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Das UN. Is there a role for essential fatty acids in osteoporosis? Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:659-662. [PMID: 38840032 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-024-01456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory markers are inversely associated with bone density, geometry, and strength in postmenopausal women, and elderly subjects suggesting that osteoporosis is a low-grade systemic inflammatory condition. But glucocorticoids that are potent anti-inflammatory compounds instead of arresting/preventing osteoporosis induce osteoporosis. These results indicate that IL-6 and TNF-α, post-menopausal state, and steroids produce osteoporosis by an unidentified mechanism. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, estrogen, and steroids bring about their actions by influencing the metabolism of essential fatty acids (EFAs). I propose that EFAs and their metabolites act as second messengers of actions of corticosteroids, cytokines, and estrogen. This implies that EFAs are of benefit in the prevention and management of osteoporosis. This argument is supported by the observation that plasma phospholipid content of unsaturated fatty acids is decreased in those with osteoporosis. The reports that long-chain metabolites of EFAs including arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, and lipoxin A4 are of benefit in the prevention and management of osteoporosis lends further support to this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St, Battle Ground, WA, 98604, USA.
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2
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Qian C, Wang Q, Qiao Y, Xu Z, Zhang L, Xiao H, Lin Z, Wu M, Xia W, Yang H, Bai J, Geng D. Arachidonic acid in aging: New roles for old players. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00180-2. [PMID: 38710468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic acid (AA), one of the most ubiquitous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), provides fluidity to mammalian cell membranes. It is derived from linoleic acid (LA) and can be transformed into various bioactive metabolites, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), lipoxins (LXs), hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), leukotrienes (LTs), and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), by different pathways. All these processes are involved in AA metabolism. Currently, in the context of an increasingly visible aging world population, several scholars have revealed the essential role of AA metabolism in osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and many other aging diseases. AIM OF REVIEW Although there are some reviews describing the role of AA in some specific diseases, there seems to be no or little information on the role of AA metabolism in aging tissues or organs. This review scrutinizes and highlights the role of AA metabolism in aging and provides a new idea for strategies for treating aging-related diseases. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW As a member of lipid metabolism, AA metabolism regulates the important lipids that interfere with the aging in several ways. We present a comprehensivereviewofthe role ofAA metabolism in aging, with the aim of relieving the extreme suffering of families and the heavy economic burden on society caused by age-related diseases. We also collected and summarized data on anti-aging therapies associated with AA metabolism, with the expectation of identifying a novel and efficient way to protect against aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Yusen Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Ze Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Haixiang Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Mingzhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Wenyu Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
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Adachi Y. Effects of Fatty Acids on Proliferation of Cultured Wild-type and FABP5-KO Thymic Epithelial Cells. J UOEH 2022; 44:239-248. [PMID: 36089341 DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.44.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipids including fatty acids (FAs), which are water-insoluble molecules, are not only a cellular energy source but also signaling molecules that induce and modulate the expression of various cellular functions. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP) bind FAs in the cytoplasm, and are thought to determine the cellular localization of FAs. In a previous observation, FABP5 was expressed in thymic epithelial cells (TEC) in the thymus and was influenced by FAs. Fatty acids have mostly inhibitory effects on various cell types, including cancer cells, but their effects on TEC have not been well investigated. In this study, we investigated the effects of long-chain FAs (LCFAs) and the involvement of FABP5 in cell proliferation using a serum-free primary culture system. The results showed that saturated fatty acids did not affect proliferation, but n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LCPUFA) reduced, n-6 LCPUFA increased, and retinoic acid strongly reduced the percentage of proliferating wild-type TEC. The proliferation of FABP5-KO TEC was more significantly affected by LCPUFA, suggesting that FABP5 is an important modulator of FA-mediated TEC proliferation. These observations may provide a basis for exploring the properties of TEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Adachi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bone Mineral Density in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072361. [PMID: 34371870 PMCID: PMC8308635 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplant recipients are at high risk of progressive bone loss and low-energy fractures in the years following transplantation. Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) supplementation may have beneficial effects on bone strength. The Omega-3 fatty acids in Renal Transplantation (ORENTRA) trial was an investigator initiated, randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of marine n-3 PUFA supplementation after kidney transplantation. Effects of supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and calcium metabolism were pre-defined secondary endpoints. Adult kidney transplant recipients (n = 132) were randomized to 2.6 g marine n-3 PUFA supplement or olive oil (control) from 8 to 52 weeks post-transplant. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to assess changes in bone mineral density of hip, spine, and forearm, as well as trabecular bone score (TBS) of the lumbar spine. Student's t test was used to assess between-group differences. There were no differences in ΔBMD between the two groups (intervention vs. control) at lumbar spine (-0.020 ± 0.08 vs. -0.007 ± 0.07 g/cm², p = 0.34), total hip (0.001 ± 0.03 vs. -0.005 ± 0.04, p = 0.38), or other skeletal sites in the intention-to-treat analyses. There was no difference in the change in TBS score (0.001 ± 0.096 vs. 0.009 ± 0.102, p = 0.62). Finally, no effect on biochemical parameters of mineral metabolism was seen. Results were similar when analyzed per protocol. In conclusion, we found no significant effect of 44 weeks of supplementation with 2.6 g of marine n-3 PUFA on BMD in kidney transplant recipients.
