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Bao J, O’Donohue B, Sommerville KD, Mitter N, O’Brien C, Hayward A. Tissue Culture Innovations for Propagation and Conservation of Myrteae-A Globally Important Myrtaceae Tribe. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2244. [PMID: 39204680 PMCID: PMC11359692 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Myrteae is the most species-rich tribe in the Myrtaceae family, represented by a range of socioeconomically and ecologically significant species. Many of these species, including commercially relevant ones, have become increasingly threatened in the wild, and now require conservation actions. Tissue culture presents an appropriate in vitro tool to facilitate medium-term and long-term wild germplasm conservation, as well as for commercial propagation to maintain desirable traits of commercial cultivars. So far, tissue culture has not been extensively achieved for Myrteae. Here, tissue culture for Eugenia, one of the most species-rich genera in Myrteae, is reviewed, giving directions for other related Myrteae. This review also focuses on ex situ conservation of Australian Myrteae, including using seed banking and field banking. Despite some progress, challenges to conserve these species remain, mostly due to the increasing threats in the wild and limited research. Research into in vitro methods (tissue culture and cryopreservation) is paramount given that at least some of the species are 'non-orthodox'. There is an urgent need to develop long-term in vitro conservation for capturing the remaining germplasm of threatened Myrteae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyin Bao
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.O.); (N.M.); (C.O.)
| | - Billy O’Donohue
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.O.); (N.M.); (C.O.)
| | - Karen D. Sommerville
- Australian Institute of Botanical Science, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia;
| | - Neena Mitter
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.O.); (N.M.); (C.O.)
| | - Chris O’Brien
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.O.); (N.M.); (C.O.)
| | - Alice Hayward
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.O.); (N.M.); (C.O.)
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2
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Holt WV. Biobanks, offspring fitness and the influence of developmental plasticity in conservation biology. Anim Reprod 2023; 20:e20230026. [PMID: 37700907 PMCID: PMC10494884 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitigation of the widely known threats to the world's biodiversity is difficult, despite the strategies and actions proposed by international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Nevertheless, many scientists devote their time and effort to finding and implementing various solutions to the problem. One potential way forward that is gaining popularity involves the establishment of biobank programs aimed at preserving and storing germplasm from threatened species, and then using it to support the future viability and health of threatened populations. This involves developing and using assisted reproductive technologies to achieve their goals. Despite considerable advances in the effectiveness of reproductive technologies, differences between the reproductive behavior and physiology of widely differing taxonomic groups mean that this approach cannot be applied with equal success to many species. Moreover, evidence that epigenetic influences and developmental plasticity, whereby it is now understood that embryonic development, and subsequent health in later life, can be affected by peri-conceptional environmental conditions, is raising the possibility that cryopreservation methods themselves may have to be reviewed and revised when planning the biobanks. Here, I describe the benefits and problems associated with germplasm biobanking across various species, but also offer some realistic assessments of current progress and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vincent Holt
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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3
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Vitt P, Finch J, Barak RS, Braum A, Frischie S, Redlinski I. Seed sourcing strategies for ecological restoration under climate change: A review of the current literature. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.938110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change continues to alter the seasonal timing and extremes of global temperature and precipitation patterns. These departures from historic conditions along with the predicted variability of future climates present a challenge to seed sourcing, or provenance strategy decisions, within the practice of ecological restoration. The “local is best” for seed sourcing paradigm is predicated upon the assumption that ecotypes are genetically adapted to their local environment. However, local adaptations are potentially being outpaced by climate change, and the ability of plant populations to naturally migrate or shift their distribution accordingly may be limited by habitat fragmentation. Restoration practitioners and natural area managers have a general understanding of the importance of matching the inherent adaptations of source populations with the current and/or future site conditions where those seeds or propagules are planted. However, for many species used in seed-based restoration, there is a lack of empirical evidence to guide seed sourcing decisions, which are critical for the longevity and ecological function of restored natural communities. With the goal of characterizing, synthesizing, and applying experimental research to guide restoration practice, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on provenance testing of taxa undertaken to inform seed sourcing strategies for climate resiliency. We found a strong bias in the choice of study organism: most studies have been conducted on tree species. We also found a strong bias regarding where this research has been conducted, with North America (52%) and Europe (31%) overrepresented. Experiments were designed to assess how propagule origin influences performance across both climatic (26%) and geographic (15%) distance, with some studies focused on determining how climate normal conditions (39%) impacted performance related to survivorship, growth and other parameters. We describe the patterns and gaps our review identified, highlight specific topics which require further research, and provide practical suggestions of immediate and longer-term tools that restoration practitioners can use to guide and build resilient natural communities under future climate scenarios.
