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Dicklin MR, Anthony JC, Winters BL, Maki KC. ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status Testing in Humans: A Narrative Review of Commercially Available Options. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00164-0. [PMID: 38522783 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing body of evidence supporting a link between low intakes of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and numerous diseases and health conditions. However, few people are achieving the levels of fish/seafood or eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intake recommended in national and international guidelines. Knowledge of a person's ω-3 LCPUFA status will benefit the interpretation of research results and could be expected to lead to an increased effort to increase intake. Dietary intake survey methods are often used as a surrogate for measuring ω-3 PUFA tissue status and its impact on health and functional outcomes. However, because individuals vary widely in their ability to digest and absorb ω-3 PUFA, analytical testing of biological samples is desirable to accurately evaluate ω-3 PUFA status. Adipose tissue is the reference biospecimen for measuring tissue fatty acids, but less-invasive methods, such as measurements in whole blood or its components (e.g., plasma, serum, red blood cell membranes) or breast milk are often used. Numerous commercial laboratories provide fatty acid testing of blood and breast milk samples by different methods and present their results in a variety of reports such as a full fatty acid profile, ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid profiles, fatty acid ratios, as well as the Omega-3 Index, the Holman Omega-3 Test, OmegaScore, and OmegaCheck, among others. This narrative review provides information about the different ways to measure ω-3 LCPUFA status (including both dietary assessments and selected commercially available analytical tests of blood and breast milk samples) and discusses evidence linking increased ω-3 LCPUFA intake or status to improved health, focusing on cardiovascular, neurological, pregnancy, and eye health, in support of recommendations to increase ω-3 LCPUFA intake and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Addison, IL, United States; Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, United States.
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Khiroya K, Sekyere E, McEwen B, Bayes J. Nutritional considerations in major depressive disorder: current evidence and functional testing for clinical practice. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37964733 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a multifaceted condition with diverse underlying causes. Several contributing and inter-related factors such as genetic, nutritional, neurological, physiological, gut-brain-axis, metabolic and psychological stress factors play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. This review aims to highlight the role that nutritional factors play in the aetiology of depression. Secondly, we discuss the biomedical and functional pathology tests which measure these factors, and the current evidence supporting their use. Lastly, we make recommendations on how practitioners can incorporate the latest evidence-based research findings into clinical practice. This review highlights that diet and nutrition greatly affect the pathophysiology of depression. Nutrients influence gene expression, with folate and vitamin B12 playing vital roles in methylation reactions and homocysteine regulation. Nutrients are also involved in the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Additionally, diet influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response and the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome, both of which have been implicated in depression. A comprehensive dietary assessment, combined with appropriate evaluation of biochemistry and blood pathology, may help uncover contributing factors to depressive symptoms. By employing such an approach, a more targeted and personalised treatment strategy can be devised, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Khiroya
- Endeavour College of Natural Health, Haymarket, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric Sekyere
- Endeavour College of Natural Health, Haymarket, NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley McEwen
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Bayes
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW, Australia
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Cardino VN, Goeden T, Yakah W, Ezeamama AE, Fenton JI. New Perspectives on the Associations between Blood Fatty Acids, Growth Parameters, and Cognitive Development in Global Child Populations. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081933. [PMID: 37111152 PMCID: PMC10143140 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is prevalent in low-middle-income countries (LMICs), but it is usually clinically diagnosed through abnormal anthropometric parameters characteristic of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). In doing so, other contributors or byproducts of malnutrition, notably essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), are overlooked. Previous research performed mainly in high-income countries (HICs) shows that deficiencies in essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) byproducts (also known as highly unsaturated fatty acids or HUFAs) lead to both abnormal linear growth and impaired cognitive development. These adverse developmental outcomes remain an important public health issue in LMICs. To identify EFAD before severe malnutrition develops, clinicians should perform blood fatty acid panels to measure levels of fatty acids associated with EFAD, notably Mead acid and HUFAs. This review demonstrates the importance of measuring endogenous fatty acid levels for measuring fatty acid intake in various child populations in LMICs. Featured topics include a comparison of fatty acid levels between global child populations, the relationships between growth and cognition and PUFAs and the possible mechanisms driving these relationships, and the potential importance of EFAD and HUFA scores as biomarkers of overall health and normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa N Cardino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Travis Goeden
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - William Yakah
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amara E Ezeamama
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Pagan JD, Hauss AA, Pagan EC, Simons JL, Waldridge BM. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation increases levels in red blood cells and reduces the prevalence and severity of squamous gastric ulcers in exercised Thoroughbreds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:S121-S128. [PMID: 36269687 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.06.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between plasma and RBC fatty acid composition and incidence and severity of squamous gastric ulcers when altered by short-chain (SC) or long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. ANIMALS 13 fit Thoroughbred horses in training. PROCEDURES Horses were evaluated by gastroscopy for squamous ulcer score, gastric pH, and blood fatty acid composition prior to supplementation (UNSUPP) and after 3 months of supplementation with a corn-flax oil blend of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid (SC-PUFA) or a gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)-fish oil blend of GLA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; LC-PUFA) in a crossover design. Prior to gastroscopy and blood collection, horses performed a 4,600-m standardized exercise test on the racetrack as a stressor. RESULTS Three months of supplementation with LC-PUFAs increased RBC levels of GLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA), EPA, and DHA, and reduced severe ulcer prevalence (38% UNSUPP vs 8% LC-PUFA with a severe ulcer score of grade 3 to 4). Short-chain PUFA supplementation did not effectively elevate RBC GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA, or DHA and severe ulcer incidence was not different (38% UNSUPP vs 23% SC-PUFA with a severe ulcer score of grade 3 to 4). Lower levels of RBC GLA, DGLA, AA, and EPA correlated with severe squamous gastric ulceration (grade 3 to 4). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Equine gastric ulcer syndrome is prevalent in high-performance horses and is a concern to owners and trainers. Long-chain PUFA supplementation increased levels of GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA, and DHA, unlike SC-PUFA supplementation, and was associated positively with prevention or resolution of severe squamous gastric ulceration. Further studies are needed to evaluate different management styles and exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bryan M Waldridge
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