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Plasma Fatty Acids and Quantitative Ultrasound, DXA and pQCT Derived Parameters in Postmenopausal Spanish Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051454. [PMID: 33922947 PMCID: PMC8146540 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different factors may contribute to the development of osteopenia or osteoporosis. Fatty acids are key nutrients for health, and a number of studies have reported an association between bone mineral density (BMD) and fatty acid intake. We aimed to investigate the relationships between serum levels of different fatty acids and bone parameters determined by quantitative bone ultrasound (QUS), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a sample of Spanish postmenopausal women. We enrolled a total of 301 postmenopausal women (median age 59 years; interquartile range (IQR) 7) in this study. All participants underwent full densitometric screening, including calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), as well as plasma fatty acid measurement. After adjustment for potential confounders, plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels correlated with BMD in the spine (r = 0.150; p = 0.014) and femoral neck (r = 0.143; p = 0.019). By multiple linear regression, an independent statistically significant positive relationship was observed between BMD in the spine and BMI (β = 0.288; p = 0.001) as well as total plasma n-3 PUFAs (β = 0.155; p = 0.009). The plasma n-3 PUFA level was also a significant and positive predictor of BMD at the femoral neck (β = 0.146; p = 0.009). Independent risk factors for low BMD (T-score ≤ 1) were determined by logistic regression analysis, and a relatively high level of plasma n-3 PUFAs (OR = 0.751; 95% CI 0.587-0.960, p = 0.022) was identified as a protective factor against low bone mass. In this single-center sample of Spanish postmenopausal women, we reported a significant positive and statistically independent association between BMD and plasma levels of n-3 PUFAs.
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Fintini D, Cianfarani S, Cofini M, Andreoletti A, Ubertini GM, Cappa M, Manco M. The Bones of Children With Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:200. [PMID: 32390939 PMCID: PMC7193990 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess adiposity in childhood may affect bone development, ultimately leading to bone frailty. Previous reports showing an increased rate of extremity fractures in children with obesity support this fear. On the other hand, there is also evidence suggesting that bone mineral content is higher in obese children than in normal weight peers. Both adipocytes and osteoblasts derive from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and obesity drives the differentiation of MSCs toward adipocytes at the expense of osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, adipocytes in bone marrow microenvironment release a number of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that up-regulate formation and activation of osteoclasts, thus favoring bone frailty. On the other hand, body adiposity represents a mechanical load, which is beneficial for bone accrual. In this frame, bone quality, and structure result from the balance of inflammatory and mechanical stimuli. Diet, physical activity and the hormonal milieu at puberty play a pivotal role on this balance. In this review, we will address the question whether the bone of obese children and adolescents is unhealthy in comparison with normal-weight peers and discuss mechanisms underlying the differences in bone quality and structure. We anticipate that many biases and confounders affect the clinical studies conducted so far and preclude us from achieving robust conclusions. Sample-size, lack of adequate controls, heterogeneity of study designs are the major drawbacks of the existing reports. Due to the increased body size of children with obesity, dual energy absorptiometry might overestimate bone mineral density in these individuals. Magnetic resonance imaging, peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) scanning and high-resolution pQCT are promising techniques for the accurate estimate of bone mineral content in obese children. Moreover, no longitudinal study on the risk of incident osteoporosis in early adulthood of children and adolescents with obesity is available. Finally, we will address emerging dietary issues (i.e., the likely benefits for the bone health of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols) since an healthy diet (i.e., the Mediterranean diet) with balanced intake of certain nutrients associated with physical activity remain the cornerstones for achieving an adequate bone accrual in young individuals regardless of their adiposity degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fintini
- Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric University Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Danilo Fintini
| | - Stefano Cianfarani
- Diabetes and Growth Disorders Unit, Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Cofini
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Andreoletti
- Pediatric Resident, Pediatric Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Ubertini
- Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric University Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric University Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Manco
- Research Area for Multifactorial Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Melania Manco
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8
