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Mohr AE, Senkus KE, McDermid JM, Berger PK, Perrin MT, Handu D. Human Milk Nutrient Composition Data is Critically Lacking in the United States and Canada: Results from a Systematic Scoping Review of 2017-2022. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1617-1632. [PMID: 37758059 PMCID: PMC10721511 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the nutrients in human milk is important to understand the dietary and developmental requirements of infants. The objective of this review was to summarize the state-of-the-science on the nutrient composition of human milk in the United States and Canada published from 2017 to 2022. Four databases were searched for randomized controlled studies and others given the scoping nature of this review. We limited type to mature milk collected 21 d postpartum and beyond from lactating individuals in the United States and Canada who gave birth at 37-wk gestation or later (full-term). Outcomes of interest included traditional macro- and micronutrients, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), and milk volume. The publication date range was selected as January 1, 2017, to the day the literature search was performed. A total of 32 articles were included in the scoping review from primarily longitudinal cohort or cross-sectional designs. The most prevalent sample collection method was full-breast expression (n = 20) with most studies (n = 26) collecting samples from a single timepoint. Carbohydrates (HMOs [n = 12], glucose [n = 8], and lactose [n = 6]) and protein (n = 5) were the most frequently assessed nutrients in this body of work, with consensus among studies that glucose is present in limited concentrations compared to lactose (24-64 mg/dL compared with 6-7 g/dL) and that HMOs are influenced by temporality and secretor status. Included studies displayed an overall level of heterogeneity and sparsity paralleling previous reports and nutrient data in the USDA FoodData Central system. Much of the data extracted from retained articles generally provided analysis of a specific nutrient or group of nutrients. Moreover, many studies did not use the preferred analytical methods as outlined by the Human Milk Composition Initiative to increase measurement confidence. Up-to-date nutrient composition data of human milk is still greatly needed as it is paramount for the management of infant feeding, assessment of infant and maternal nutritional and health needs, and as a reference for infant formula development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Katelyn E Senkus
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | | | - Paige K Berger
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maryanne T Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Deepa Handu
- Evidence Analysis Center, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Cinquina V, Keimpema E, Pollak DD, Harkany T. Adverse effects of gestational ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid imbalance on the programming of fetal brain development. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13320. [PMID: 37497857 PMCID: PMC10909496 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a key medical challenge of our time. The increasing number of children born to overweight or obese women is alarming. During pregnancy, the circulation of the mother and her fetus interact to maintain the uninterrupted availability of essential nutrients for fetal organ development. In doing so, the mother's dietary preference determines the amount and composition of nutrients reaching the fetus. In particular, the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), chiefly their ω-3 and ω-6 subclasses, can change when pregnant women choose a specific diet. Here, we provide a succinct overview of PUFA biochemistry, including exchange routes between ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs, the phenotypes, and probable neurodevelopmental disease associations of offspring born to mothers consuming specific PUFAs, and their mechanistic study in experimental models to typify signaling pathways, transcriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms by which PUFAs can imprint long-lasting modifications to brain structure and function. We emphasize that the ratio, rather than the amount of individual ω-3 or ω-6 PUFAs, might underpin physiologically correct cellular differentiation programs, be these for neurons or glia, during pregnancy. Thereupon, the PUFA-driven programming of the brain is contextualized for childhood obesity, metabolic, and endocrine illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cinquina
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniela D. Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyCenter for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Deaprtment of NeuroscienceBiomedicum 7D, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Augimeri G, Bonofiglio D. Promising Effects of N-Docosahexaenoyl Ethanolamine in Breast Cancer: Molecular and Cellular Insights. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093694. [PMID: 37175104 PMCID: PMC10180201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary habits have been identified as a risk factor for the development and progression of cancer. Therefore, adopting a healthy eating pattern is currently recommended to prevent the onset of different types of cancers, including breast carcinoma. In particular, the Mediterranean diet, based on high consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N-3 PUFAs), such as those found in cold-water fish and other seafood, nuts, and seeds, is recommended to reduce the incidence of several chronic-degenerative diseases. Indeed, the consumption of N-3 PUFAs, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reduced the risk of different types of cancer, including breast cancer. Moreover, they can counteract breast cancer progression and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy in breast cancer survival. Studies have demonstrated that DHA, exhibiting greater antitumor activity than EPA in breast cancer, can be attributed to its direct impact on breast cancer cells and also due to its conversion into various metabolites. N-docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine, DHEA, is the most studied DHA derivative for its therapeutic potential in breast cancer. In this review, we emphasize the significance of dietary habits and the consumption of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly DHA, and we describe the current knowledge on the antitumoral action of DHA and its derivative DHEA in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Augimeri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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Schreiber JA, Tajuddin NF, Kouzoukas DE, Kevala K, Kim HY, Collins MA. Moderate blood alcohol and brain neurovulnerability: Selective depletion of calcium-independent phospholipase A2, omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid, and its synaptamide derivative as a potential harbinger of deficits in anti-inflammatory reserve. