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Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Biltoft-Jensen AP, Christensen T, Stark KD. Lipidomic and Fatty Acid Biomarkers in Whole Blood Can Predict the Dietary Intake of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in a Danish Population. J Nutr 2024; 154:2108-2119. [PMID: 38710305 PMCID: PMC11282468 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been associated with health benefits. Blood levels of these fatty acids, measured by gas chromatography (GC), are associated with their dietary intake, but the relationships with lipidomic measurements are not well defined. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the lipidomic biomarkers in whole blood that predict intakes of EPA + DHA and examine the relationship between lipidomic and GC-based n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) biomarkers. METHODS Lipidomic and fatty acid analyses were completed on 120 whole blood samples collected from Danish participants. Dietary intakes were completed using a web-based 7-d food diary. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to identify the fatty acid and lipidomic variables that predict intakes of EPA + DHA and to determine lipidomic species that predict commonly used fatty acid biomarkers. RESULTS Stepwise regression selected lipidomic variables with an R2 = 0.52 for predicting EPA + DHA intake compared to R2 = 0.40 for the selected fatty acid GC-based variables. More predictive models were generated when the lipidomic variables were selected for females only (R2 = 0.62, n = 68) and males only (R2 = 0.72, n = 52). Phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen species containing EPA or DHA tended to be the most predictive lipidomic variables. Stepwise regression also indicated that selected lipidomic variables can predict commonly used fatty acid GC-based n-3 PUFA biomarkers as the R2 values ranged from 0.84 to 0.91. CONCLUSIONS Both fatty acid and lipidomic data can be used to predict EPA + DHA intakes, and fatty acid GC-based biomarkers can be emulated by lipidomic species. Lipidomic-based biomarkers appear to be influenced by sex differences, probably in n-3 PUFA and lipoprotein metabolism. These results improve our ability to understand the relationship between novel lipidomic data and GC fatty acid data and will increase our ability to apply lipidomic methods to fatty acid and lipid nutritional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Aristizabal-Henao
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Platforms and Translational Sciences, BPGbio Inc., Framingham, MA, United States
| | | | - Tue Christensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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2
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Sun G, Li YN, Davies JR, Block RC, Kothapalli KS, Brenna JT, Hull MA. Fatty acid desaturase insertion-deletion polymorphism rs66698963 predicts colorectal polyp prevention by the n-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid: a secondary analysis of the seAFOod polyp prevention trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)00527-6. [PMID: 38879016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fatty acid desaturase (FADS) insertion-deletion (Indel) polymorphism (rs66698963) influences the expression of FADS1, which controls the synthesis of n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) arachidonic acid (AA). The anti-inflammatory activity of the n-3 HUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may be explained by competition with AA for proinflammatory lipid mediator synthesis. A precision medicine approach based on stratification by FADS Indel genotype could identify individuals, who benefit from greatest disease risk reduction by n-3 HUFAs. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that the FADS insertion (I) allele predicts colorectal polyp risk reduction in a secondary analysis of the randomized, placebo-controlled, 2×2 factorial seAFOod polyp prevention trial of EPA 2000 mg daily and aspirin 300 mg daily for 12 mo (ISRCTN05926847). METHODS Participant Indel genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) blind to trial outcomes. Colorectal polyp outcomes were included in negative binomial (polyp number) and logistic (polyp detection rate [PDR; percentage with one or more polyps]) regression models comparing each active intervention with its placebo. Presence of ≥1 Indel I allele and an interaction term (I allele × active intervention) were covariates. RESULTS In 528 participants with colonoscopy and FADS Indel data, EPA use irrespective of Indel genotype, was not associated with reduced colorectal polyp number (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.92; 95% confidence interval: 0.74, 1.16), mirroring original seAFOod trial analysis. However, the presence of ≥1 I allele identified EPA users with a significant reduction in colorectal polyp number (IRR: 0.50 [0.28, 0.90]), unlike aspirin, for which there was no interaction. Similar findings were obtained for the PDR. CONCLUSIONS The FADS Indel I allele identified individuals, who displayed colorectal polyp prevention by EPA with a similar effect size to aspirin. Assessment of rs66698963 as a biomarker of therapeutic response to n-3 HUFAs in other populations and healthcare settings is warranted. The seAFOod polyp prevention trial and STOP-ADENOMA study were registered at International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry as ISRCTN05926847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Sun
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Ning Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - John R Davies
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C Block
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Cardiovascular Division of the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Center for Community Health and Prevention, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kumar Sd Kothapalli
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Mark A Hull