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Papandreou P, Agakidis C, Scouroliakou M, Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Kaliora A, Kalogeropoulos N, Siahanidou T. Early Postnatal Changes of Bone Turnover Biomarkers in Very Low-Birth-Weight Neonates-The Effect of Two Parenteral Lipid Emulsions with Different Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content: A Randomized Double-Blind Study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 44:361-369. [PMID: 30864279 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are reported to have beneficial effect on bone mineral density. This study aimed to evaluate early changes of bone turnover biomarkers in very low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonates and the effect of 2 parenteral lipid emulsions (PLEs) with different PUFA composition. METHODS This is a randomized double-blind study with parallel design. VLBW neonates (n = 66) receiving parenteral nutrition (PN)>70% of daily energy requirements for >14 days were assigned into 2 groups that were prescribed soybean oil-based (n = 35) and n-3-enriched PLE (n = 31), respectively. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (sRANKL), osteocalcin (OC), interleukin-6 (enzyme-linked immunoblot assay kits), Ca, and P plasma levels were assessed before PLE implementation (T1) and on day 20 of life (T2). RESULTS In the total population, sRANKL and OC significantly increased, whereas OPG and the OPG/sRANKL ratio decreased from T1 to T2. Within each group, T1-to-T2 changes of OC were significant in both groups, whereas those of OPG/sRANKL were significant only in the soybean-based group. Multiple regressions showed an independent effect of group allocation on OPG change. Significant associations were observed between PN duration and sRANKL change (negatively), n-6/n-3 and OC changes (positively), and OPG and sRANKL changes (positively). CONCLUSIONS A high bone-turnover rate in VLBW neonates with predominance of bone resorption is confirmed. The lower rate of OPG/sRANKL reduction in the n-3-enriched PLE group indicates that n-3 PUFA-enriched PLEs may help to attenuate early bone loss in VLBW neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Papandreou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Agakidis
- First Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Thomai Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi
- Clinical Nutrition Lab, Nutrition/Dietetics Department, Alexander Technological Education Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Tania Siahanidou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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9
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Harasymowicz NS, Dicks A, Wu CL, Guilak F. Physiologic and pathologic effects of dietary free fatty acids on cells of the joint. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1440:36-53. [PMID: 30648276 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are potent organic compounds that not only can be used as an energy source during nutrient deprivation but are also involved in several essential signaling cascades in cells. Therefore, a balanced intake of different dietary FAs is critical for the maintenance of cellular functions and tissue homeostasis. A diet with an imbalanced fat composition creates a risk for developing metabolic syndrome and various musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and mechanistic insights regarding the role of dietary FAs, such as saturated FAs, omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), and omega-3 PUFAs on joint inflammation and OA pathogeneses. In particular, we review how different types of dietary FAs and their derivatives distinctly affect a variety of cells within the joint, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and synoviocytes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of FAs on metabolic behavior, anabolic, and catabolic processes, as well as the inflammatory response of joint cells, may help identify therapeutic targets for the prevention of metabolic joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Harasymowicz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda Dicks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Chia-Lung Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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10
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Marquez-Lara A, Hutchinson ID, Nuñez F, Smith TL, Miller AN. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Bone-Healing: A Systematic Review of Research Quality. JBJS Rev 2018; 4:01874474-201603000-00004. [PMID: 27500434 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.o.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often avoided by orthopaedic surgeons because of their possible influence on bone-healing. This belief stems from multiple studies, in particular animal studies, that show delayed bone-healing or nonunions associated with NSAID exposure. The purpose of this review was to critically analyze the quality of published literature that evaluates the impact of NSAIDs on clinical bone-healing. METHODS A MEDLINE and Embase search was conducted to identify all articles relating to bone and fracture-healing and the utilization of NSAIDs. All human studies, including review articles, were identified for further analysis. Non-English-language manuscripts and in vitro and animal studies were excluded. A total of twelve clinical articles and twenty-four literature reviews were selected for analysis. The quality of the clinical studies was assessed with a modified Coleman Methodology Score with emphasis on the NSAID utilization. Review articles were analyzed with regard to variability in the cited literature and final conclusions. RESULTS The mean modified Coleman Methodology Score (and standard deviation) was significantly lower (p = 0.032) in clinical studies that demonstrated a negative effect of NSAIDs on bone-healing (40.0 ± 14.3 points) compared with those that concluded that NSAIDs were safe (58.8 ± 10.3 points). Review articles also demonstrated substantial variability in the number of cited clinical studies and overall conclusions. There were only two meta-analyses and twenty-two narrative reviews. The mean number (and standard deviation) of clinical studies cited was significantly greater (p = 0.008) for