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Ulu A, Velazquez JV, Burr A, Sveiven SN, Yang J, Bravo C, Hammock BD, Nordgren TM. Sex-Specific Differences in Resolution of Airway Inflammation in Fat-1 Transgenic Mice Following Repetitive Agricultural Dust Exposure. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:785193. [PMID: 35095496 PMCID: PMC8793679 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.785193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In agriculture industries, workers are at increased risk for developing pulmonary diseases due to inhalation of agricultural dusts, particularly when working in enclosed confinement facilities. Agricultural dusts inhalation leads to unresolved airway inflammation that precedes the development and progression of lung disease. We have previously shown beneficial effects of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) DHA in protecting against the negative inflammatory effects of repetitive dust exposure in the lung. Dietary manipulation of pulmonary disease risk is an attractive and timely approach given the contribution of an increased ω-6 to ω-3 PUFA ratio to low grade inflammation and chronic disease in the Western diet. To prevent any confounding factors that comes with dietary supplementation of ω-3 PUFA (different sources, purity, dose, and duration), we employed a Fat-1 transgenic mouse model that convert ω-6 PUFA to ω-3 PUFA, leading to a tissue ω-6 to ω-3 PUFA ratio of approximately 1:1. Building on our initial findings, we hypothesized that attaining elevated tissue levels of ω-3 PUFA would attenuate agricultural dust-induced lung inflammation and its resolution. To test this hypothesis, we compared wild-type (WT) and Fat-1 transgenic mice in their response to aqueous extracts of agricultural dust (DE). We also used a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEH) to potentiate the effects of ω-3 PUFA, since sEH inhibitors have been shown to stabilize the anti-inflammatory P450 metabolites derived from both ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA and promote generation of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators from ω-3 PUFA. Over a three-week period, mice were exposed to a total of 15 intranasal instillations of DE obtained from swine confinement buildings in the Midwest. We observed genotype and sex-specific differences between the WT vs. Fat-1 transgenic mice in response to repetitive dust exposure, where three-way ANOVA revealed significant main effects of treatment, genotype, and sex. Also, Fat-1 transgenic mice displayed reduced lymphoid aggregates in the lung following DE exposure as compared to WT animals exposed to DE, suggesting improved resilience to the DE-induced inflammatory effects. Overall, our data implicate a protective role of ω-3 FA in the lung following repetitive dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ulu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jalene V Velazquez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Abigail Burr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stefanie N Sveiven
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carissa Bravo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Basson AR, Chen C, Sagl F, Trotter A, Bederman I, Gomez-Nguyen A, Sundrud MS, Ilic S, Cominelli F, Rodriguez-Palacios A. Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Dietary Fats. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604989. [PMID: 33603741 PMCID: PMC7884479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the epidemic of human obesity, dietary fats have increasingly become a focal point of biomedical research. Epidemiological studies indicate that high-fat diets (HFDs), especially those rich in long-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., Western Diet, National Health Examination survey; NHANES 'What We Eat in America' report) have multi-organ pro-inflammatory effects. Experimental studies have confirmed some of these disease associations, and have begun to elaborate mechanisms of disease induction. However, many of the observed effects from epidemiological studies appear to be an over-simplification of the mechanistic complexity that depends on dynamic interactions between the host, the particular fatty acid, and the rather personalized genetics and variability of the gut microbiota. Of interest, experimental studies have shown that certain saturated fats (e.g., lauric and myristic fatty acid-rich coconut oil) could exert the opposite effect; that is, desirable anti-inflammatory and protective mechanisms promoting gut health by unanticipated pathways. Owing to the experimental advantages of laboratory animals for the study of mechanisms under well-controlled dietary settings, we focus this review on the current understanding of how dietary fatty acids impact intestinal biology. We center this discussion on studies from mice and rats, with validation in cell culture systems or human studies. We provide a scoping overview of the most studied diseases mechanisms associated with the induction or prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in rodent models relevant to Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis after feeding either high-fat diet (HFD) or feed containing specific fatty acid or other target dietary molecule. Finally, we provide a general outlook on areas that have been largely or scarcely studied, and assess the effects of HFDs on acute and chronic forms of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Basson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christy Chen
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Filip Sagl
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ashley Trotter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Adrian Gomez-Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark S. Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Sanja Ilic
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Soares IP, Oliveira BAC, Baal SCS, Donatti L, Ingberman M, Beirão BCB, Appel MH, Fernandes LC. Fish oil supplementation enhances colon recovery after experimental colitis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 163:102212. [PMID: 33249348 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fish oil (FO) has an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution activity and it has been used to restore physiological disturbances on inflammatory conditions. Here, we investigate whether FO supplementation could, acutely, prevent or restore inflammatory damages on experimental colitis. METHODS Wistar rats orally received 2 g.kg-1.day-1 of FO for 30 days before induction of experimental colitis. Specimens were collected on the 2nd and 7th days after colitis-induction and intestinal mucus, inflammatory activity and colon integrity were determined. RESULTS Experimental colitis did cause colon disruption and FO, acutely, did not prevent the loss of intestinal and fecal mucus, neither the increase of inflammatory activity and intestinal permeability. On the 7th day of colitis, FO soften the perturbations of experimental colitis, increasing histological and fecal mucus and, also decreased inflammatory activity, but this was not accompanied by intestinal permeability. CONCLUSION FO did not protect, acutely, intestinal damages from experimental colitis, but at long run promotes higher intestinal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna A C Oliveira
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Suelen C S Baal
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lucelia Donatti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Breno C B Beirão
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcia H Appel
- Department of Genetics, Structural and Molecular Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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Kroupova P, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J, Bunschoten A, Vodicka M, Irodenko I, Oseeva M, Zacek P, Kopecky J, Rossmeisl M, Horakova O. Omega-3 Phospholipids from Krill Oil Enhance Intestinal Fatty Acid Oxidation More Effectively than Omega-3 Triacylglycerols in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072037. [PMID: 32660007 PMCID: PMC7400938 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisteatotic effects of omega-3 fatty acids (Omega-3) in obese rodents seem to vary depending on the lipid form of their administration. Whether these effects could reflect changes in intestinal metabolism is unknown. Here, we compare Omega-3-containing phospholipids (krill oil; ω3PL-H) and triacylglycerols (ω3TG) in terms of their effects on morphology, gene expression and fatty acid (FA) oxidation in the small intestine. Male C57BL/6N mice were fed for 8 weeks with a high-fat diet (HFD) alone or supplemented with 30 mg/g diet of ω3TG or ω3PL-H. Omega-3 index, reflecting the bioavailability of Omega-3, reached 12.5% and 7.5% in the ω3PL-H and ω3TG groups, respectively. Compared to HFD mice, ω3PL-H but not ω3TG animals had lower body weight gain (−40%), mesenteric adipose tissue (−43%), and hepatic lipid content (−64%). The highest number and expression level of regulated intestinal genes was observed in ω3PL-H mice. The expression of FA ω-oxidation genes was enhanced in both Omega-3-supplemented groups, but gene expression within the FA β-oxidation pathway and functional palmitate oxidation in the proximal ileum was significantly increased only in ω3PL-H mice. In conclusion, enhanced intestinal FA oxidation could contribute to the strong antisteatotic effects of Omega-3 when administered as phospholipids to dietary obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kroupova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Evert M. van Schothorst
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.M.v.S.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.M.v.S.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Annelies Bunschoten
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.M.v.S.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Martin Vodicka
- Laboratory of Epithelial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ilaria Irodenko
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Marina Oseeva
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Petr Zacek
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Division BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (O.H.); Tel.: +420-296443706 (M.R. & O.H.); Fax: +420 296442599 (M.R. & O.H.)
| | - Olga Horakova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (O.H.); Tel.: +420-296443706 (M.R. & O.H.); Fax: +420 296442599 (M.R. & O.H.)
