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Santiago-Fernandez C, Martin-Reyes F, Bautista R, Tome M, Gómez-Maldonado J, Gutierrez-Repiso C, Tinahones FJ, Garcia-Fuentes E, Garrido-Sánchez L. miRNA/Target Gene Profile of Endothelial Cells Treated with Human Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Obtained after a High-Fat Meal with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Sunflower Oil. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000221. [PMID: 32663360 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The effects of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) on the miRNA expression of endothelial cells, which are very involved in atherosclerosis, according to the type of diet are not known. METHODS AND RESULTS The differences between the effects of TRLs isolated from blood of subjects after a high-fat meal with extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) and sunflower oil (SO) on the microRNA-Seq profile related to atherosclerosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells are analyzed. 28 upregulated microRNAs with EVOO-derived TRLs, which can regulate 22 genes related to atherosclerosis, are found. 21 upregulated microRNAs with SO-derived TRLs, which can regulate 20 genes related to atherosclerosis, are found. These microRNAs are mainly involved in angiogenesis, with a predominance of an anti-angiogenic effect with EVOO-derived TRLs. Other microRNAs upregulated with SO-derived TRLs are involved in cardiovascular diseases. Pathways for the target genes obtained from the upregulated microRNA with EVOO-derived TRLs are involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory and defense response, while those with SO-derived TRLs are involved in lipid metabolic process. CONCLUSION EVOO-derived TRLs seem to produce a more atheroprotective profile than SO-derived TRLs. This study provides alternative mechanisms on the protective role of EVOO against the atherogenic process through microRNA regulation in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Santiago-Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Flores Martin-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática-SCBI, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mónica Tome
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Josefa Gómez-Maldonado
- Unidad de Genómica y Ultrasecuenciación-SCBI, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutierrez-Repiso
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición-CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición-CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010, Málaga, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición-CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29010, Málaga, Spain
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2
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Prostanoids in the pathophysiology of human coronary artery. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:20-28. [PMID: 28347710 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death in wordwide. There is growing evidence that prostanoids are involved in the physiology and pathophysiology of the human coronary artery by controlling vascular tone, remodelling of the vascular wall or angiogenesis. In this review, the production of prostanoids and the expression of prostanoid receptors in human coronary artery in health or disease are described. In addition, the interactions between sex hormones and prostanoids, their participations in the development of coronary artery diseases have been addressed. Globally, most of the studies performed in human coronary artery preparations have shown that prostacyclin (PGI2) has beneficial effects by inducing vasodilatation and promoting angiogenesis while reverse effects are confirmed by thromboxane A2 (TxA2). More studies are needed to determine the roles of the other prostanoids (PGE2, PGD2 and PGF2α) in vascular functions of the human coronary artery. Finally, in addition to the in vitro data about the human coronary artery, myocardial infarction induced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor and the protective effects of aspirin after coronary artery bypass surgery suggest that prostanoids are key mediators in coronary homeostasis.
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3
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Kupreishvili K, Stooker W, Emmens RW, Vonk ABA, Sipkens JA, van Dijk A, Eijsman L, Quax PH, van Hinsbergh VWM, Krijnen PAJ, Niessen HWM. PX-18 Protects Human Saphenous Vein Endothelial Cells under Arterial Blood Pressure. Ann Vasc Surg 2017; 42:293-298. [PMID: 28300679 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2016.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial blood pressure-induced shear stress causes endothelial cell apoptosis and inflammation in vein grafts after coronary artery bypass grafting. As the inflammatory protein type IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) has been shown to progress atherosclerosis, we hypothesized a role for sPLA2-IIA herein. METHODS The effects of PX-18, an inhibitor of both sPLA2-IIA and apoptosis, on residual endothelium and the presence of sPLA2-IIA were studied in human saphenous vein segments (n = 6) perfused at arterial blood pressure with autologous blood for 6 hrs. RESULTS The presence of PX-18 in the perfusion blood induced a significant 20% reduction in endothelial cell loss compared to veins perfused without PX18, coinciding with significantly reduced sPLA2-IIA levels in the media of the vein graft wall. In addition, PX-18 significantly attenuated caspase-3 activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells subjected to shear stress via mechanical stretch independent of sPLA2-IIA. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, PX-18 protects saphenous vein endothelial cells from arterial blood pressure-induced death, possibly also independent of sPLA2-IIA inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koba Kupreishvili
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Stooker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiac Surgery, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reindert W Emmens
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander B A Vonk
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiac Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica A Sipkens
