao
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,Hebei Sub-Center of National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
| | - Xiaoyan Jia
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,Hebei Sub-Center of National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
| | - Liying Zhu
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,Hebei Sub-Center of National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
| | - Jinjie Guo
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,Hebei Sub-Center of National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China ,State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
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Amygdalin: Toxicity, Anticancer Activity and Analytical Procedures for Its Determination in Plant Seeds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082253. [PMID: 33924691 PMCID: PMC8069783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amygdalin (d-Mandelonitrile 6-O-β-d-glucosido-β-d-glucoside) is a natural cyanogenic glycoside occurring in the seeds of some edible plants, such as bitter almonds and peaches. It is a medically interesting but controversial compound as it has anticancer activity on one hand and can be toxic via enzymatic degradation and production of hydrogen cyanide on the other hand. Despite numerous contributions on cancer cell lines, the clinical evidence for the anticancer activity of amygdalin is not fully confirmed. Moreover, high dose exposures to amygdalin can produce cyanide toxicity. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on the sources, toxicity and anticancer properties of amygdalin, and analytical methods for its determination in plant seeds.
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A Gomes A, da Silva GF, Lakkaraju SK, Guimarães BG, MacKerell AD, Magalhães MDLB. Insights into Glucose-6-phosphate Allosteric Activation of β-Glucosidase A. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1931-1941. [PMID: 33819021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation ethanol production involves the use of agricultural and forestry waste as feedstock, being an alternative to the first-generation technology as it relies on low-cost abundant residues and does not affect food agriculture. However, the success of second-generation biorefineries relies on energetically efficient processes and effective enzyme cocktails to convert cellulose into fermentable sugars. β-glucosidases catalyze the last step on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose; however, they are often inhibited by glucose. Previous studies demonstrated that glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is a positive allosteric modulator of Bacillus polymyxa β-glucosidase A, improving enzymatic efficiency, providing thermoresistance, and imparting glucose tolerance. However, the precise molecular details of G6P-β-glucosidase A interactions have not yet been described so far. We investigated the molecular details of G6P binding into B. polymyxa β-glucosidase A through in silico docking using the site identification by ligand competitive saturation technology followed by site-directed mutagenesis studies, from which an allosteric binding site for G6P was identified. In addition, a mechanistic shift toward the transglycosylation reaction as opposed to hydrolysis was observed in the presence of G6P, suggesting a new role of G6P allosteric modulation of the catalytic activity of β-glucosidase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson A Gomes
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F da Silva
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Sirish K Lakkaraju
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Beatriz Gomes Guimarães
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Protein Engineering, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ Paraná, Curitiba, Parana 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Maria de Lourdes B Magalhães
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
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11
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Przybyłek M. Application 2D Descriptors and Artificial Neural Networks for Beta-Glucosidase Inhibitors Screening. Molecules 2020; 25:E5942. [PMID: 33333961 PMCID: PMC7765417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-glucosidase inhibitors play important medical and biological roles. In this study, simple two-variable artificial neural network (ANN) classification models were developed for beta-glucosidase inhibitors screening. All bioassay data were obtained from the ChEMBL database. The classifiers were generated using 2D molecular descriptors and the data miner tool available in the STATISTICA package (STATISTICA Automated Neural Networks, SANN). In order to evaluate the models' accuracy and select the best classifiers among automatically generated SANNs, the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) was used. The application of the combination of maxHBint3 and SpMax8_Bhs descriptors leads to the highest predicting abilities of SANNs, as evidenced by the averaged test set prediction results (MCC = 0.748) calculated for ten different dataset splits. Additionally, the models were analyzed employing receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and cumulative gain charts. The thirteen final classifiers obtained as a result of the model development procedure were applied for a natural compounds collection available in the BIOFACQUIM database. As a result of this beta-glucosidase inhibitors screening, eight compounds were univocally classified as active by all SANNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Przybyłek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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12
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Ningtyas DW, Hati S, Prakash S. Bioconversion and bioaccessibility of isoflavones from sogurt during in vitro digestion. Food Chem 2020; 343:128553. [PMID: 33176956 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the bioconversion and bioaccessibility of soy isoflavones produced in sogurt fermented with S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus during in vitro digestion. The highest survivability of S. thermophilus (6.49 log cfu/mL) and L. bulgaricus (6.48 log cfu/mL) was in oral phase. In gastric phase, the total aglycones of sogurt (26.73 g/L) increased up to 20 times than control (1.21 g/L), with a significant increase in daidzein (17.05 g/L) and genistein (9.68 g/L). Addition of 8U of β-glucosidase into soymilk significantly increased the conversion of isoflavone in ENTII (daidzein: 0.46 g/L; genistein: 0.18 g/L) than in ENTI (daidzein: 0.33 g/L; genistein: 0.20 g/L). The particle size analysis and confocal micrographs of digesta also suggest the size of fat and protein in gastric phase to be smaller than in intestinal phase. The results indicate the prospective to develop soy-based fermented products capable of releasing high isoflavone in the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Widya Ningtyas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Subrota Hati
- Dairy Microbiology Department, SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388110, Gujarat, India
| | - Sangeeta Prakash
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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13
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Sánchez-Pérez R, Pavan S, Mazzeo R, Moldovan C, Aiese Cigliano R, Del Cueto J, Ricciardi F, Lotti C, Ricciardi L, Dicenta F, López-Marqués RL, Møller BL. Mutation of a bHLH transcription factor allowed almond domestication. Science 2020; 364:1095-1098. [PMID: 31197015 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav8197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Wild almond species accumulate the bitter and toxic cyanogenic diglucoside amygdalin. Almond domestication was enabled by the selection of genotypes harboring sweet kernels. We report the completion of the almond reference genome. Map-based cloning using an F1 population segregating for kernel taste led to the identification of a 46-kilobase gene cluster encoding five basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, bHLH1 to bHLH5. Functional characterization demonstrated that bHLH2 controls transcription of the P450 monooxygenase-encoding genes PdCYP79D16 and PdCYP71AN24, which are involved in the amygdalin biosynthetic pathway. A nonsynonymous point mutation (Leu to Phe) in the dimerization domain of bHLH2 prevents transcription of the two cytochrome P450 genes, resulting in the sweet kernel trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Spain. .,Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," 70126 Bari, Italy. .,Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Mazzeo