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Influence of total western diet on docosahexaenoic acid suppression of silica-triggered lupus flaring in NZBWF1 mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233183. [PMID: 32413078 PMCID: PMC7228097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus is a debilitating multi-organ autoimmune disease clinically typified by periods of flare and remission. Exposing lupus-prone female NZBWF1 mice to crystalline silica (cSiO2), a known human autoimmune trigger, mimics flaring by inducing interferon-related gene (IRG) expression, inflammation, ectopic lymphoid structure (ELS) development, and autoantibody production in the lung that collectively accelerate glomerulonephritis. cSiO2-triggered flaring in this model can be prevented by supplementing mouse diet with the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A limitation of previous studies was the use of purified diet that, although optimized for rodent health, does not reflect the high American intake of saturated fatty acid (SFA), ω-6 PUFAs, and total fat. To address this, we employed here a modified Total Western Diet (mTWD) emulating the 50th percentile U.S. macronutrient distribution to discern how DHA supplementation and/or SFA and ω-6 reduction influences cSiO2-triggered lupus flaring in female NZBWF1 mice. Six-week-old mice were fed isocaloric experimental diets for 2 wks, intranasally instilled with cSiO2 or saline vehicle weekly for 4 wks, and tissues assessed for lupus endpoints 11 wks following cSiO2 instillation. In mice fed basal mTWD, cSiO2 induced robust IRG expression, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine elevation, leukocyte infiltration, ELS neogenesis, and autoantibody production in the lung, as well as early kidney nephritis onset compared to vehicle-treated mice fed mTWD. Consumption of mTWD containing DHA at the caloric equivalent to a human dose of 5 g/day dramatically suppressed induction of all lupus-associated endpoints. While decreasing SFA and ω-6 in mTWD modestly inhibited some disease markers, DHA addition to this diet was required for maximal protection against lupus development. Taken together, DHA supplementation at a translationally relevant dose was highly effective in preventing cSiO2-triggered lupus flaring in NZBWF1 mice, even against the background of a typical Western diet.
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Ritz PP, Rogers MB, Zabinsky JS, Hedrick VE, Rockwell JA, Rimer EG, Kostelnik SB, Hulver MW, Rockwell MS. Dietary and Biological Assessment of the Omega-3 Status of Collegiate Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228834. [PMID: 32348305 PMCID: PMC7190167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA) are associated with cardiovascular health, brain function, reduction of inflammation, and several other physiological roles of importance to competitive athletes. The ω-3 FA status of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes has not been well-described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ω-3 FA status of NCAA Division I athletes using dietary and biological assessment methodology. Athletes from nine NCAA Division I institutions from throughout the U.S. (n = 1,528, 51% male, 34 sports represented, 19.9 ± 1.4 years of age) completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess ω-3 FA from diet and supplements. Omega-3 Index (O3i) was evaluated in a sub-set of these participants (n = 298, 55% male, 21 sports represented, 20.0 ± 1.3 years of age) using dried blood spot sampling. Only 6% (n = 93) of athletes achieved the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics’ recommendation to consume 500 mg DHA+EPA per day. Use of ω-3 FA supplements was reported by 15% (n = 229) of participants. O3i was 4.33 ± 0.81%, with no participants meeting the O3i benchmark of 8% associated with the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease. Every additional weekly serving of fish or seafood was associated with an absolute O3i increase of 0.27%. Overall, sub-optimal ω-3 FA status was observed among a large, geographically diverse group of male and female NCAA Division I athletes. These findings may inform interventions aimed at improving ω-3 FA status of collegiate athletes. Further research on athlete-specific ω-3 FA requirements is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Ritz
- Athletics Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Mark B. Rogers
- Athletics Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S. Zabinsky
- Athletics Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Valisa E. Hedrick
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - John A. Rockwell
- Department of Medicine, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, United States of America
| | - Ernest G. Rimer
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Athletics Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Samantha B. Kostelnik
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Roanoke, Roanoke, VA, United States of America
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Michelle S. Rockwell
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Roanoke, Roanoke, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Bilinski K, Chang D, Fahey P, Bensoussan A. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on the omega-3 blood index and fatty acid biomarkers in healthy individuals. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Cholewski M, Tomczykowa M, Tomczyk M. A Comprehensive Review of Chemistry, Sources and Bioavailability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1662. [PMID: 30400360 PMCID: PMC6267444 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, one of the key building blocks of cell membranes, have been of particular interest to scientists for many years. However, only a small group of the most important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered. This full-length review presents a broad and relatively complete cross-section of knowledge about omega-3 monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturates, and an outline of their modifications. This is important because all these subgroups undoubtedly play an important role in the function of organisms. Some monounsaturated omega-3s are pheromone precursors in insects. Polyunsaturates with a very long chain are commonly found in the central nervous system and mammalian testes, in sponge organisms, and are also immunomodulating agents. Numerous modifications of omega-3 acids are plant hormones. Their chemical structure, chemical binding (in triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and ethyl esters) and bioavailability have been widely discussed indicating a correlation between the last two. Particular attention is paid to the effective methods of supplementation, and a detailed list of sources of omega-3 acids is presented, with meticulous reference to the generally available food. Both the oral and parenteral routes of administration are taken into account, and the omega-3 transport through the blood-brain barrier is mentioned. Having different eating habits in mind, the interactions between food fatty acids intake are discussed. Omega-3 acids are very susceptible to oxidation, and storage conditions often lead to a dramatic increase in this exposure. Therefore, the effect of oxidation on their bioavailability is briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Cholewski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Monika Tomczykowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland.