reviews that concluded that NSAIDs were safe (8.0 ± 4.8) compared with those that recommended avoiding them (2.1 ± 2.1). Unanimously, all reviews admitted to the need for prospective randomized controlled trials to help clarify the effects of NSAIDs on bone-healing. CONCLUSIONS This systematic literature review highlights the great variability in the interpretation of the literature addressing the impact of NSAIDs on bone-healing. Unfortunately, there is no consensus regarding the safety of NSAIDs following orthopaedic procedures, and future studies should aim for appropriate methodological designs to help to clarify existing discrepancies to improve the quality of care for orthopaedic patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This systematic review highlights the limitations in the current understanding of the effects of NSAIDs on bone healing. Thus, withholding these medications does not have any proven scientific benefit to patients and may even cause harm by increasing narcotic requirements in cases in which they could be beneficial for pain management. This review should encourage further basic-science and clinical studies to clarify the risks and benefits of anti-inflammatory medications in the postoperative period, with the aim of improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Marquez-Lara
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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11
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Varela-López A, Ochoa JJ, Llamas-Elvira JM, López-Frías M, Planells E, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Giampieri F, Battino M, Quiles JL. Age-Related Loss in Bone Mineral Density of Rats Fed Lifelong on a Fish Oil-Based Diet Is Avoided by Coenzyme Q 10 Addition. Nutrients 2017; 9:E176. [PMID: 28241421 PMCID: PMC5331607 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During aging, bone mass declines increasing osteoporosis and fracture risks. Oxidative stress has been related to this bone loss, making dietary compounds with antioxidant properties a promising weapon. Male Wistar rats were maintained for 6 or 24 months on diets with fish oil as unique fat source, supplemented or not with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), to evaluate the potential of adding this molecule to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA)-based diet for bone mineral density (BMD) preservation. BMD was evaluated in the femur. Serum osteocalcin, osteopontin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, ostroprotegerin, parathyroid hormone, urinary F₂-isoprostanes, and lymphocytes DNA strand breaks were also measured. BMD was lower in aged rats fed a diet without CoQ10 respect than their younger counterparts, whereas older animals receiving CoQ10 showed the highest BMD. F₂-isoprostanes and DNA strand breaks showed that oxidative stress was higher during aging. Supplementation with CoQ10 prevented oxidative damage to lipid and DNA, in young and old animals, respectively. Reduced oxidative stress associated to CoQ10 supplementation of this n-3 PUFA-rich diet might explain the higher BMD found in aged rats in this group of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Varela-López
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - Julio J Ochoa
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Magdalena López-Frías
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - Elena Planells
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - MCarmen Ramirez-Tortosa
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
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12
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Wang Y, Dellatore P, Douard V, Qin L, Watford M, Ferraris RP, Lin T, Shapses SA. High fat diet enriched with saturated, but not monounsaturated fatty acids adversely affects femur, and both diets increase calcium absorption in older female mice. Nutr Res 2016; 36:742-50. [PMID: 27262536 PMCID: PMC4919156 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diet induced obesity has been shown to reduce bone mineral density (BMD) and Ca absorption. However, previous experiments have not examined the effect of high fat diet (HFD) in the absence of obesity or addressed the type of dietary fatty acids. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of different types of high fat feeding, without obesity, on fractional calcium absorption (FCA) and bone health. It was hypothesized that dietary fat would increase FCA and reduce BMD. Mature 8-month-old female C57BL/6J mice were fed one of three diets: a HFD (45% fat) enriched either with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) or with saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and a normal fat diet (NFD; 10% fat). Food consumption was controlled to achieve a similar body weight gain in all groups. After 8wk, total body bone mineral content and BMD as well as femur total and cortical volumetric BMD were lower in SFA compared with NFD groups (P<.05). In contrast, femoral trabecular bone was not affected by the SFAs, whereas MUFAs increased trabecular volume fraction and thickness. The rise over time in FCA was greater in mice fed HFD than NFD and final FCA was higher with HFD (P<.05). Intestinal calbindin-D9k gene and hepatic cytochrome P450 2r1 protein levels were higher with the MUFA than the NFD diet (P<.05). In conclusion, HFDs elevated FCA overtime; however, an adverse effect of HFD on bone was only observed in the SFA group, while MUFAs show neutral or beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Peter Dellatore
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Veronique Douard
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Malcolm Watford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