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Dicklin MR, Anthony JC, Winters BL, Maki KC. ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status Testing in Humans: A Narrative Review of Commercially Available Options. J Nutr 2024; 154:1487-1504. [PMID: 38522783 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing body of evidence supporting a link between low intakes of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and numerous diseases and health conditions. However, few people are achieving the levels of fish/seafood or eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intake recommended in national and international guidelines. Knowledge of a person's ω-3 LCPUFA status will benefit the interpretation of research results and could be expected to lead to an increased effort to increase intake. Dietary intake survey methods are often used as a surrogate for measuring ω-3 PUFA tissue status and its impact on health and functional outcomes. However, because individuals vary widely in their ability to digest and absorb ω-3 PUFA, analytical testing of biological samples is desirable to accurately evaluate ω-3 PUFA status. Adipose tissue is the reference biospecimen for measuring tissue fatty acids, but less-invasive methods, such as measurements in whole blood or its components (e.g., plasma, serum, red blood cell membranes) or breast milk are often used. Numerous commercial laboratories provide fatty acid testing of blood and breast milk samples by different methods and present their results in a variety of reports such as a full fatty acid profile, ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid profiles, fatty acid ratios, as well as the Omega-3 Index, the Holman Omega-3 Test, OmegaScore, and OmegaCheck, among others. This narrative review provides information about the different ways to measure ω-3 LCPUFA status (including both dietary assessments and selected commercially available analytical tests of blood and breast milk samples) and discusses evidence linking increased ω-3 LCPUFA intake or status to improved health, focusing on cardiovascular, neurological, pregnancy, and eye health, in support of recommendations to increase ω-3 LCPUFA intake and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Addison, IL, United States; Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, United States.
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4
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Zou Y, Tang J, Zhang F, Chen D, Mu L, Xu H, Yu P, Ren Y, Mei Y, Mu L. Effect of low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on arterial stiffness in older patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. NUTR HOSP 2023; 40:967-974. [PMID: 37534516 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Background and purpose: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has multifunctional health benefits. We evaluated the effects of low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on arterial stiffness in older patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods: sixty-one older adults with hypertension and type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to low sodium salt group (n = 31) or normal sodium salt group (n = 30). They were given the Chinese modified DASH diet plus low-sodium salt (52 % sodium chloride) or same diet plus regular salt (99 % sodium chloride) for eight weeks, respectively. Brachial and ankle pulse wave conduction velocity, ankle brachial index and atherosclerosis-related indices were measured at baseline and week 8. In addition, 24-hour urine and blood samples were measured at baseline, the 4th week and the end of the intervention. Results: as compared with the baseline, the low sodium salt group significantly decreased in ankle brachial index (-0.09 ± 0.11, p < 0.001) and brachial and ankle pulse wave conduction velocity (-133.07 ± 265.99 cm/s, p = 0.010) at week 8 while the normal sodium salt group only decreased significantly in ankle brachial index (-0.06 ± 0.12, p = 0.010) at week 8. Conclusion: the low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet may improve arterial stiffness in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Further research with an extended follow-up is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zou
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Research Center for Medicine and Social Development. Chongqing Medical University
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Research Center for Medicine and Social Development. Chongqing Medical University
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Research Center for Medicine and Social Development. Chongqing Medical University
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Research Center for Medicine and Social Development. Chongqing Medical University
| | - Lisha Mu
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Research Center for Medicine and Social Development. Chongqing Medical University
| | - Huini Xu
- Chongqing Nan'an District People's Hospital
| | - Pingping Yu
- Health Management Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
| | - Yanni Ren
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Research Center for Medicine and Social Development. Chongqing Medical University
| | - Ying Mei
- Health Management Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
| | - Lihong Mu
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Research Center for Medicine and Social Development. Chongqing Medical University
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5
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Lands B. Lipid nutrition: "In silico" studies and undeveloped experiments. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101142. [PMID: 34818526 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review examines lipids and lipid-binding sites on proteins in relation to cardiovascular disease. Lipid nutrition involves food energy from ingested fatty acids plus fatty acids formed from excess ingested carbohydrate and protein. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lipoproteins have many detailed attributes not evident in their names. Recognizing attributes of lipid-protein interactions decreases unexpected outcomes. Details of double bond position and configuration interacting with protein binding sites have unexpected consequences in acyltransferase and cell replication events. Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) have n-3 and n-6 motifs with documented differences in intensity of destabilizing positive feedback loops amplifying pathophysiology. However, actions of NEFA have been neglected relative to cholesterol, which is co-produced from excess food. Native low-density lipoproteins (LDL) bind to a high-affinity cell surface receptor which poorly recognizes biologically modified LDLs. NEFA increase negative charge of LDL and decrease its processing by "normal" receptors while increasing processing by "scavenger" receptors. A positive feedback loop in the recruitment of monocytes and macrophages amplifies chronic inflammatory pathophysiology. Computer tools combine multiple components in lipid nutrition and predict balance of energy and n-3:n-6 HUFA. The tools help design and execute precise clinical nutrition monitoring that either supports or disproves expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lands
- Fellow ASN, AAAS, SFRBM, ISSFAL, College Park, MD, USA.