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13
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Adjepong M, Jain R, Pickens CA, Appaw W, Fenton JI. Quantification of fatty acid and mineral levels of selected seeds, nuts, and oils in Northern Ghana. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 55:4615-4622. [PMID: 30333658 PMCID: PMC6170362 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify locally available foods that can be utilized by Northern Ghanaians to improve child growth status. An assortment of seeds, nuts and oils were collected from a local market, packaged in plastic containers, and shipped to the US for all analyses. Fatty acids (FAs) were extracted and derivatized to FA methyl esters prior to quantification by GC/MS. ANOVA were conducted on FA concentrations and Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare FA content. Food grade oils, particularly palm oil and shea butter, contained higher saturated and monounsaturated FAs than seeds or nuts. Soybean, was significantly higher in the essential omega-3 FA alpha-linolenic acid (2.98 mg/g), whereas neri seed (68.4 mg/g) and fermented dawadawa (seed; 56.3 mg/g) had significantly higher amounts of total polyunsaturated FAs than all other foods. Iron levels in soybean (353 mg/kg), neri (282 mg/kg) and fermented dawadawa (165 mg/kg) were also the highest of all foods. Together, these foods may be useful for future intervention to curb stunting and iron-deficiency anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Adjepong
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 208B G.M. Trout Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Raghav Jain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 208B G.M. Trout Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - C. Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 208B G.M. Trout Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - William Appaw
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jenifer I. Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 208B G.M. Trout Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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14
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Association of Whole Blood Fatty Acids and Growth in Southern Ghanaian Children 2⁻6 Years of Age. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080954. [PMID: 30042359 PMCID: PMC6115983 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In Ghana, stunting rates in children below 5 years of age vary regionally. Dietary fatty acids (FAs) are crucial for linear growth. The objective of this study was to determine the association between blood FAs and growth parameters in southern Ghanaian children 2⁻6 years of age. A drop of blood was collected on an antioxidant treated card and analyzed for FA composition. Weight and height were measured and z-scores calculated. Relationships between FAs and growth were analyzed by linear regressions and factor analysis. Of the 209 subjects, 22% were stunted and 10.6% were essential FA deficient (triene/tetraene ratio > 0.02). Essential FA did not differ between stunted and non-stunted children and was not associated with height-for-age z-score or weight-for-age z-score. Similarly, no relationships between other blood fatty acids and growth parameters were observed in this population. However, when blood fatty acid levels in these children were compared to previously reported values from northern Ghana, the analysis showed that blood omega-3 FA levels were significantly higher and omega-6 FA levels lower in the southern Ghanaian children (p < 0.001). Fish and seafood consumption in this southern cohort was high and could account for the lower stunting rates observed in these children compared to other regions.
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15
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Péter S, Navis G, de Borst MH, von Schacky C, van Orten-Luiten ACB, Zhernakova A, Witkamp RF, Janse A, Weber P, Bakker SJL, Eggersdorfer M. Public health relevance of drug-nutrition interactions. Eur J Nutr 2018; 56:23-36. [PMID: 28748481 PMCID: PMC5559559 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The public health relevance of drug–nutrition interactions is currently highly undervalued and overlooked. This is particularly the case for elderly persons where multi-morbidity and consequently polypharmacy is very common. Vitamins and other micronutrients have central functions in metabolism, and their interactions with drugs may result in clinically relevant physiological impairments but possibly also in positive effects. On 12 April 2016, the University Medical Center Groningen (The Netherlands), as part of its Healthy Ageing program, organized a workshop on the public health relevance of drug–nutrient interactions. In this meeting, experts in the field presented results from recent studies on interactions between pharmaceuticals and nutrients, and discussed the role of nutrition for elderly, focusing on those persons receiving pharmaceutical treatment. This paper summarizes the proceedings of the symposium and provides an outlook for future research needs and public health measures. Since food, pharma and health are closely interconnected domains, awareness is needed in the medical community about the potential relevance of drug–nutrition interactions. Experts and stakeholders should advocate for the integration of drug–nutrition evaluations in the drug development process. Strategies for the individual patients should be developed, by installing drug review protocols, screening for malnutrition and integrating this topic into the general medical advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Péter
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - Gerjan Navis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H de Borst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens von Schacky
- Preventive Cardiology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 15, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Omegametrix GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anne Claire B van Orten-Luiten
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Willy Brandtlaan 10, 6716 RP, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Janse
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Willy Brandtlaan 10, 6716 RP, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Weber
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.,University of Hohenheim, Schloß Hohenheim 1, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Eggersdorfer
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Pickens CA, Albuquerque Pereira MDF, Fenton JI. Long-chain ω-6 plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids and association with colon adenomas in adult men: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2018; 26:497-505. [PMID: 27768609 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lipid intake can be associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer depending on its composition. Carcinogenesis alters lipid metabolism to facilitate cell growth and survival. For instance, metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are associated with increasing colon cell proliferation. Moreover, precancerous colon lesions (i.e. adenomas) increase the risk for colorectal cancer. In this study, we investigated associations between plasma PUFAs and the number of colon polyps and polyp type (i.e. hyperplastic and adenoma). Healthy male participants (n=126) of 48-65 years of age were recruited before a routine colonoscopy screening. Plasma phospholipid (PPL) PUFAs were isolated by means of solid phase extraction and methylated. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed using gas chromatography. Factor analysis was used to cluster PUFAs into groups, and then generated factors and individual PUFAs were analyzed using polytomous logistic regression. In our age-adjusted and smoking-adjusted polytomous logistic regression, for each unit increase in PPL docosatetraenoic acid (DTA), individuals were 1.43 (1.00-2.06) and 1.33 (0.99-1.80) times more likely to have hyperplastic polyps and adenomas rather than no polyps, respectively. In our factor analysis, high PPL ω-6 PUFA and trans-fatty acid loading scores were associated with increased odds of adenoma presence rather than no polyps. Increases in long-chain PPL ω-6 PUFAs are associated with an increased risk for adenomas. As relative levels of DTA increase in PPLs, individuals had increased odds of having hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. Elevated conversion of ω-6 PUFAs to longer-chain ω-6s such as DTA may indicate altered PUFA metabolism at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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17