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2506-2517. [PMID: 34719812 PMCID: PMC11049540 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive, highly elevated blood alcohol (ethanol) concentrations (BACs) of 350 to 450 mg/dl over several days cause brain neurodegeneration and coincident neuroinflammation in adult rats localized in the hippocampus (HC), temporal cortex (especially the entorhinal cortex; ECX), and olfactory bulb (OB). The profuse neuroinflammation involves microgliosis, increased proinflammatory cytokines, and elevations of Ca+2 -dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), which both mobilize proinflammatory ω-6 arachidonic acid (ARA). In contrast, Ca+2 -independent PLA2 (iPLA2) and anti-inflammatory ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid regulated primarily by iPLA2, are diminished. Furthermore, supplemented DHA exerts neuroprotection. Given uncertainties about the possible effects of lower circulating BACs that are common occurring during short- term binges, we examined how moderate BACs affected the above inflammatory events, and the impact of supplemented DHA. METHODS AND RESULTS Young adult male rats sustaining upper-moderate BACs (~150 mg/dl) from once-daily alcohol intubations were sacrificed with appropriate controls after 1 week. The HC, ECX and OB were quantitatively examined using immunoblotting, neurodegeneration staining, and lipidomics assays. Whereas neurodegeneration, increases in cPLA2 IVA, sPLA2 IIA, and ARA, and microglial activation were not detected, the HC and ECX regions demonstrated significantly reduced iPLA2 levels. Levels of DHA and synaptamide, its anti-inflammatory N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide derivative, also were lower in HC, and DHA supplementation prevented the iPLA2 decrements in HC. Additionally, adult mice maintaining upper-moderate BACs from limited alcohol binges had reduced midbrain iPLA2 levels. CONCLUSIONS The apparently selective depletion by moderate BACs of the metabolically linked anti-inflammatory triad of hippocampal iPLA2, DHA, and synaptamide, and of iPLA2 in the ECX, potentially indicates an unappreciated deficit in brain anti-inflammatory reserve that may be a harbinger of regional neurovulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Schreiber
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Nuzhath F Tajuddin
- Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitrios E Kouzoukas
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Karl Kevala
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Collins
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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Gaitán AV, Wood JT, Liu Y, Ji L, Nikas SP, Makriyannis A, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Maternal Dietary Fatty Acids and Their Relationship to Derived Endocannabinoids in Human Milk. J Hum Lact 2021; 37:813-820. [PMID: 33656382 DOI: 10.1177/0890334421993468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to benefit infant development. After birth, human milk provides arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids to the infant. Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid mediators derived from the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Although the roles and the mechanisms of action are not fully understood, previous researchers have suggested that endocannabinoids might play a role in infant feeding behavior. RESEARCH AIMS To assess (i) maternal dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and (ii) their relationship to concentrations of fatty acids and derived endocannabinoids in human milk. METHODS For this exploratory-longitudinal study, participants (N = 24) provided dietary intake data and milk samples. Fatty acids and derived endocannabinoids: Arachidonylethanolamide, arachidonoylglycerol, docosahexaenoyl glycerol, eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide, and eicosapenaenoyl glycerol were identified in their milk by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and correlations to dietary fatty acids were assessed. RESULTS Participants were not consuming recommended amounts of docosahexaenoic acid. Significant correlations (p ≤ .05) were only found between dietary docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids and the concentrations of these in human milk. Moreover, only dietary docosahexaenoic acid was correlated (p = .031) with its corresponding endocannabinoid, docosahexaenoyl glycerol. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this may be one of the first studies evaluating relationships between dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and multiple endocannabinoids in human milk. Our findings suggest that endocannabinoid concentrations could be modulated by dietary precursors. Future research studies can be designed based on these data to better elucidate the roles of endocannabinoids in human milk for infant health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana V Gaitán
- 5779 Louisiana State University, USA.,Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, USA
| | - JodiAnne T Wood
- 1848 Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Yingpeng Liu
- 1848 Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Lipin Ji
- 1848 Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Spyros P Nikas
- 1848 Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, USA
| | | | - Carol J Lammi-Keefe
- 5779 Louisiana State University, USA.,Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, USA.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, USA
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Glatz JFC, Lagarde M. Spotlight on fatty acids in cell signaling: The 13th FACS meeting. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 156:102025. [PMID: 31679809 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan F C Glatz
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Michel Lagarde
- National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA)-Lyon, University of Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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Arachidonic Acid in Human Milk. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030626. [PMID: 32121018 PMCID: PMC7146261 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is universally recommended as the optimal choice of infant feeding and consequently human milk has been extensively investigated to unravel its unique nutrient profile. The human milk lipid composition is unique and supplies specifically long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), in particular, arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Arachidonic acid (ARA) is the most predominant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in human milk, albeit at low concentrations as compared to other fatty acids. It occurs predominantly in the triglyceride form and to a lesser extent as milk fat globule membrane phospholipids. Human milk ARA levels are modulated by dietary intake as demonstrated by animal and human studies and consequently vary dependent on dietary habits among mothers and regions across the globe. ARA serves as a precursor to eicosanoids and endocannabinoids that also occur in human milk. A review of scientific and clinical studies reveals that ARA plays an important role in physiological development and its related functions during early life nutrition. Therefore, ARA is an important nutrient during infancy and childhood and, as such, appropriate attention is required regarding its nutritional status and presence in the infant diet. Data are emerging indicating considerable genetic variation in encoding for desaturases and other essential fatty acid metabolic enzymes that may influence the ARA level as well as other LC-PUFAs. Human milk from well-nourished mothers has adequate levels of both ARA and DHA to support nutritional and developmental needs of infants. In case breastfeeding is not possible and infant formula is being fed, experts recommend that both ARA and DHA are added at levels present in human milk.
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