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Hosseini SS, Ramezanpour SS, Soltanloo H, Seifati SE. RNA-seq analysis and reconstruction of gene networks involved in response to salinity stress in quinoa (cv. Titicaca). Sci Rep 2023; 13:7308. [PMID: 37147414 PMCID: PMC10163252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms involved in salinity stress, the adaptability of quinoa cv. Titicaca-a halophytic plant-was investigated at the transcriptome level under saline and non-saline conditions. RNA-sequencing analysis of leaf tissue at the four-leaf stage by Illumina paired-end method was used to compare salt stress treatment (four days after stress at 13.8 dsm-1) and control. Among the obtained 30,846,354 transcripts sequenced, 30,303 differentially expressed genes from the control and stress treatment samples were identified, with 3363 genes expressed ≥ 2 and false discovery rate (FDR) of < 0.001. Six differential expression genes were then selected and qRT-PCR was used to confirm the RNA-seq results. Some of the genes (Include; CML39, CBSX5, TRX1, GRXC9, SnRKγ1 and BAG6) and signaling pathways discussed in this paper not been previously studied in quinoa. Genes with ≥ 2 were used to design the gene interaction network using Cytoscape software, and AgriGO software and STRING database were used for gene ontology. The results led to the identification of 14 key genes involved in salt stress. The most effective hub genes involved in salt tolerance were the heat shock protein gene family. The transcription factors that showed a significant increase in expression under stress conditions mainly belonged to the WRKY, bZIP and MYB families. Ontology analysis of salt stress-responsive genes and hub genes revealed that metabolic pathways, binding, cellular processes and cellular anatomical entity are among the most effective processes involved in salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sanaz Ramezanpour
- Department of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran.
| | - Hassan Soltanloo
- Department of Arid Land and Desert Management, School of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Ebrahim Seifati
- Department of Arid Land and Desert Management, School of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
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Ievinsh G. Water Content of Plant Tissues: So Simple That Almost Forgotten? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12061238. [PMID: 36986926 PMCID: PMC10058729 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present review was to reconsider basic information about various functional aspects related to plant water content and provide evidence that the usefulness of measuring absolute water content in plant sciences is undervalued. First, general questions about water status in plants as well as methods for determining water content and their associated problems were discussed. After a brief overview of the structural organization of water in plant tissues, attention was paid to the water content of different parts of plants. Looking at the influence of environmental factors on plant water status, the differences caused by air humidity, mineral supply, biotic effects, salinity, and specific life forms (clonal and succulent plants) were analyzed. Finally, it was concluded that the expression of absolute water content on a dry biomass basis makes easily noticeable functional sense, but the physiological meaning and ecological significance of the drastic differences in plant water content need to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gederts Ievinsh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
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Hong C, Zhao YM, Zhou C, Guo Y, Ma H. Ultrasonic washing as an abiotic elicitor to increase the phenolic content in fruits and vegetables: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:785-808. [PMID: 36541199 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic washing has been widely applied to the postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables as a residue-free physical washing technology, which plays an important role in improving shelf-life, safety, and nutritional value. Phenolics are a large group of phytochemicals widespread in fruits and vegetables, and they have been considered potential protective factors against some diseases because of potent antioxidative properties. Previous studies have shown that ultrasonic washing can increase the phenolic content of fruits and vegetables immediately or during storage through the induction of plant stress responses, which is of great significance for improving the functional and nutritional value of fruits and vegetables. However, the mechanisms of ultrasound as an elicitor to improve the phenolic content remain controversial. Therefore, this review summarizes the applications of ultrasonic washing to increase the phenolic content in fruits and vegetables. Meanwhile, the corresponding physiological stress response mechanisms of the phenolic accumulation in terms of immediate stress responses (i.e., higher extractability of phenolics) and late stress responses (i.e., metabolism of phenolics) are expounded. Moreover, a hypothetical model is proposed to explain phenolic biosynthesis triggered by signaling molecules produced under ultrasound stress, including primary signal (i.e., extracellular adenosine triphosphate) and secondary signals (e.g., reactive oxygen species, Ca2+ , NO, jasmonates, and ethylene). Additionally, the techno-economic feasibility of ultrasonic washing technology is also discussed. Further, challenges and trends for further development of ultrasonic washing as an abiotic elicitor applied to the postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Jang SN, Kang MJ, Kim YN, Jeong EJ, Cho KM, Yun JG, Son KH. Physiological and biochemical responses of Limonium tetragonum to NaCl concentrations in hydroponic solution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1159625. [PMID: 37180402 PMCID: PMC10170659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1159625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Limonium (L.) tetragonum (Thunb.) A. A. Bullock, a halophyte that grows all over the southwest coast of Korea, is a medicinal plant with various pharmacological effects. The salt defense mechanism stimulates the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites and improves functional substances. In this study, we investigated the optimal NaCl concentration for the growth and enhancement of secondary metabolites in hydroponically grown L. tetragonum. Methods The seedlings grown for 3 weeks in a hydroponic cultivation system were treated with 0-, 25-, 50-, 75-, and 100-mM NaCl in Hoagland's nutrient solution for 8 weeks. No significant effect on the growth and chlorophyll fluorescence was observed for the NaCl concentrations below 100-mM. Results and discussions The increase in the NaCl concentration resulted in the decrease in the water potential of the L. tetragonum leaves. The Na+ content accumulated in the aerial part increased rapidly and the content of K+, which acts as an antagonist, decreased with the increase in NaCl concentrations in hydroponics. The total amino acid content of L. tetragonum decreased compared to the 0-mM NaCl, and most of the amino acid content decreased as the NaCl concentration increased. In contrast, the content of urea, proline (Pro), β-alanine, ornithine, and arginine was increased with an increase in NaCl concentration. The Pro content at 100-mM NaCl accounted for 60% of the total amino acids and was found to be a major osmoregulator as an important component of the salt defense mechanisms. The top five compounds identified in the L. tetragonum were classified as flavonoids while the flavanone compound was detected only in the NaCl treatments. A total of four myricetin glycosides were increased in comparison to the 0-mM NaCl. Among the differentially expressed genes, a significantly large change in Gene ontology was seen in the circadian rhythm. NaCl treatment enhanced the flavonoid-based substances of L. tetragonum. The optimum NaCl concentration for the enhancement of secondary metabolites of the L. tetragonum in the vertical farm-hydroponic cultivation system was 75-mM NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Nam Jang