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Adjepong M, Yakah W, Harris WS, Annan RA, Pontifex MB, Fenton JI. Whole blood n-3 fatty acids are associated with executive function in 2-6-year-old Northern Ghanaian children. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 57:287-293. [PMID: 29852451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrate the importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs), and the long chain polyunsaturated FA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on cognition and brain development. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between whole-blood FAs and executive function in children from Northern Ghana. A total of 307, 2-to-6-year-old children attempted the dimensional change card sort (DCCS) task to assess executive function, and dried blood spot samples were collected and analyzed for FA content. Significant differences in mean % total whole-blood fatty acids were observed between children who could not follow directions on the DCCS test (49.8% of the sample) and those who could (50.2% of the sample). Positive associations with DCCS performance were observed for DHA (β=0.25, P=.06), total n-3 (β=0.17, P=.06) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA; β=0.60, P=.06). Children with the highest levels of total n-3 and DHA were three and four times, respectively, more likely to pass at least one condition of the DCCS test of executive function than those with the lowest DHA levels. The results of this study indicate an association between n-3 FAs and high-level cognitive processes in children two to six years of age, providing impetus for further studies into possible interventions to improve EFA status of children in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Adjepong
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - William Yakah
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - William S Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota and Omega Quant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Reginald A Annan
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
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18
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Adjepong M, Pickens CA, Jain R, Harris WS, Annan RA, Fenton JI. Association of whole blood n-6 fatty acids with stunting in 2-to-6-year-old Northern Ghanaian children: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193301. [PMID: 29494645 PMCID: PMC5832227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In Northern Ghana, 33% of children are stunted due to economic disparities. Dietary fatty acids (FA) are critical for growth, but whether blood FA levels are adequate in Ghanaian children is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the association between whole blood FAs and growth parameters in Northern Ghanaian children 2-6 years of age. A drop of blood was collected on an antioxidant treated card and analyzed for FA composition. Weight and height were measured and z-scores were calculated. Relationships between FAs and growth parameters were analyzed by Spearman correlations, linear regressions, and factor analysis. Of the 307 children who participated, 29.7% were stunted and 8% were essential FA deficient (triene/tetraene ratio>0.02). Essential FA did not differ between stunted and non-stunted children and was not associated with height-for-age z-score (HAZ) or weight-for-age z-score (WAZ). In hemoglobin adjusted regression models, both HAZ and WAZ were positively associated with arachidonic acid (p≤0.01), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, p≤0.05), docosatetraenoic acid (p≤0.01) and the ratio of DGLA/linoleic acid (p≤0.01). These data add to the growing body of evidence indicating n-6 FAs are critical in childhood linear growth. Our findings provide new insights into the health status of an understudied Northern Ghanaian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Adjepong
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - C. Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Raghav Jain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - William S. Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota and Omega Quant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | | | - Jenifer I. Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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19
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Valentini KJ, Pickens CA, Wiesinger JA, Fenton JI. The effect of fish oil supplementation on brain DHA and EPA content and fatty acid profile in mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:705-717. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1413640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Valentini
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C. Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jason A. Wiesinger
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jenifer I. Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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20
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Davidson EA, Pickens CA, Fenton JI. Increasing dietary EPA and DHA influence estimated fatty acid desaturase activity in systemic organs which is reflected in the red blood cell in mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:183-191. [PMID: 28697636 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1348494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Delta-5 (D5D) and delta-6 (D6D) desaturase are key enzymes in fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may alter tissue FA composition via D5D and D6D. The purpose was to determine the relationship between dietary EPA + DHA, estimated desaturase activities of various tissues and the reflection of desaturase activity in the red blood cell (RBC). Mice were fed diets with increasing percent of energy from EPA + DHA. Phospholipid FA composition of heart, muscle, spleen, lung, adipose tissues and RBC were analysed. D5D and D6D enzyme activity estimates (EAE) were calculated as the ratio of 20:4/20:3 and 20:3/18:2, respectively. D5D EAE decreased in all tissues, except muscle, with increasing dietary EPA + DHA. RBC D5D EAE positively correlated with D5D EAE in all tissues. RBC D6D EAE positively correlated with muscle and inversely correlated with adipose D6D EAE. Our findings suggest differential influence of dietary EPA + DHA upon tissue desaturase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Davidson
- a Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - C Austin Pickens
- a Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- a Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
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21
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Quantification of fatty acid and mineral levels of selected seeds, nuts, and oils in Ghana. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Meital LT, Sandow SL, Calder PC, Russell FD. Abdominal aortic aneurysm and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Mechanisms, animal models, and potential treatment. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 118:1-9. [PMID: 28288701 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an inflammatory disease associated with macrophage accumulation in the adventitia, oxidative stress, medial elastin degradation and aortic dilation. Progression of AAA is linked to increased risk of rupture, which carries a high mortality rate. Drug therapies trialled to date lack efficacy and although aneurysm repair is available for patients with large aneurysm, peri-surgical morbidity and mortality have been widely reported. Recent studies using rodent models of AAA suggest that long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) and their metabolites can moderate inflammation and oxidative stress perpetuated by infiltrating macrophages and intervene in the destruction of medial elastin. This review examines evidence from these animal studies and related reports of inhibition of inflammation and arrest of aneurysm development following prophylactic supplementation with LC n-3 PUFAs. The efficacy of LC n-3 PUFAs for management of existing aneurysm is unclear and further investigations involving human clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara T Meital
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shaun L Sandow
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Fraser D Russell
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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23
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Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake of Pregnant Women and Women of Childbearing Age in the United States: Potential for Deficiency? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030197. [PMID: 28245632 PMCID: PMC5372860 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids play critical roles during fetal growth and development with increased intakes associated with improved maternal-fetal outcomes. Omega-3 fatty acid intake in Western diets is low, and the impact of socioeconomic factors on omega-3 fatty acid intake in pregnant women and women of childbearing age has not been reported. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2003–2012 to assess the relationship between omega-3 fatty acid intake and socioeconomic factors in women of childbearing age. Out of 7266 eligible participants, 6478 were women of childbearing age, while 788 were identified as pregnant at the time of the survey. Mean EPA+DHA intake of the population was 89.0 mg with no significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant women. By univariate and multivariate analyses adjusting for confounders, omega-3 fatty acid intake was significantly associated with poverty-to-income ratio, race, and educational attainment. Our results demonstrate that omega-3 fatty acid intake is a concern in pregnant women and women of childbearing age in the United States, and that socioeconomically disadvantaged populations are more susceptible to potential deficiencies. Strategies to increase omega-3 fatty acid intake in these populations could have the potential to improve maternal and infant health outcomes.