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6
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Carlson SE, Schipper L, Brenna JT, Agostoni C, Calder PC, Forsyth S, Legrand P, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, van de Heijning BJM, van der Beek EM, Koletzko BV, Muhlhausler B. Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2085-2098. [PMID: 34265035 PMCID: PMC8634410 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formula should provide the appropriate nutrients and adequate energy to facilitate healthy infant growth and development. If conclusive data on quantitative nutrient requirements are not available, the composition of human milk (HM) can provide some initial guidance on the infant formula composition. This paper provides a narrative review of the current knowledge, unresolved questions, and future research needs in the area of HM fatty acid (FA) composition, with a particular focus on exploring appropriate intake levels of the essential FA linoleic acid (LA) in infant formula. The paper highlights a clear gap in clinical evidence as to the impact of LA levels in HM or formula on infant outcomes, such as growth, development, and long-term health. The available preclinical information suggests potential disadvantages of high LA intake in the early postnatal period. We recommend performing well-designed clinical intervention trials to create clarity on optimal levels of LA to achieve positive impacts on both short-term growth and development and long-term functional health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Area, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda- Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus–French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Eline M van der Beek
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berthold V Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Department of Paediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Beverly Muhlhausler
- Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Adelaide, Australia,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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7
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Shen Y, Sen A, Turgeon DK, Ren J, Graifman G, Ruffin MT, Smith WL, Brenner DE, Djuric Z. Changes in Serum, Red Blood Cell, and Colonic Fatty Acids in a Personalized Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Trial. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:565-578. [PMID: 33757398 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1903950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated changes in fatty acids from sera, red blood cells, and colonic biopsies from a phase Ib clinical trial of personalized ω-3 fatty acid dosing in 47 healthy volunteers. The trial aimed to reduce colonic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a pro-inflammatory product of arachidonic acid (AA) oxidation. The personalized doses ranged 2-10 grams/day (54% eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, 24% other ω-3 fatty acids). In colon, increases in ω-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and EPA:AA ratios each were correlated with decreases in PGE2. Changes in either colonic EPA:AA ratios or ω-3 HUFA were significantly correlated with changes in the same fatty acid measures in red blood cells or serum. The only blood-based measure significantly correlated with changes in colonic PGE2 was change in red blood cell ω-3 HUFA (ρ = -0.39), and the increase in red blood cell ω-3 HUFA was significantly greater in participants who had at least a median reduction in colonic PGE2 vs. those who did not. In summary, fatty acid changes in blood did reflect fatty acid changes in the colon, but additional factors will be needed for optimizing dosing models that seek to predict the anti-inflammatory effects of ω-3 fatty acids on the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shen
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ananda Sen
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - D Kim Turgeon
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gillian Graifman
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mack T Ruffin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William L Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dean E Brenner
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zora Djuric
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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8
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Kothapalli KSD, Park HG, Brenna JT. Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and genetics. implications for interindividual variability in prothrombotic, inflammatory conditions such as COVID-19 ✰,✰✰,★,★★. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 162:102183. [PMID: 33038834 PMCID: PMC7527828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 symptoms vary from silence to rapid death, the latter mediated by both a cytokine storm and a thrombotic storm. SARS-CoV (2003) induces Cox-2, catalyzing the synthesis, from highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), of eicosanoids and docosanoids that mediate both inflammation and thrombosis. HUFA balance between arachidonic acid (AA) and other HUFA is a likely determinant of net signaling to induce a healthy or runaway physiological response. AA levels are determined by a non-protein coding regulatory polymorphisms that mostly affect the expression of FADS1, located in the FADS gene cluster on chromosome 11. Major and minor haplotypes in Europeans, and a specific functional insertion-deletion (Indel), rs66698963, consistently show major differences in circulating AA (>50%) and in the balance between AA and other HUFA (47-84%) in free living humans; the indel is evolutionarily selective, probably based on diet. The pattern of fatty acid responses is fully consistent with specific genetic modulation of desaturation at the FADS1-mediated 20:3→20:4 step. Well established principles of net tissue HUFA levels indicate that the high linoleic acid and low alpha-linoleic acid in populations drive the net balance of HUFA for any individual. We predict that fast desaturators (insertion allele at rs66698963; major haplotype in Europeans) are predisposed to higher risk and pathological responses to SARS-CoV-2 could be reduced with high dose omega-3 HUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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9
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Wierenga KA, Strakovsky RS, Benninghoff AD, Rajasinghe LD, Lock AL, Harkema JR, Pestka JJ. Requisite Omega-3 HUFA Biomarker Thresholds for Preventing Murine Lupus Flaring. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1796. [PMID: 32973753 PMCID: PMC7473030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease typified by uncontrolled inflammation, disruption of immune tolerance, and intermittent flaring - events triggerable by environmental factors. Preclinical and clinical studies reveal that consumption of the marine ω-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) might be used as a precision nutrition intervention to lessen lupus symptoms. The anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects of ω-3 HUFAs are inextricably linked to their presence in membrane phospholipids. The ω-3 HUFA score, calculated as [100 × (ω-3 HUFAs/(ω-3 HUFAs + ω-6 HUFAs))] in red blood cells (RBCs), and the Omega-3 Index (O3I), calculated as [100 × ((DHA+EPA)/total fatty acids)] in RBCs, are two biomarkers potentially amenable to relating tissue HUFA balance to clinical outcomes in individuals with lupus. Using data from three prior preclinical DHA supplementation studies, we tested the hypothesis that the ω-3 HUFA score and the O3I inversely correlate with indicators of autoimmune pathogenesis in the cSiO2-triggered lupus flaring model. The three studies employed both low and high fat rodent diets, as well as more complex diets emulating the U.S. dietary pattern. The ω-3 HUFA scores in RBCs were comparatively more robust than the O3I at predicting HUFA balances in the kidney, liver, spleen, and lung. Importantly, increases in both the ω-3 HUFA score (>40%) and the O3I (>10%) were strongly associated with suppression of cSiO2-triggered (1) expression of interferon-regulated genes, proinflammatory cytokine production, leukocyte infiltration, and ectopic lymphoid structure development in the lung, (2) pulmonary and systemic autoantibody production, and (3) glomerulonephritis. Collectively, these findings identify achievable ω-3 HUFA scores and O3I thresholds that could be targeted in future human intervention studies querying how ω-3 HUFA consumption influences lupus and other autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animal Feed
- Animals
- Autoimmunity
- Biomarkers/blood
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diet
- Disease Models, Animal
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/blood
- Female
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diet therapy
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Symptom Flare Up
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Wierenga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rita S. Strakovsky
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Abby D. Benninghoff
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences and USTAR Applied Nutrition Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Lichchavi D. Rajasinghe
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Adam L. Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jack R. Harkema
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - James J. Pestka
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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10
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Abstract
Two environmental factors, crystalline silica (cSiO2), a toxic airborne particle encountered occupationally, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a dietary omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA), have the potential to influence the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). Using the NZBWF1 mouse, which spontaneously develops lupus, we found that intranasal exposure to cSiO2 significantly decreases latency and promotes rapid progression of the disease. Specifically, cSiO2 induces the development of ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) containing germinal centers in the lungs that yield vigorous and diverse autoantibody responses locally and systemically. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that cSiO2 promotes a robust type I interferon gene signature that likely precipitates ELS neogenesis. Intriguingly, dietary supplementation with human-relevant doses of DHA impedes cSiO2-induced gene expression, ELS neogenesis, autoantibody elevation, and glomerulonephritis in this lupus-prone mouse model. Together, our findings point to the feasibility of enhancing tissue omega-3 HUFAs as a personalized nutritional intervention to impede onset and progression of environment-triggered autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Wierenga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Pestka