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Mašková T, Poschlod P. Soil Seed Bank Persistence Across Time and Burial Depth in Calcareous Grassland Habitats. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:790867. [PMID: 35185951 PMCID: PMC8854790 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.790867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seed persistence in the soil is crucial for population dynamics. Interspecific differences in soil seed mortality could be a mechanism that may stimulate species coexistence in herbaceous plant communities. Therefore, understanding the levels and causes of seed persistence is vital for understanding community composition and population dynamics. In this study, we evaluated the burial depth as a significant predictor of the temporal dynamics of soil seed persistence. We suppose that species differ in this temporal dynamics of soil seed persistence according to burial depth. Furthermore, we expected that burial depth would affect soil seed persistence differently concerning the species-specific type of dormancy, light, and fluctuating temperature requirements for germination. Seeds of 28 herbaceous species of calcareous grasslands were buried in the field into depths of 1, 5, and 10 cm under the soil surface. Seed viability was tested by germination and tetrazolium tests several times for three years. Species-specific seed traits-a type of dormancy, light requirements and alternating temperature requirements for germination, and longevity index-were used for disentangling the links behind species-specific differences in soil seed persistence. Our study showed differences in soil seed persistence according to the burial depth at the interspecific level. Generally, the deeper the buried seeds, the longer they stayed viable, but huge differences were found between individual species. Species-specific seed traits seem to be an essential determinant of seed persistence in the soil. Seeds of dormant species survived less and only dormant seeds stayed viable in the soil. Similarly, seeds of species without light or alternating temperature requirements for germination generally remained viable in the soil in smaller numbers. Moreover, seeds of species that require light for germination stayed viable longer in the deeper soil layers. Our results help understand the ecosystem dynamics caused by seed reproduction and highlight the importance of a detailed long-term investigation of soil seed persistence. That is essential for understanding the fundamental ecological processes and could help restore valuable calcareous grassland habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Mašková
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Guadalupe GM, Raúl AC, Javier LC, Lorena D, Aline ST. Longevity of preserved Solanum lycopersicum L. seeds: physicochemical characteristics. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:505-516. [PMID: 35400888 PMCID: PMC8943086 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ex situ conservation of plant biodiversity has been increasingly used to prevent further loss of genetic resources. Seed banks, for example, shelter the passport data of germplasm, preserved in detail, and made available for easy access, actions included in the FAO's Second Global Plan. We examined the deterioration of tomato seeds of different varieties stored for 10-year intervals at COMAV's genebank. Samples were analyzed using the conventional Germination and Tetrazolium tests, as well as the non-conventional Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry techniques, to quickly identify the physiological status of the accessions. Fatty acid profile was also determined. The relationship observed between lipid behavior and seed deterioration under long time storage conditions was the same for both non-conventional and conventional techniques. The viability of the samples was not affected by storage time, however, all the employed methods permitted identifying differences between varieties or accessions of the same variety. The complementary methods helped us interpret a complex data set with many interacting factors, leading to rapid identification of seed quality, increasing processing efficiency in tomato seeds conservation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01157-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guidi M. Guadalupe
- Laboratorio de la Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118, CP 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Amado-Cattáneo Raúl
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas-UNLP, Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (CREG), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 No. 1459, CP 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lecot C. Javier
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de los Alimentos (CIDCA), CCT-CONICET, Calle 116 y 47, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Deladino Lorena
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de los Alimentos (CIDCA), CCT-CONICET, Calle 116 y 47, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Schneider-Teixeira Aline
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de los Alimentos (CIDCA), CCT-CONICET, Calle 116 y 47, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Henniges MC, Powell RF, Mian S, Stace CA, Walker KJ, Gornall RJ, Christenhusz MJM, Brown MR, Twyford AD, Hollingsworth PM, Jones L, de Vere N, Antonelli A, Leitch AR, Leitch IJ. A taxonomic, genetic and ecological data resource for the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland. Sci Data 2022; 9:1. [PMID: 35013360 PMCID: PMC8748506 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular flora of Britain and Ireland is among the most extensively studied in the world, but the current knowledge base is fragmentary, with taxonomic, ecological and genetic information scattered across different resources. Here we present the first comprehensive data repository of native and alien species optimized for fast and easy online access for ecological, evolutionary and conservation analyses. The inventory is based on the most recent reference flora of Britain and Ireland, with taxon names linked to unique Kew taxon identifiers and DNA barcode data. Our data resource for 3,227 species and 26 traits includes existing and unpublished genome sizes, chromosome numbers and life strategy and life-form assessments, along with existing data on functional traits, species distribution metrics, hybrid propensity, associated biomes, realized niche description, native status and geographic origin of alien species. This resource will facilitate both fundamental and applied research and enhance our understanding of the flora's composition and temporal changes to inform conservation efforts in the face of ongoing climate change and biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Henniges
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK.