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24
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Harris WS, Luo J, Pottala JV, Espeland MA, Margolis KL, Manson JE, Wang L, Brasky TM, Robinson JG. Red blood cell polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:250-259.e5. [PMID: 28391893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of circulating polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels is unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the associations between red blood cell (RBC) PUFA levels and risk for death. METHODS This prospective cohort study included 6501 women aged 65 to 80 years who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (enrolment began 1996). RBC PUFA levels were measured at baseline and expressed as a percent of total RBC PUFAs. PUFAs of primary interest were the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their sum (the Omega-3 Index). PUFAs of secondary interest included the 2 major n-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, and the PUFA factor score (a calculated variable including 6 PUFAs that accounts for their intercorrelations). The primary outcome was total mortality through August 2014. RESULTS After a median of 14.9 years of follow-up, 1851 women (28.5%) had died. RBC levels of EPA and DHA were higher in the survivors (P < .002 for each). In the fully adjusted models, the hazard ratios (99% confidence intervals) for mortality associated with a 1 standard deviation PUFA increase for total mortality were 0.92 (0.85, 0.98) for the Omega-3 Index, 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) for EPA, 0.93 (0.87, 1.0) for DHA, and 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) for the PUFA factor score. There were no significant associations of alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid or linoleic acid with total mortality. CONCLUSIONS Higher RBC levels of marine n-3 PUFAs were associated with reduced risk for all-cause mortality. These findings support the beneficial relationship between the Omega-3 Index and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - James V Pottala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Mark A Espeland
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Joann E Manson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer G Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Watson H, Cockbain AJ, Spencer J, Race A, Volpato M, Loadman PM, Toogood GJ, Hull MA. Measurement of red blood cell eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels in a randomised trial of EPA in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 115:60-66. [PMID: 27914515 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated red blood cell (RBC) PUFA profiles, and the predictive value of RBC EPA content for tumour EPA exposure and clinical outcomes, in the EMT study, a randomised trial of EPA in patients awaiting colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis surgery (Cockbain et al., 2014) [8]. There was a significant increase in RBC EPA in the EPA group (n=43; median intervention 30 days; mean absolute 1.26[±0.14]% increase; P<0.001), but not in the placebo arm (n=45). EPA incorporation varied widely in EPA users and was not explained by treatment duration or compliance. There was little evidence of 'contamination' in the placebo group. The EPA level predicted tumour EPA content (r=0.36; P=0.03). Participants with post-treatment EPA≥1.22% (n=49) had improved OS compared with EPA <1.22% (n=29; HR 0.42[95%CI 0.16-0.95]). RBC EPA content should be evaluated as a biomarker of tumour exposure and clinical outcomes in future EPA trials in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Watson
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Cockbain
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Jade Spencer
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Race
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Milene Volpato
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Giles J Toogood
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Hull
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
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Drudi LM, Schaller MS, Hiramoto J, Gasper W, Harris WS, Hills NK, Grenon SM. Predictors of change in omega-3 index with fish oil supplementation in peripheral artery disease. J Surg Res 2016; 210:124-131. [PMID: 28457318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The omega-3 index represents the red blood cell (RBC) content of two major long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. We sought to determine factors associated with a favorable response to fish oil treatment and to characterize changes in RBC PUFAs associated with fish oil supplementation. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of the OMEGA-PAD I trial, a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial investigating short-duration, high-dose n-3 PUFA oral supplementation on endothelial function and inflammation in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. Patients with mild to severe claudication received either 4.4 g of fish oil providing 2.6 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.8 g of docosahexaenoic acid daily (n = 40) or placebo capsules (n = 40) for 1 mo. The RBC fatty acid content was measured by gas chromatography and expressed as a percent of total fatty acids. The change in omega-3 index was calculated as the difference between pre- and post-supplementation in the fish oil and placebo groups. Univariate analysis identified predictors of change in omega-3 index, with these variables included in our multivariable model. RESULTS In the fish oil group, there was an increase in the omega-3 index (5.1± 1.3% to 9.0± 1.8%; P < 0.0001), whereas there was no change in the control group. Factors associated with a favorable response (i.e., greater than the median change of 4.06%) included a lower body mass index and higher concentrations of low-density lipoproteins. Other demographic and/or lifestyle factors such as age, race, or smoking status were unrelated to the response. Oral n-3 PUFA supplementation also decreased the n-6 PUFA content in RBCs. CONCLUSIONS Short-term, high-dose n-3 PUFA supplementation increases the omega-3 index to a greater extent in patients with a lower body mass index and higher total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Drudi
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melinda S Schaller
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jade Hiramoto
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Warren Gasper
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - William S Harris
- Department of Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota; OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Nancy K Hills
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - S Marlene Grenon
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
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Fenton JI, Gurzell EA, Davidson EA, Harris WS. Red blood cell PUFAs reflect the phospholipid PUFA composition of major organs. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 112:12-23. [PMID: 27637336 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous clinical trials examining the use of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) on various health outcomes have been conducted, and fish oil remains one of the most widely used nutritional supplements. More recently, studies have begun to utilize the omega-3 index, defined as the sum of EPA+DHA in red blood cells (RBCs), as both a biomarker of n-3 LCPUFA exposure and a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Considerably less research evaluates whether RBC phospholipid fatty acids reflect the phospholipid fatty acid composition of other tissues across increasing intakes of n-3 LCPUFAs. We fed mice diets containing increasing amounts of EPA+DHA, equivalent to current recommendations by the American Heart Association on a percent of energy basis, and analyzed the phospholipid fatty acid composition of various tissues in relation to RBCs. We observed that RBCs, heart, muscle, spleen, lung, and adipose tissues all respond to dietary supplementation with EPA+DHA with increasing n-3 LCPUFA and decreasing n-6 LCPUFA levels. Furthermore, the n-3 LCPUFA profiles of all measured tissues had strong (r>0.7) and significant (p<0.001) correlations to RBCs. Interestingly, we also observed changes in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels across various tissues in response to increased EPA+DHA intakes despite there being no change in dietary SFA and MUFA. Specifically, there were increases in RBC SFA and spleen MUFA and decreases in heart MUFA. These demonstrate that the RBC, including the omega-3 index, may serve as a marker for the relative levels of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs in phospholipids of certain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, United States; College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, United States.