- Department of GreenBio Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- Department of GreenBio Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Na Kim
- Department of Plant and Biomaterials Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Department of GreenBio Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant and Biomaterials Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Man Cho
- Department of GreenBio Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gil Yun
- Division of Horticultural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Son
- Department of GreenBio Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Horticultural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Ki-Ho Son,
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Ibraheem F, Al-Zahrani A, Mosa A. Physiological Adaptation of Three Wild Halophytic Suaeda Species: Salt Tolerance Strategies and Metal Accumulation Capacity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040537. [PMID: 35214869 PMCID: PMC8877964 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding salt tolerance mechanisms in halophytes is critical for improving the world's agriculture under climate change scenarios. Herein, the physiological and metabolic responses of Suaeda monoica, Suaeda vermiculata, and Suaeda schimperi against abiotic stress in their natural saline environment on the east coast of the Red Sea were investigated. The tested species are exposed to different levels of salinity along with elemental disorders, including deficiency in essential nutrients (N&P in particular) and/or elevated levels of potentially toxic elements. The tested species employed common and species-specific tolerance mechanisms that are driven by the level of salinity and the genetic constitution of Suaeda species. These mechanisms include: (i) utilization of inorganic elements as cheap osmotica (Na+ in particular), (ii) lowering C/N ratio (S. monoica and S. schimperi) that benefits growth priority, (iii) efficient utilization of low soil N (S. vermiculata) that ensures survival priority, (v) biosynthesis of betacyanin (S. schimperi and S. vermiculata) and (vi) downregulation of overall metabolism (S. vermiculata) to avoid oxidative stress. Based on their cellular metal accumulation, S. monoica is an efficient phytoextractor of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn, whereas S. vermiculata is a hyper-accumulator of Hg and Pb. S. schimperi is an effective phytoextractor of Fe, Hg, and Cr. These results highlight the significance of Suaeda species as a promising model halophyte and as phytoremediators of their hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farag Ibraheem
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Al Qunfodah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Qunfodah 21912, Saudi Arabia;
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (F.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Ateeq Al-Zahrani
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Al Qunfodah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Qunfodah 21912, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Mosa
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (F.I.); (A.M.)
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Xu Y, Lu JH, Zhang JD, Liu DK, Wang Y, Niu QD, Huang DD. Transcriptome revealed the molecular mechanism of Glycyrrhiza inflata root to maintain growth and development, absorb and distribute ions under salt stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:599. [PMID: 34915868 PMCID: PMC8675533 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil salinization extensively hampers the growth, yield, and quality of crops worldwide. The most effective strategies to counter this problem are a) development of crop cultivars with high salt tolerance and b) the plantation of salt-tolerant crops. Glycyrrhiza inflata, a traditional Chinese medicinal and primitive plant with salt tolerance and economic value, is among the most promising crops for improving saline-alkali wasteland. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for the adaptive response of G. inflata to salinity stress remain largely unknown. RESULT G. inflata retained a high concentration of Na+ in roots and maintained the absorption of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ under 150 mM NaCl induced salt stress. Transcriptomic analysis of G. inflata roots at different time points of salt stress (0 min, 30 min, and 24 h) was performed, which resulted in 70.77 Gb of clean data. Compared with the control, we detected 2645 and 574 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 30 min and 24 h post-salt-stress induction, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that G. inflata response to salt stress post 30 min and 24 h was remarkably distinct. Genes that were differentially expressed at 30 min post-salt stress induction were enriched in signal transduction, secondary metabolite synthesis, and ion transport. However, genes that were differentially expressed at 24 h post-salt-stress induction were enriched in phenylpropane biosynthesis and metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glycerol metabolism, hormone signal transduction, wax, cutin, and cork biosynthesis. Besides, a total of 334 transcription factors (TFs) were altered in response to 30 min and 24 h of salt stress. Most of these TFs belonged to the MYB, WRKY, AP2-EREBP, C2H2, bHLH, bZIP, and NAC families. CONCLUSION For the first time, this study elucidated the salt tolerance in G. inflata at the molecular level, including the activation of signaling pathways and genes that regulate the absorption and distribution of ions and root growth in G. inflata under salt stress conditions. These findings enhanced our understanding of the G. inflata salt tolerance and provided a theoretical basis for cultivating salt-tolerant crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Licorice Research Institute of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jia-Hui Lu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
- Licorice Research Institute of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jia-de Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Licorice Research Institute of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Deng-Kui Liu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Licorice Research Institute of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Licorice Research Institute of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qing-Dong Niu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Licorice Research Institute of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Huang
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Licorice Research Institute of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
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