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke van Dijk
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Eijsman
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H Quax
- Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A J Krijnen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiac Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Distinct 1-monoacylglycerol and 2-monoacylglycerol kinase activities of diacylglycerol kinase isozymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1170-1176. [PMID: 27346717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) consists of ten isozymes and is involved in a wide variety of patho-physiological events. However, the enzymological properties of DGKs have not been fully understood. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis on the 1-monoacylglycerol kinase (MGK) and 2-MGK activities of ten DGK isozymes. We revealed that type I (α, β and γ), type II (δ, η and κ) and type III (ε) DGKs have 7.9-19.2% 2-MGK activity compared to their DGK activities, whereas their 1-MGK activities were <3.0%. Both the 1-MGK and 2-MGK activities of the type IV DGKs (ζ and ι) were <1% relative to their DGK activities. Intriguingly, type V DGKθ has approximately 6% 1-MGK activity and <2% 2-MGK activity compared to its DGK activity. Purified DGKθ exhibited the same results, indicating that its 1-MGK activity is intrinsic. Therefore, DGK isozymes are categorized into three types with respect to their 1-MGK and 2-MGK activities: those having (1) 2-MGK activity relatively stronger than their 1-MGK activity (types I-III), (2) only negligible 1-MGK and 2-MGK activities (type IV), and (3) 1-MGK activity stronger than its 2-MGK activity (type V). The 1-MGK activity of DGKθ and the 2-MGK activity of DGKα were stronger than those of the acylglycerol kinase reported as 1-MGK and 2-MGK to date. The presence or absence of 1-MGK and 2-MGK activities may be essential to the patho-physiological functions of each DGK isozyme.
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Marentette JO, Hurst RE, McHowat J. Impaired Expression of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Synthesis and Degradation Enzymes during Differentiation of Immortalized Urothelial Cells from Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129466. [PMID: 26057882 PMCID: PMC4461170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The differentiated superficial cells of the urothelium restrict urine flow into the bladder wall. We have demonstrated that urothelial cells isolated from bladders of patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) fail to release PGE2 in response to tryptase. This study examines the expression of PGE2 synthesis and degradation enzymes in urothelial cells during differentiation. Materials and Methods We measured immunoprotein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES) and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) in human urothelial cells and in immortalized urothelial cells isolated from the bladders of IC/PBS patients or normal subjects during stratification and differentiation produced by increased calcium and fetal bovine serum (Ca/FBS) in the culture medium for 1, 3 and 7 days. Results PGES immunoprotein expression increased during differentiation in normal and IC/PBS urothelial cells. COX-2 expression also increased in cells from normal patients following differentiation. Remarkably, no COX-2 expression was detectable in urothelial cells isolated from 3 out of 4 IC/PBS patients. PGDH immunoprotein expression decreased in normal cells after 1 and 3 days of Ca/FBS addition, but returned to normal after 7 days. PGDH expression was unchanged during differentiation at 1 and 3 days, but was more than 2-fold higher at 7 days compared to day 0 in the IC/PBS cells. Urothelial cells isolated from IC/PBS patients demonstrated no PGE2 release in response to tryptase under any of the experimental conditions studied. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicate that PGE2 release is compromised during stratification and differentiation in IC/PBS urothelium and may contribute to impaired barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O. Marentette
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Hurst
- Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S. L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Jane McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Inhibition of sPLA2 and Endothelial Function: A Substudy of the SPIDER-PCI Trial. Can J Cardiol 2012; 28:215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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7
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McHowat J, Gullickson G, Hoover RG, Sharma J, Turk J, Kornbluth J. Platelet-activating factor and metastasis: calcium-independent phospholipase A2β deficiency protects against breast cancer metastasis to the lung. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C825-32. [PMID: 21228317 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00502.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We determined the contribution of calcium-independent phospholipase A(2)β (iPLA(2)β) to lung metastasis development following breast cancer injection into wild-type (WT) and iPLA(2)β-knockout (iPLA(2)β-KO) mice. WT and iPLA(2)β-KO mice were injected in the mammary pad with 200,000 E0771 breast cancer cells. There was no difference in primary tumor size between WT and iPLA(2)β-KO mice at 27 days postinjection. However, we observed an 11-fold greater number of breast cancer cells in the lungs of WT mice compared with iPLA(2)β-KO animals (P < 0.05). Isolated WT lung endothelial cells demonstrated a significant increase in platelet-activating factor (PAF) production when stimulated with thrombin [1 IU/ml, 10 min, 4,330 ± 555 vs. 15,227 ± 1,043 disintegrations per minute (dpm), P < 0.01] or TNF-α (10 ng/ml, 2 h, 16,532 ± 538 dpm, P < 0.01). Adherence of E0771 cells to WT endothelial cells was increased by thrombin (4.8 ± 0.3% vs. 70.9 ± 6.3, P < 0.01) or TNF-α (60.5 ± 4.3, P < 0.01). These responses were blocked by pretreatment with the iPLA(2)β-selective inhibitor (S)-bromoenol lactone and absent in lung endothelial cells from iPLA(2)β-KO mice. These data indicate that endothelial cell iPLA(2)β is responsible for PAF production and adherence of E0771 cells and may play a role in cancer cell migration to distal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104, USA.