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Omega-3 PUFAs Lower the Propensity for Arachidonic Acid Cascade Overreactions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:285135. [PMID: 26301244 PMCID: PMC4537720 DOI: 10.1155/2015/285135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A productive view of the benefits from omega-3 (n-3) nutrients is that the dietary essential omega-6 (n-6) linoleic acid has a very narrow therapeutic window which is widened by n-3 nutrients. The benefit from moderate physiological actions of the arachidonic acid cascade can easily shift to harm from excessive pathophysiological actions. Recognizing the factors that predispose the cascade to an unwanted overactivity gives a rational approach for arranging beneficial interactions between the n-3 and n-6 essential nutrients that are initial components of the cascade. Much detailed evidence for harmful cascade actions was collected by pharmaceutical companies as they developed drugs to decrease those actions. A remaining challenge is to understand the factors that predispose the cascade toward unwanted outcomes and create the need for therapeutic interventions. Such understanding involves recognizing the similar dynamics for dietary n-3 and n-6 nutrients in forming the immediate precursors of the cascade plus the more vigorous actions of the n-6 precursor, arachidonic acid, in forming potent mediators that amplify unwanted cascade outcomes. Tools have been developed to aid deliberate day-to-day quantitative management of the propensity for cascade overactivity in ways that can decrease the need for drug treatments.
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Consequences of essential fatty acids. Nutrients 2012; 4:1338-57. [PMID: 23112921 PMCID: PMC3475243 DOI: 10.3390/nu4091338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential fatty acids (EFA) are nutrients that form an amazingly large array of bioactive mediators that act on a large family of selective receptors. Nearly every cell and tissue in the human body expresses at least one of these receptors, allowing EFA-based signaling to influence nearly every aspect of human physiology. In this way, the health consequences of specific gene-environment interactions with these nutrients are more extensive than often recognized. The metabolic transformations have similar competitive dynamics for the n-3 and n-6 homologs when converting dietary EFA from the external environment of foods into the highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) esters that accumulate in the internal environment of cells and tissues. In contrast, the formation and action of bioactive mediators during tissue responses to stimuli tend to selectively create more intense consequences for n-6 than n-3 homologs. Both n-3 and n-6 nutrients have beneficial actions, but many common health disorders are undesired consequences of excessive actions of tissue n-6 HUFA which are preventable. This review considers the possibility of preventing imbalances in dietary n-3 and n-6 nutrients with informed voluntary food choices. That action may prevent the unintended consequences that come from eating imbalanced diets which support excessive chronic actions of n-6 mediators that harm human health. The consequences from preventing n-3 and n-6 nutrient imbalances on a nationwide scale may be very large, and they need careful evaluation and implementation to avoid further harmful consequences for the national economy.
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Lands B, Lamoreaux E. Using 3-6 differences in essential fatty acids rather than 3/6 ratios gives useful food balance scores. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:46. [PMID: 22624598 PMCID: PMC3533819 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND The vitamin-like omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids are converted in the body to a large family of hormones which act at selective receptors that occur on nearly every cell and tissue. A relative omega-3 deficit allows overabundant actions of omega-6 hormones to develop into health disorders. People need simple, explicit information on the balance of essential fatty acids in their foods to avoid accumulating unintended imbalances in their tissue omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. RESULTS We developed an Omega 3-6 Balance Food Score that summarizes in a single value the balance among eleven omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids in a food. The value allows a quantitative estimate of the impact of each food item on the proportions of omega-3 and omega-6 that will accumulate in the 20- and 22-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids of blood, which is an important health risk assessment biomarker. CONCLUSIONS The impact of an individual food item upon a useful health risk assessment biomarker is easily evident in a simple, explicit value for the balance among eleven essential fatty acids nutrients. Foods with more positive Omega 3-6 Balance Food Scores will increase the percent of omega-3 in the biomarker, whereas those with more negative Scores will increase the percent of omega-6 in the biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lands
- Retired, Fellow of ASN, 6100 Westchester Park Drive, Apt,1219, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
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