| | - Tiao Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No,58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Sue A Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a global health problem that leads to an increased incidence of fragility fracture. Recent dietary patterns of Western populations include higher than recommended intakes of n-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) relative to n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs that may result in a chronic state of sterile whole body inflammation. Findings from human bone cell culture experiments have revealed both benefits and detriments to bone-related outcomes depending on the quantity and source of PUFAs. Findings from observational and randomized controlled trials suggest that higher fatty fish intake is strongly linked with reduced risk of fragility fracture. Moreover, human studies largely support a greater intake of total PUFAs, total n-6 (ω-6) fatty acid, and total n-3 (ω-3) fatty acid for higher bone mineral density and reduced risk of fragility fracture. Less consistent evidence has been observed when investigating the role of long chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs or the ratio of n-6 (ω-6) PUFAs to n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs. Aspects to consider when interpreting the current literature involve participant characteristics, study duration, diet assessment tools, and the primary outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Longo
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Wendy E Ward
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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14
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Jørgensen HS, Eide IA, Hartmann A, Åsberg A, Christensen JH, Schmidt EB, Godang K, Bollerslev J, Svensson M. Plasma n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bone Mineral Density in Renal Transplant Recipients. J Ren Nutr 2016; 26:196-203. [PMID: 26776249 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Renal transplant recipients (RTR) suffer high rates of bone loss and increased risk of fracture. Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), found mainly in fish and seafood, may have beneficial effects on bone and are positively associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate if this association prevails despite the more complex causes of bone loss in RTR. DESIGN, SUBJECTS, AND METHODS A total of 701 RTR were included in a cross-sectional analysis. BMD of lumbar spine, proximal femur, and distal forearm were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and blood samples were drawn in the fasting state for measurement of plasma fatty acid composition 10 weeks posttransplant. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between plasma marine n-3 PUFA levels and BMD. RESULTS Mean age was 52.2 years, and two-thirds were men. Based on femoral neck T-scores, 26% of patients were osteoporotic and 52% osteopenic. Z-scores increased significantly across quartiles of marine n-3 PUFA levels, and marine n-3 PUFA was a positive predictor of BMD at total hip and lumbar spine after multivariate adjustment. No association was found between n-6 PUFA content and BMD. CONCLUSIONS Plasma marine n-3 PUFA levels were positively associated with BMD at the hip and lumbar spine 10 weeks posttransplant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivar Anders Eide
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Hartmann
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Renal Registry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Erik Berg Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristin Godang
- Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - My Svensson
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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During A, Penel G, Hardouin P. Understanding the local actions of lipids in bone physiology. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:126-46. [PMID: 26118851 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adult skeleton is a metabolically active organ system that undergoes continuous remodeling to remove old and/or stressed bone (resorption) and replace it with new bone (formation) in order to maintain a constant bone mass and preserve bone strength from micro-damage accumulation. In that remodeling process, cellular balances--adipocytogenesis/osteoblastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis/osteoclastogenesis--are critical and tightly controlled by many factors, including lipids as discussed in the present review. Interest in the bone lipid area has increased as a result of in vivo evidences indicating a reciprocal relationship between bone mass and marrow adiposity. Lipids in bones are usually assumed to be present only in the bone marrow. However, the mineralized bone tissue itself also contains small amounts of lipids which might play an important role in bone physiology. Fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and several endogenous metabolites (i.e., prostaglandins, oxysterols) have been purported to act on bone cell survival and functions, the bone mineralization process, and critical signaling pathways. Thus, they can be regarded as regulatory molecules important in bone health. Recently, several specific lipids derived from membrane phospholipids (i.e., sphingosine-1-phosphate, lysophosphatidic acid and different fatty acid amides) have emerged as important mediators in bone physiology and the number of such molecules will probably increase in the near future. The present paper reviews the current knowledge about: (1°) bone lipid composition in both bone marrow and mineralized tissue compartments, and (2°) local actions of lipids on bone physiology in relation to their metabolism. Understanding the roles of lipids in bone is essential to knowing how an imbalance in their signaling pathways might contribute to bone pathologies, such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrine During
- Université Lille 2, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies osseuses inflammatoires (PMOI), EA4490, Faculté de Chirurgie dentaire, Lille, France.