| | - Eric A Gurzell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Emily A Davidson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, United States
| | - William S Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, and OmegaQuant, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
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Fatty acids as modulators of neutrophil recruitment, function and survival. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 785:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Jumbe TJ, Pickens CA, Valentini K, Adjepong M, Li W, Kinabo JL, Fenton JI. Evaluation of fatty acid and mineral content of Tanzanian seeds and oils. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jumbe T, Comstock SS, Hahn SL, Harris WS, Kinabo J, Fenton JI. Whole Blood Levels of the n-6 Essential Fatty Acid Linoleic Acid Are Inversely Associated with Stunting in 2-to-6 Year Old Tanzanian Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154715. [PMID: 27137223 PMCID: PMC4854382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Tanzania, 35% of all children below five years of age are stunted. Dietary fatty acids (FA) are critical for growth and development. However, whole blood FA levels in Tanzanian children are poorly described. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to assess 1) whole blood levels of essential fatty acids and 2) the association between whole blood FA levels and growth parameters in Tanzanian children 2-6 years of age. METHODS A drop of blood was collected on an antioxidant treated card and analyzed for FA composition. Weight and height were measured and z-scores calculated. Relationships between FAs and growth parameters were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS Of the 334 children that participated, 30.3% were stunted. The average whole blood level of Mead acid was 0.15%. The anthropometric z-score height-for-age (HAZ) was inversely associated with Mead acid, the Mead acid to arachidonic acid (T/T) ratio, and total n-9 FA. Additionally, HAZ was positively associated with linoleic acid and total n-6 FA. BMI-for-age was positively associated with oleic acid, total n-9 FA and T/T ratio but inversely associated with arachidonic acid and total n-6 FA. Weight-for-height was inversely associated with arachidonic acid and total n-6 FAs and positively associated with oleic acid and total n-9 FA. Weight-for-age was not associated with any FA tested. Total n-3 FAs were not associated with any growth parameters measured. CONCLUSIONS The EFA linoleic acid and the markers of FA deficiency were associated with HAZ, an indicator for stunting in 2-6 year old Tanzanian children. Total n-6, total n-9, and a number of individual FAs were associated with growth. Increasing dietary intake of EFA and n-6 FAs may be a strategy to combat stunting in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Jumbe
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sarah S. Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Hahn
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - William S. Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota and OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Joyce Kinabo
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jenifer I. Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rice HB, Bernasconi A, Maki KC, Harris WS, von Schacky C, Calder PC. Conducting omega-3 clinical trials with cardiovascular outcomes: Proceedings of a workshop held at ISSFAL 2014. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 107:30-42. [PMID: 26858145 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to earlier long-chain (LC) omega-3 (i.e. EPA and DHA) investigations, some recent studies have not demonstrated significant effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. The neutral findings may have been due to experimental design issues, such as: maintenance on aggressive cardiovascular drug treatment overshadowing the benefits of LC omega-3s, high background LC omega-3 intake, too few subjects in the study, treatment duration too short, insufficient LC omega-3 dosage, increase in omega-6 fatty acid intake during the study, failure to assess the LC omega-3 status of the subjects prior to and during treatment and lack of clarity concerning which mechanisms were expected to produce benefits. At the 11th ISSFAL Congress, a workshop was held on conducting LC omega-3 clinical trials with cardiovascular outcomes, with the goal of gaining a better understanding concerning aspects of experimental design that should be considered when planning clinical studies related to EPA and DHA and potential cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Rice
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research, Glen Ellyn, IL, USA
| | - William S Harris
- Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA; University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Pickens CA, Matsuo KH, Fenton JI. Relationship between Body Mass Index, C-Peptide, and Delta-5-Desaturase Enzyme Activity Estimates in Adult Males. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149305. [PMID: 27023786 PMCID: PMC4811535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, in particular abdominal obesity, alters the composition of plasma and tissue fatty acids (FAs), which contributes to inflammation and insulin resistance. FA metabolism is modulated by desaturases and may affect adipokine and insulin secretion. Therefore, we examined relationships between adipokines, a marker of insulin production, and plasma FA desaturase enzyme activity estimates (EAEs) in obesity. Plasma phospholipid (PPL) FAs were isolated from 126 males (ages 48 to 65 years), derivatized, and analyzed using gas chromatography. Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) and delta-5 desaturase (D5D) EAEs were calculated as the ratio of PPL 20:3/18:2 and 20:4/20:3, respectively. In body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) adjusted polytomous logistic regression analyses, PPL FAs and FA desaturase EAEs were associated with C-peptide and adiponectin. Individuals with elevated D6D EAEs were less likely (OR 0.33) to have serum adiponectin concentrations > 5.37 μg/mL, compared with adiponectin concentrations ≤ 3.62 μg/mL. Individuals with increased D5D EAEs were less likely (OR 0.8) to have C-peptide concentrations ≥ 3.32 ng/mL, and > 1.80 and ≤ 3.29 ng/mL, compared with those with C-peptide ≤ 1.76 ng/mL. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) was positively associated with C-peptide, but TNF- α was not associated with the D5D EAE. C-peptide and adiponectin concentrations are associated with specific PPL FAs and FA desaturase EAEs. The relationship between C-peptide concentrations and D5D EAEs remained significant after adjusting for BMI, WC, and TNF-α. Thus, future research should investigate whether D5D inhibition may occur through a C-peptide mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
| | - Karen H. Matsuo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
| | - Jenifer I. Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pickens CA, Lane-Elliot A, Comstock SS, Fenton JI. Altered Saturated and Monounsaturated Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profiles in Adult Males with Colon Adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:498-506. [PMID: 26721667 PMCID: PMC4779661 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered lipid metabolism and plasma fatty acid (FA) levels are associated with colorectal cancer. Obesity and elevated waist circumference (WC) increase the likelihood of developing precancerous colon adenomas. METHODS Venous blood was collected from 126 males, ages 48 to 65 years, who received routine colonoscopies. Plasma phospholipid (PPL) FAs were isolated, derivatized, and then analyzed using gas chromatography. ORs and 95% confidence intervals were determined using polytomous logistic regression after adjusting for confounding factors [i.e., age, smoking, WC, and body mass index (BMI)]. RESULTS PPL palmitic acid (PA) was inversely correlated with the presence of colon adenomas (P = 0.01). For each unit increase in palmitoleic acid (OR, 3.75; P = 0.04) or elaidic acid (OR, 2.92; P = 0.04), an individual was more likely to have adenomas relative to no colon polyps. Higher enzyme activity estimates (EAE) of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1; P = 0.02) and elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein-6 (ELOVL-6; P = 0.03) were associated with an individual being approximately 1.5 times more likely to have an adenoma compared with no polyps. CONCLUSIONS PPL FAs and EAEs, which have previously been associated with colorectal cancer, are significantly different in those with adenomas when compared with those without polyps. PPL PA, elaidic acid, and SCD-1 and ELOVL-6 EAEs are associated with adenomas independent of BMI and WC. IMPACT PPL PA, elaidic acid, and SCD-1 and ELOVL-6 EAEs are associated with adenomas even after adjusting for obesity-related risk factors and may function as novel biomarkers of early colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ami Lane-Elliot
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sarah S Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