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8
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Sharma J, Turk J, Mancuso DJ, Sims HF, Gross RW, McHowat J. Activation of group VI phospholipase A2 isoforms in cardiac endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 300:C872-9. [PMID: 21191104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00289.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium comprises a cellular barrier between the circulation and tissues. We have previously shown that activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and PAR-2 on the surface of human coronary artery endothelial cells by tryptase or thrombin increases group VIA phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)β) activity and results in production of multiple phospholipid-derived inflammatory metabolites. We isolated cardiac endothelial cells from hearts of iPLA(2)β-knockout (iPLA(2)β-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice and measured arachidonic acid (AA), prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)), and platelet-activating factor (PAF) production in response to PAR stimulation. Thrombin (0.1 IU/ml) or tryptase (20 ng/ml) stimulation of WT endothelial cells rapidly increased AA and PGI(2) release and increased PAF production. Selective inhibition of iPLA(2)β with (S)-bromoenol lactone (5 μM, 10 min) completely inhibited thrombin- and tryptase-stimulated responses. Thrombin or tryptase stimulation of iPLA(2)β-KO endothelial cells did not result in significant PAF production and inhibited AA and PGI(2) release. Stimulation of cardiac endothelial cells from group VIB (iPLA(2)γ)-KO mice increased PAF production to levels similar to those of WT cells but significantly attenuated PGI(2) release. These results indicate that cardiac endothelial cell PAF production is dependent on iPLA(2)β activation and that both iPLA(2)β and iPLA(2)γ may be involved in PGI(2) release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
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9
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Alberghina M. Phospholipase A2: New lessons from endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Sharma J, Turk J, McHowat J. Endothelial cell prostaglandin I(2) and platelet-activating factor production are markedly attenuated in the calcium-independent phospholipase A(2)beta knockout mouse. Biochemistry 2010; 49:5473-81. [PMID: 20521843 DOI: 10.1021/bi100752u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Damage and activation of lung endothelium can lead to interstitial edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the interstitium and airways, and production of inflammatory metabolites, all of which propagate airway inflammation in a variety of diseases. We have previously determined that stimulation of human microvascular endothelial cells from lung (HMVEC-L) results in activation of a calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)), and this leads to arachidonic acid release and production of prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) and platelet-activating factor (PAF). We stimulated lung endothelial cells isolated from iPLA(2)beta-knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice with thrombin and tryptase to determine the role of iPLA(2)beta in endothelial cell membrane phospholipid hydrolysis. Thrombin or tryptase stimulation of WT lung endothelial cells resulted in increased arachidonic acid release and production of PGI(2) and PAF. Arachidonic acid release and PGI(2) production by stimulated iPLA(2)beta-KO endothelial cells were significantly reduced compared to WT. Measured PLA(2) activity and PGI(2) production by iPLA(2)beta-KO cells were suppressed by pretreatment with (R)-bromoenol lactone (R-BEL), which is a selective inhibitor of iPLA2gamma. In contrast to the increase in PAF production induced by stimulation of WT endothelial cells, none was observed for KO cells, and this suggests that endothelial PAF production is entirely dependent on iPLA(2)beta activity. Because inflammatory cell recruitment involves the interaction of endothelial cell PAF with PAF receptors on circulating cells, these data suggest that iPLA(2)beta may be a suitable therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Goracci G, Ferrini M, Nardicchi V. Low Molecular Weight Phospholipases A2 in Mammalian Brain and Neural Cells: Roles in Functions and Dysfunctions. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:274-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Wang Q, Sun AY, Pardeike J, Müller RH, Simonyi A, Sun GY. Neuroprotective effects of a nanocrystal formulation of sPLA(2) inhibitor PX-18 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in gerbils. Brain Res 2009; 1285:188-95. [PMID: 19527696 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA(2)-IIA) has been studied extensively because of its involvement in inflammatory processes. Up-regulation of this enzyme has been shown in a number of neurodegenerative diseases including cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's disease. PX-18 is a selective sPLA(2) inhibitor effective in reducing tissue damage resulting from myocardial infarction. However, its use as a neuroprotective agent has been hampered due to its low solubility. In this study, we test the possible neuroprotective effects of PX-18 formulated as a suspension of nanocrystals. Transient global cerebral ischemia was induced in gerbils by occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 5 min. Four days after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), extensive delayed neuronal death, DNA damage, and increases in reactive astrocytes and microglial cells were observed in the hippocampal CA1 region. PX-18 nanocrystals (30 and 60 mg/kg body wt) and vehicle controls were injected i.p. immediately after I/R. PX-18 nanocrystal injection significantly reduced delayed neuronal death, DNA damage, as well as glial cell activation. These findings demonstrated the effective neuroprotection of PX-18 in the form of nanocrystal against I/R-induced neuronal damage. The results also suggest that nanocrystals hold promise as an effective strategy for the delivery of compounds with poor solubility that would otherwise be precluded from preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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13
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van Dijk A, Krijnen PAJ, Vermond RA, Pronk A, Spreeuwenberg M, Visser FC, Berney R, Paulus WJ, Hack CE, van Milligen FJ, Niessen HWM. Inhibition of type 2A secretory phospholipase A2 reduces death of cardiomyocytes in acute myocardial infarction. Apoptosis 2009; 14:753-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Rastogi P, McHowat J. Inhibition of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 prevents inflammatory mediator production in pulmonary microvascular endothelium. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 165:167-74. [PMID: 19059366 PMCID: PMC2845306 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of allergens can result in mast cell degranulation and release of granule contents, including tryptase, in the lung. Injury to human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L) can also result in activation of the coagulation cascade and thrombin generation. We hypothesize that these proteases activate calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), in HMVEC-L, leading to the production of membrane phospholipids-derived inflammatory mediators. Both thrombin and tryptase stimulation of HMVEC-L increased iPLA2 activity that was inhibited by pretreatment with the iPLA2 selective inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL). Arachidonic acid and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) release were also increased in tryptase and thrombin stimulated cells and inhibited by BEL pretreatment. Pretreating the endothelial cells with AACOCF3 a cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor did not inhibit tryptase or thrombin induced arachidonic acid and PGI2 release. In addition thrombin and tryptase also increased HMVEC-L platelet activating factor (PAF) production that significantly contributes to the recruitment and initial adherence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to the endothelium. Tryptase or thrombin stimulated increase in PMN adherence to the endothelium was inhibited by pretreatment of HMVEC-L with BEL or pretreatment of PMN with CV3988, a PAF receptor specific antagonist. Collectively, these data support our hypothesis that iPLA2 activity is responsible for membrane phospholipid hydrolysis in response to tryptase or thrombin stimulation in HMVEC-L. Therefore selective inhibition of iPLA2 may be a pharmacological target to inhibit the early inflammation in pulmonary vasculature that occurs as a consequence of mast cell degranulation or acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
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15
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Rastogi P, Young DM, McHowat J. Tryptase activates calcium-independent phospholipase A2 and releases PGE2 in airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L925-32. [PMID: 18790994 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90230.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human small airway epithelial cells (HSAEC) form the boundary between the external environmental allergens and the internal lung milieu. Mast cells are present in human lung tissue interspersed within the pulmonary epithelium and can secrete a host of pre- and newly formed mediators from their granules, which may propagate small airway inflammation. In this study, tryptase stimulation of HSAEC increased membrane-associated, calcium-independent phospholipase A(2)gamma (iPLA(2)gamma) activity, resulting in increased arachidonic acid and PGE(2) release. These responses were inhibited by pretreating HSAEC with the iPLA(2)-selective inhibitor bromoenol lactone. The tryptase-stimulated PGE(2) production was inhibited by treating HSAEC with the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1-selective inhibitor SC-560 and the nonselective COX inhibitor aspirin but not by the COX-2-selective inhibitor CAY10404, indicating that the early release of arachidonic acid is metabolized by constitutive COX-1 to form PGE(2) in tryptase-stimulated HSAEC. Additionally, platelet-activating factor production and neutrophil adherence to tryptase-stimulated HSAEC was also increased. This complex response can set up a cascade of inflammatory mediator production in small airways. We speculate that selective inhibition of iPLA(2)gamma-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis may prove beneficial in inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Rastogi
- Deptartment of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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