| | - Guillaume Penel
- Université Lille 2, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies osseuses inflammatoires (PMOI), EA4490, Faculté de Chirurgie dentaire, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Hardouin
- Université Lille 2, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies osseuses inflammatoires (PMOI), EA4490, Faculté de Chirurgie dentaire, Lille, France; Université ULCO, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies osseuses inflammatoires (PMOI), EA4490, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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16
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Alnouri DM, El-Din MFS, Al-Khalifa AS. The effect of long-term supplementation with different dietary ω-6/ω-3 ratios on mineral content and ex vivo prostaglandin E2 release in bone of growing rabbits. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:360-7. [PMID: 25110554 PMCID: PMC4122706 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.4.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to study the different long term effects of consumption of dietary oil sources with varying omega-6/omega-3 (ω-6/ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios on bone marrow fatty acid level, ex vivo prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release, and mineral content of bone in rabbits. MATERIALS/METHODS For this purpose, weaning and female New Zealand white rabbits were purchased and randomly divided into five groups and offered ad libitum diets containing 70 g/kg of added oil for 100 days. The dietary lipid treatments were formulated to provide the following ratios of ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids: 8.68 soy bean oil (SBO control), 21.75 sesame oil (SO), 0.39 fish oil (FO), 0.63 algae oil (DHA), and 0.68 algae oils (DHA/ARA). DHA and ARA are two types of marine microalgae of the genus Crypthecodinium cohnii. RESULTS The dietary treatments had significant effects on the bone marrow fatty acids of rabbits. Rabbits fed the FO diet, containing the highest ω-3 PUFA concentration, and those fed the SBO diet showed the highest ω-6 PUFA. On the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between Ex vivo PGE2 level and the ω-6/ω-3 dietary ratio. Significant effects of dietary treatment on femur Ca, P, Mg, and Zn contents were observed in both genders. CONCLUSIONS Findings of the current study clearly demonstrated that dietary PUFA, particularly ω-6/ω-3 and ARA/EPA ratios are important factors in determining bone marrow fatty acid profile, and this in turn determines the capacity of bone for synthesis of PGE2, thereby reducing bone resorption and improving bone mass during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha Mustafa Alnouri
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences and Agriculture, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Fekry Serag El-Din
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences and Agriculture, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia. ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Egypt
| | - Abdulrhman Salih Al-Khalifa
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences and Agriculture, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
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17
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de Vrieze E, Moren M, Metz JR, Flik G, Lie KK. Arachidonic acid enhances turnover of the dermal skeleton: studies on zebrafish scales. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89347. [PMID: 24586706 PMCID: PMC3929718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In fish nutrition, the ratio between omega-3 and omega-6 poly-unsaturated fatty acids influences skeletal development. Supplementation of fish oils with vegetable oils increases the content of omega-6 fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid in the diet. Arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenases to prostaglandin E2, an eicosanoid with effects on bone formation and remodeling. To elucidate effects of poly-unsaturated fatty acids on developing and existing skeletal tissues, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were fed (micro-) diets low and high in arachidonic acid content. Elasmoid scales, dermal skeletal plates, are ideal to study skeletal metabolism in zebrafish and were exploited in the present study. The fatty acid profile resulting from a high arachidonic acid diet induced mild but significant increase in matrix resorption in ontogenetic scales of adult zebrafish. Arachidonic acid affected scale regeneration (following removal of ontogenetic scales): mineral deposition was altered and both gene expression and enzymatic matrix metalloproteinase activity changed towards enhanced osteoclastic activity. Arachidonic acid also clearly stimulates matrix metalloproteinase activity in vitro, which implies that resorptive effects of arachidonic acid are mediated by matrix metalloproteinases. The gene expression profile further suggests that arachidonic acid increases maturation rate of the regenerating scale; in other words, enhances turnover. The zebrafish scale is an excellent model to study how and which fatty acids affect skeletal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik de Vrieze
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Mari Moren
- NIFES (National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research), Bergen, Norway
| | - Juriaan R. Metz
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Kristoffer Lie
- NIFES (National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research), Bergen, Norway
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18
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Candelario J, Tavakoli H, Chachisvilis M. PTH1 receptor is involved in mediating cellular response to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52583. [PMID: 23300710 PMCID: PMC3531455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways by which long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) influence skeletal health remain elusive. Both LCPUFA and parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R) are known to be involved in bone metabolism while any direct link between the two is yet to be established. Here we report that LCPUFA are capable of direct, PTH1R dependent activation of extracellular ligand-regulated kinases (ERK). From a wide range of fatty acids studied, varying in chain length, saturation, and position of double bonds, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic fatty acids (DHA) caused the highest ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, EPA potentiated the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH(1–34)) in