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C Moldovan
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - R Aiese Cigliano
- Sequentia Biotech SL, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Del Cueto
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Spain.,Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Arboriculture Research Group, Agroscope, Conthey, Switzerland
| | - F Ricciardi
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - C Lotti
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - L Ricciardi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Dicenta
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Spain
| | - R L López-Marqués
- Transport Biology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - B Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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14
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Covarrubias MP, Lillo-Carmona V, Melet L, Benedetto G, Andrade D, Maucourt M, Deborde C, Fuentealba C, Moing A, Valenzuela ML, Pedreschi R, Almeida AM. Metabolite Fruit Profile Is Altered in Response to Source-Sink Imbalance and Can Be Used as an Early Predictor of Fruit Quality in Nectarine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:604133. [PMID: 33488653 PMCID: PMC7820367 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.604133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Peaches and nectarines [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] are among the most exported fresh fruit from Chile to the Northern Hemisphere. Fruit acceptance by final consumers is defined by quality parameters such as the size, weight, taste, aroma, color, and juiciness of the fruit. In peaches and nectarines, the balance between soluble sugars present in the mesocarp and the predominant organic acids determines the taste. Biomass production and metabolite accumulation by fruits occur during the different developmental stages and depend on photosynthesis and carbon export by source leaves. Carbon supply to fruit can be potentiated through the field practice of thinning (removal of flowers and young fruit), leading to a change in the source-sink balance favoring fruit development. Thinning leads to fruit with increased size, but it is not known how this practice could influence fruit quality in terms of individual metabolite composition. In this work, we analyzed soluble metabolite profiles of nectarine fruit cv "Magique" at different developmental stages and from trees subjected to different thinning treatments. Mesocarp metabolites were analyzed throughout fruit development until harvest during two consecutive harvest seasons. Major polar compounds such as soluble sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and some secondary metabolites were measured by quantitative 1H-NMR profiling in the first season and GC-MS profiling in the second season. In addition, harvest and ripening quality parameters such as fruit weight, firmness, and acidity were determined. Our results indicated that thinning (i.e., source-sink imbalance) mainly affects fruit metabolic composition at early developmental stages. Metabolomic data revealed that sugar, organic acid, and phenylpropanoid pathway intermediates at early stages of development can be used to segregate fruits impacted by the change in source-sink balance. In conclusion, we suggest that the metabolite profile at early stages of development could be a metabolic predictor of final fruit quality in nectarines.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Covarrubias
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Lillo-Carmona
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Melet
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
| | - Gianfranco Benedetto
- Escuela Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Andrade
- Escuela Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mickael Maucourt
- Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, INRAE 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Universit de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, INRAE 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Universit de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudia Fuentealba
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Annick Moing
- Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, INRAE 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Universit de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux, France
| | - María Luisa Valenzuela
- Inorganic Chemistry and Molecular Material Center, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Andréa Miyasaka Almeida
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
- Escuela de Agronom a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
- *Correspondence: Andréa Miyasaka Almeida, ;
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15
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Bielsa B, Sanz MÁ, Rubio-Cabetas MJ. Uncovering early response to drought by proteomic, physiological and biochemical changes in the almond × peach rootstock 'Garnem'. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:994-1008. [PMID: 31526467 DOI: 10.1071/fp19050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought affects growth and metabolism in plants. To investigate the changes in root protein function involved in the early response to drought stress, a proteomic analysis in combination to a physiological and biochemical analysis was performed in plants of 'Garnem', an almond × peach hybrid rootstock, subjected to short-term drought stress. Abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation levels increased during the drought exposure, which induced stomatal closure, and thus, minimised water losses. These effects were reflected in stomatal conductance and leaf water potential levels. However, 'Garnem' was able to balance water content and maintain an osmotic adjustment in cell membranes, suggesting a dehydration avoidance strategy. The proteomic analysis revealed significant abundance changes in 29 and 24 spots after 2 and 24 h of drought stress respectively. Out of these, 15 proteins were identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The abundance changes of these proteins suggest the influence in drought-responsive mechanisms present in 'Garnem', allowing its adaptation to drought conditions. Overall, our study improves existing knowledge on the root proteomic changes in the early response to drought. This will lead to a better understanding of dehydration avoidance and tolerance strategies, and finally, help in new drought-tolerance breeding approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bielsa
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA) - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Av. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Á Sanz
- Área de Laboratorios de Análisis y Asistencia Tecnológica, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Av. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María J Rubio-Cabetas
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA) - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Av. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain; and Corresponding author.
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16
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Structural basis of the inhibition of GH1 β-glucosidases by multivalent pyrrolidine iminosugars. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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