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Barbalho SM, Goulart RDA, Quesada K, Bechara MD, de Carvalho ADCA. Inflammatory bowel disease: can omega-3 fatty acids really help? Ann Gastroenterol 2016; 29:37-43. [PMID: 26752948 PMCID: PMC4700845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants to the traditional therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been studied to enhance the efficacy of the treatment and improve patients' quality of life. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3FA) have been associated with attenuation of the inflammatory responses in IBD, possibly acting as substrates for anti-inflammatory eicosanoid production, similar to prostaglandins and leukotrienes. ω3FA also act as substrates for the synthesis of resolvins, maresins and protectins, indispensable in resolving inflammation processes. These acids may influence the development or course of IBD by: reducing oxidative stress, production of tumor necrosis factor-α and proinflammatory cytokines; working as chemopreventive agents; and decreasing the expression of adhesion molecules. There are numerous controversies in the literature on the effects of ω3FA in the prevention or treatment of IBD, but their effects in reducing inflammation is incontestable. Therefore, more studies are warranted to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms and establish the recommended daily intake to prevent or induce remission in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília and Food Technology School (FATEC) (Sandra Maria Barbalho),
Correspondence to: Dr Sandra Maria Barbalho, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília, Higino Muzzi Filho Avenue, 1001, Marília-SP, 15525-902 Brazil, Tel.: +55 14 99655 3190, e-mail:
| | | | - Karina Quesada
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Marília (Karina Quesada)
| | - Marcelo Dib Bechara
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Marília (Marcelo Dib Bechara)
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de Aguiar Pastore Silva J, Emilia de Souza Fabre M, Waitzberg DL. Omega-3 supplements for patients in chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: A systematic review. Clin Nutr 2015; 34:359-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Pickens CA, Sordillo LM, Comstock SS, Harris WS, Hortos K, Kovan B, Fenton JI. Plasma phospholipids, non-esterified plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxylipids are associated with BMI. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 95:31-40. [PMID: 25559239 PMCID: PMC4361296 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The obese lipid profile is associated with increased free fatty acids and triacylglycerides. Currently, little is known about the plasma lipid species associated with obesity. In this study, we compared plasma lipid fatty acid (FA) profiles as a function of BMI. Profiling phospholipid (PL) FAs and their respective oxylipids could predict which obese individuals are more likely to suffer from diseases associated with chronic inflammation or oxidative stress. We investigated the relationship between BMI and plasma PL (PPL) FA composition in 126 men using a quantitative gas chromatography analysis. BMI was inversely associated with both PPL nervonic and linoleic acid (LA) but was positively associated with both dihomo-γ-linolenic and palmitoleic acid. Compared to lean individuals, obese participants were more likely to have ω-6 FAs, except arachidonic acid and LA, incorporated into PPLs. Obese participants were less likely to have EPA and DHA incorporated into PPLs compared to lean participants. Non-esterified plasma PUFA and oxylipid analysis showed ω-6 oxylipids were more abundant in the obese plasma pool. These ω-6 oxylipids are associated with increased angiogenesis (i.e. epoxyeicosatrienoates), reactive oxygen species (i.e. 9-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate), and inflammation resolution (i.e. Lipoxin A4). In summary, BMI is directly associated with specific PPL FA and increased ω-6 oxylipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sarah S Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - William S Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kari Hortos
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bruce Kovan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Tri-County Gastroenterology Professional Corporation, Clinton Tri-County Gastroenterology Professional Corporation, MI, USA
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Castillo RL, Zepeda AB, Short SE, Figueroa E, Bustos-Obregon E, Farías JG. Protective effects of polyunsatutared fatty acids supplementation against testicular damage induced by intermittent hypobaric hypoxia in rats. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:8. [PMID: 25613908 PMCID: PMC4307138 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) induces changes in the redox status and structure in rat testis. These effects may be present in people at high altitudes, such as athletes and miners. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can be effective in counteracting these oxidative modifications due to their antioxidants properties. The aim of the work was to test whether PUFA supplementation attenuates oxidative damage in testis by reinforcing the antioxidant defense system. The animals were divided into four groups (7 rats per group): normobaric normoxia (~750 tor; pO2 156 mmHg; Nx); Nx + PUFA, supplemented with PUFA (DHA: EPA = 3:1; 0.3 g kg(-1) of body weight per day); hypoxic hypoxia (~428 tor; pO2 90 mmHg; Hx) and, Hx + PUFA. The hypoxic groups were exposed in 4 cycles to 96 h of HH followed by 96 h of normobaric normoxia for 32 days. Total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) in plasma and reduced (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio, tissue lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and antioxidant enzymes activity were assessed at the end of the study in testis. Also, SIRTUIN 1 and HIF-1 protein expression in testis were determined. RESULTS IHH increased lipid peroxidation in plasma and HIF-1 protein levels in testis. In addition, IHH reduced FRAP levels in plasma, antioxidant enzymes activities and SIRTUIN 1 protein levels in testis. PUFA supplementation attenuated these effects, inducing the increases in FRAP, in the antioxidant enzymes activity and HIF-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the IHH model induces a prooxidant status in plasma and testis. The molecular protective effect of PUFA may involve the induction of an antioxidant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo L Castillo
- Pathophysiology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrea B Zepeda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile. .,Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Stefania E Short
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Elías Figueroa
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile. .,School of Aquaculture, Catholic University of Temuco, Faculty of Natural Resources, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Bustos-Obregon
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jorge G Farías
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
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Nordgren TM, Friemel TD, Heires AJ, Poole JA, Wyatt TA, Romberger DJ. The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid attenuates organic dust-induced airway inflammation. Nutrients 2014; 6:5434-52. [PMID: 25436433 PMCID: PMC4276977 DOI: 10.3390/nu6125434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Workers exposed to organic dusts from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are at risk for developing airway inflammatory diseases. Available preventative and therapeutic measures for alleviating dust-induced lung disease are inadequate. Because omega-3 fatty acids can mitigate inflammatory processes, we aimed to determine whether nutritional supplementation with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could reduce the airway inflammatory consequences of exposures to organic dust. Aqueous extracts of organic dusts from swine CAFOs (ODE) were utilized. In DHA-pretreated human bronchial epithelial cells, lung fibroblasts, monocyte cell cultures, and precision-cut murine lung slices, we found that DHA pretreatment dose-dependently decreased ODE-induced inflammatory cytokine production. To determine the in vivo significance of DHA, C57BL/6 mice were orally administered DHA for seven days prior to treatment with intranasal ODE or saline inhalations. Animals treated with 2 mg DHA demonstrated significant reductions in ODE-induced bronchial alveolar lavage neutrophil influx and pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production compared to mice exposed to ODE alone. Collectively, these data demonstrate that DHA affects several lung cells to reduce the airway inflammatory response to organic dust exposures. Dietary supplementation with DHA may be an effective therapeutic strategy to reduce the airway inflammatory consequences in individuals exposed to agriculture dust environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Nordgren
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Taylor D Friemel
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Art J Heires
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Debra J Romberger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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