a superagonistic manner. EPA or DHA dependent ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by the PTH1R antagonist and by knockdown of PTH1R. Inhibition of PTH1R downstream signaling molecules, protein kinases A (PKA) and C (PKC), reduced EPA and DHA dependent ERK phosphorylation indicating that fatty acids predominantly activate G-protein pathway and not the β-arrestin pathway. Using picosecond time-resolved fluorescence microscopy and a genetically engineered PTH1R sensor (PTH-CC), we detected conformational responses to EPA similar to those caused by PTH(1–34). PTH1R antagonist blocked the EPA induced conformational response of the PTH-CC. Competitive binding studies using fluorescence anisotropy technique showed that EPA and DHA competitively bind to and alter the affinity of PTH1 receptor to PTH(1–34) leading to a superagonistic response. Finally, we showed that EPA stimulates protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation in a PTH1R-dependent manner and affects the osteoblast survival pathway, by inhibiting glucocorticoid-induced cell death. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that LCPUFAs, EPA and DHA, can activate PTH1R receptor at nanomolar concentrations and consequently provide a putative molecular mechanism for the action of fatty acids in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Candelario
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hesam Tavakoli
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mirianas Chachisvilis
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Yang S, Ma Y, Liu Y, Que H, Zhu C, Liu S. Arachidonic acid: a bridge between traumatic brain injury and fracture healing. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2696-705. [PMID: 22867040 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with enhanced osteogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of serum from TBI rats on fracture healing. Results from this study showed that the serum from TBI rats enhanced the expression of bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), and promoted in vitro proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, a mouse osteoblastic cell line. Furthermore, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the changes in global serum metabolites after TBI. We found that arachidonic acid (AA) was significantly enhanced in serum metabolites in TBI subjects, while hydroxybutyric acid, leucine, malic acid, 5-oxyproline, isocitric acid, mannose, and uric acid were reduced. Finally, we examined the effects of AA on BGLAP expression and cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. We found that BGLAP expression and proliferation of osteoblasts were positively regulated in the presence of AA. These findings suggest that the increased AA in serum after TBI may play a key role in enhancing the speed of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics and Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Al-Nouri D, Al-Khalifa A, Shahidi F. Long-term supplementation of dietary omega-6/omega-3 ratios alters bone marrow fatty acid and biomarkers of bone metabolism in growing rabbits. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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21
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Pountos I, Georgouli T, Calori GM, Giannoudis PV. Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect bone healing? A critical analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:606404. [PMID: 22272177 PMCID: PMC3259713 DOI: 10.1100/2012/606404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an essential part in our approach to control pain in the posttraumatic setting. Over the last decades, several studies suggested that NSAIDs interfere with bone healing while others contradict these findings. Although their analgesic potency is well proven, clinicians remain puzzled over the potential safety issues. We have systematically reviewed the available literature, analyzing and presenting the available in vitro animal and clinical studies on this field. Our comprehensive review reveals the great diversity of the presented data in all groups of studies. Animal and in vitro studies present so conflicting data that even studies with identical parameters have opposing results. Basic science research defining the exact mechanism with which NSAIDs could interfere with bone cells and also the conduction of well-randomized prospective clinical trials are warranted. In the absence of robust clinical or scientific evidence, clinicians should treat NSAIDs as a risk factor for bone healing impairment, and their administration should be avoided in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippokratis Pountos
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
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22
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Brown PM, Hutchison JD, Crockett JC. Absence of glutamine supplementation prevents differentiation of murine calvarial osteoblasts to a mineralizing phenotype. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 89:472-82. [PMID: 21972050 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts in vitro differentiate from a proliferating to a mineralizing phenotype upon transfer to a medium rich in beta-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid. The nutritional requirements of the cells at different stages of this differentiation process are not known. In other cell types, nutritional supplementation during surgery can improve the outcome in terms of speed of patient recovery and prognosis. There is therefore the potential for supplementation at the site of fracture repair or bone grafting with critical osteoblast nutritional factors to potentially accelerate healing. In this study we investigate which common cell nutrients are required for the proliferating and mineralizing stages of osteoblast differentiation. Medium containing 5.5 mM glucose was sufficient to achieve maximal proliferation of primary calvarial osteoblasts and human osteoblast cell lines, with some added benefit of additional glutamine supplementation. However, when cells were stimulated to mineralize, glucose was insufficient to support their energetic requirements. Only when cells were supplemented with glucose together with glutamine were high levels of osteocalcin expression observed together with mineralized nodules in culture, suggesting that this would be a useful combination to assess in cultures of primary human osteoblasts to determine whether it may have beneficial effects during fracture surgery, bone grafting, and fixation of uncemented arthroplasty implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Brown