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | | | - Sahr Mian
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Clive A Stace
- Appletree House, Larters Lane, Middlewood Green, Suffolk, IP14 5HB, UK
| | - Kevin J Walker
- Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Harrogate, HG1 1SS, UK
| | | | | | - Max R Brown
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Alex D Twyford
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 5NZ, UK
| | | | - Laura Jones
- National Botanic Garden of Wales, Llanarthne, SA32 8HN, UK
| | - Natasha de Vere
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Andrew R Leitch
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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7
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Peng L, Huang X, Qi M, Pritchard HW, Xue H. Mechanistic insights derived from re-establishment of desiccation tolerance in germinating xerophytic seeds: Caragana korshinskii as an example. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1029997. [PMID: 36420023 PMCID: PMC9677110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1029997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Germplasm conservation strongly depends on the desiccation tolerance (DT) of seeds. Xerophytic seeds have strong desiccation resistance, which makes them excellent models to study DT. Although some experimental strategies have been applied previously, most methods are difficult to apply to xerophytic seeds. In this review, we attempted to synthesize current strategies for the study of seed DT and provide an in-depth look at Caragana korshinskii as an example. First, we analyze congenital advantages of xerophytes in the study of seed DT. Second, we summarize several strategies used to study DT and illustrate a suitable strategy for xerophytic species. Then, based on our previous studies work with C. korshinskii, a feasible technical strategy for DT re-establishment is provided and we provide illustrate some special molecular mechanisms seen in xerophytic seeds. Finally, several steps to unveil the DT mechanism of xerophytic seeds are suggested, and three scientific questions that the field should consider are listed. We hope to optimize and utilize this strategy for more xerophytic species to more systematically decipher the physiological and molecular processes of seed DT and provide more candidate genes for molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Peng
- The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Manyao Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Hua Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological remediation, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Xue,
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Breman E, Ballesteros D, Castillo-Lorenzo E, Cockel C, Dickie J, Faruk A, O’Donnell K, Offord CA, Pironon S, Sharrock S, Ulian T. Plant Diversity Conservation Challenges and Prospects-The Perspective of Botanic Gardens and the Millennium Seed Bank. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112371. [PMID: 34834734 PMCID: PMC8623176 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to conserve plant diversity to prevent extinctions and to enable sustainable use of plant material by current and future generations. Here, we review the contribution that living collections and seed banks based in botanic gardens around the world make to wild plant conservation and to tackling global challenges. We focus in particular on the work of Botanic Gardens Conservation International and the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, with its associated global Partnership. The advantages and limitations of conservation of plant diversity as both living material and seed collections are reviewed, and the need for additional research and conservation measures, such as cryopreservation, to enable the long-term conservation of 'exceptional species' is discussed. We highlight the importance of networks and sharing access to data and plant material. The skill sets found within botanic gardens and seed banks complement each other and enable the development of integrated conservation (linking in situ and ex situ efforts). Using a number of case studies we demonstrate how botanic gardens and seed banks support integrated conservation and research for agriculture and food security, restoration and reforestation, as well as supporting local livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Breman
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - Elena Castillo-Lorenzo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - Christopher Cockel
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - John Dickie
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - Aisyah Faruk
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
| | - Katherine O’Donnell
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, London TW9 3BW, UK (S.S.)
| | - Catherine A. Offord
- The Australian Plant Bank, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, Sydney, NSW 2567, Australia;
| | - Samuel Pironon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK;
| | - Suzanne Sharrock
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, London TW9 3BW, UK (S.S.)
| | - Tiziana Ulian
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; (D.B.); (E.C.-L.); (C.C.); (J.D.); (A.F.); (T.U.)
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9
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Kövendi‐Jakó A, Szitár K, Halassy M, Halász K, Mojzes A, Török K. Effect of seed storing duration and sowing year on the seedling establishment of grassland species in xeric environments. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kövendi‐Jakó
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Katalin Szitár
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Melinda Halassy
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Krisztián Halász
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Andrea Mojzes
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Katalin Török
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
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10
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Ladouceur E, Shackelford N. The power of data synthesis to shape the future of the restoration community and capacity. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ladouceur
- Biodiversity Synthesis & Physiological Diversity German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Leipzig‐Halle‐Jena Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Germany
- Biodiversity Synthesis, Institute of Computer Science Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
- Physiological Diversity Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Germany
| | - Nancy Shackelford
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
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11
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Heywood VH. Recovering threatened plant species and their habitats: The need for integrated action. PLANT DIVERSITY 2019; 41:33-35. [PMID: 31193170 PMCID: PMC6520484 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an introduction to the Special Issue on the restoration of threatened plant species and their habitats, this editorial shows how the various papers in the issue address the range of in situ interventions involved in species population management and restoration of their habitat, together with examples of case studies implementing these actions. It stresses the need for integrating these various interventions. It highlights the importance of protected areas in providing a degree of protection for threatened species but also the need to complement this with actions at the species level to ensure the effective conservation and long term persistence of these species. It emphasizes that ecological restoration is a complement to, not a substitute for conservation, and that the balance of effort and allocation of resources between them is a key issue.
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