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
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23
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Bonnet N, Ferrari SL. Effects of long-term supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on longitudinal changes in bone mass and microstructure in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:665-72. [PMID: 21036590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A diet rich in omega-3s has previously been suggested to prevent bone loss. However, evidence for this has been limited by short exposure to omega-3 fatty acids (FAs). We investigated whether a diet enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for the entire adult life of mice could improve bone microstructure and strength. Thirty female mice received a diet enriched in DHA or EPA or an isocaloric control diet from 3 to 17 months of age. Changes in bone microstructure were analyzed longitudinally and biomechanical properties were analysed by a three-point bending test. Bone remodelling was evaluated by markers of bone turnover and histomorphometry. Trabecular bone volume in caudal vertebrae was improved by EPA or DHA at 8 months (+26.6% and +17.2%, respectively, compared to +3.8% in controls, P=.01), but not thereafter. Trabecular bone loss in the tibia was not prevented by omega-3 FAs (BV/TV -94%, -93% and -97% in EPA, DHA and controls, respectively). EPA improved femur cortical bone volume (+8.1%, P<.05) and thickness (+4.4%, P<.05) compared to controls. EPA, but not DHA, reduced age-related decline of osteocalcin (-70% vs. -83% in controls, P<.05). EPA and DHA increased leptin levels (7.3±0.7 and 8.5±0.5 ng ml⁻¹, respectively, compared to 4.5±0.9 ng ml⁻¹ in controls, P=.001); however, only EPA further increased IGF-1 levels (739±108 ng ml⁻¹, compared to 417±58 ng ml⁻¹ in controls, P=.04). These data suggest that long-term intake of omega-3 FA, particularly EPA, may modestly improve the structural and mechanical properties of cortical bone by an increase in leptin and IGF-1 levels, without affecting trabecular bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, WHO Collaborating Center for Osteoporosis Prevention, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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24
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Petzold C, Rubert M, Lyngstadaas SP, Ellingsen JE, Monjo M. In vivo performance of titanium implants functionalized with eicosapentaenoic acid and UV irradiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 96:83-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Kruger M, Coetzee M, Haag M, Weiler H. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Selected mechanisms of action on bone. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:438-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Fatty Acids and Bone. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-009-9047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Cornish J, Costa JL, Naot D. The bone-fat mass relationship: Laboratory studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1138/20090395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Griffith JF, Yeung DKW, Ahuja AT, Choy CWY, Mei WY, Lam SSL, Lam TP, Chen ZY, Leung PC. A study of bone marrow and subcutaneous fatty acid composition in subjects of varying bone mineral density. Bone 2009; 44:1092-6. [PMID: 19268721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is associated with an increase in marrow fat. Fats, particularly polyunsaturated fats, either in co-cultures or diet, have been shown to significantly influence bone remodeling. Whether the increase in marrow fat seen in osteoporosis is also associated with a change in fatty acid composition is not known. This study was undertaken to investigate the fatty acid composition in subjects of varying bone mineral density (BMD). Samples of marrow fat and subcutaneous fat from 126 subjects (98 females, 34 males, mean age 69.7+/-10.5 years) undergoing orthopedic surgery were analyzed for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. These results were correlated with BMD assessed by DXA. A total of 22 fatty acids were identified in marrow and subcutaneous fat. Significant differences in fatty acid composition existed between marrow and subcutaneous fat as well as between marrow fat samples obtained from the proximal femur and proximal tibia. Other than cis-7-hexadecenoic acid [C16:1 (n=9)] and docosanoic acid [C22:0], no difference in marrow fatty acid composition was evident between subject groups of varying BMD (normal, low bone mass, and osteoporosis). In conclusion, there exists a wide range of individual fatty acids in marrow fat. Marrow fatty acid composition differs from that of subcutaneous fat and varies between predominantly erythropoetic and fatty marrow sites. Other than cis-7-hexadecenoic acid [C16:1 (n=9)] and docosanoic acid [C22:0], no difference in marrow fatty acid composition was evident between subjects of varying BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Griffith
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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29
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Coetzee M, Haag M, Kruger MC. Effects of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 27:3-11. [PMID: 19107879 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts in culture can differentiate into mature mineralizing osteoblasts when stimulated with osteogenic agents. Clinical trials and in vivo animal studies suggest that specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may benefit bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate whether arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affect osteogenesis in osteoblasts and the transdifferentiation into adipocytes. Results from this study show that long-term exposure to AA inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in these cells, which might be prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2))-mediated. DHA exposure also inhibited ALP activity which was evident after both short- and long-term exposures. The mechanism whereby DHA inhibits ALP activity is not clear and needs to be investigated. Although long-term exposure to PUFAs inhibited ALP activity, the mineralizing properties of these cells were not compromised. Furthermore, PUFA exposure did not induce adipocyte-like features in these cells as evidenced by the lack of cytoplasmic triacylglycerol accummulation. More research is required to elucidate the cellular mechanisms of action of PUFAs on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Coetzee
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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