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Xia Y, Wu K, Liu C, Zhao X, Wang J, Cao J, Chen Z, Fang M, Yu J, Zhu C, Zhang X, Wang Z. Filamentous-Actin-Mimicking Nanoplatform for Enhanced Cytosolic Protein Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305600. [PMID: 38152963 PMCID: PMC10933650 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential of protein therapeutics, the cytosolic delivery of proteins with high efficiency and bioactivity remains a significant challenge owing to exocytosis and lysosomal degradation after endocytosis. Therefore, it is important to develop a safe and efficient strategy to bypass endocytosis. Inspired by the extraordinary capability of filamentous-actin (F-actin) to promote cell membrane fusion, a cyanine dye assembly-containing nanoplatform mimicking the structure of natural F-actin is developed. The nanoplatform exhibits fast membrane fusion to cell membrane mimics and thus enters live cells through membrane fusion and bypasses endocytosis. Moreover, it is found to efficiently deliver protein cargos into live cells and quickly release them into the cytosol, leading to high protein cargo transfection efficiency and bioactivity. The nanoplatform also results in the superior inhibition of tumor cells when loaded with anti-tumor proteins. These results demonstrate that this fusogenic nanoplatform can be valuable for cytosolic protein delivery and tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Xia
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (MITM)Engineering Research Center of Molecular & NeuroimagingMinistry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXidian University & International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentXi'anShaanxi710126P. R. China
- Guangzhou Institute of TechnologyXidian UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510555P. R. China
| | - Keyun Wu
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (MITM)Engineering Research Center of Molecular & NeuroimagingMinistry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXidian University & International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentXi'anShaanxi710126P. R. China
- Guangzhou Institute of TechnologyXidian UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510555P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (MITM)Engineering Research Center of Molecular & NeuroimagingMinistry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXidian University & International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentXi'anShaanxi710126P. R. China
- Guangzhou Institute of TechnologyXidian UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510555P. R. China
| | - Xuejuan Zhao
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (MITM)Engineering Research Center of Molecular & NeuroimagingMinistry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXidian University & International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentXi'anShaanxi710126P. R. China
- Guangzhou Institute of TechnologyXidian UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510555P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (MITM)Engineering Research Center of Molecular & NeuroimagingMinistry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXidian University & International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentXi'anShaanxi710126P. R. China
| | - Jianxia Cao
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (MITM)Engineering Research Center of Molecular & NeuroimagingMinistry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXidian University & International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentXi'anShaanxi710126P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxu Chen
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (MITM)Engineering Research Center of Molecular & NeuroimagingMinistry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXidian University & International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentXi'anShaanxi710126P. R. China
| | - Minchao Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular StructuresSchool of Life SciencesTianjin University92 Weijin Road, Nankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Biology and EngineeringGuizhou Medical UniversityGuizhouGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular StructuresSchool of Life SciencesTianjin University92 Weijin Road, Nankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Xianghan Zhang
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (MITM)Engineering Research Center of Molecular & NeuroimagingMinistry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXidian University & International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentXi'anShaanxi710126P. R. China
- Guangzhou Institute of TechnologyXidian UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510555P. R. China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (MITM)Engineering Research Center of Molecular & NeuroimagingMinistry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXidian University & International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentXi'anShaanxi710126P. R. China
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2
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Diao J, Yip CK, Zhong Q. Molecular structures and function of the autophagosome-lysosome fusion machinery. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2024; 3:2305594. [PMID: 38344192 PMCID: PMC10852212 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2024.2305594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (also known as autophagy) plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The terminal step of the multi-step autophagy degradation pathway involves fusion between the cargo-laden, double-membraned autophagosome and the lytic organelle lysosome/vacuole. Over the past decade, various core components of the molecular machinery that execute this critical terminal autophagy event have been identified. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the molecular structures, biochemical functions, and regulatory mechanisms of key components of this highly sophisticated machinery including the SNARE fusogens, tethering factors, Rab GTPases and associated guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and other accessory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Calvin K. Yip
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Lai Y, Zhao C, Tian Z, Wang C, Fan J, Hu X, Tu J, Li T, Leitz J, Pfuetzner RA, Liu Z, Zhang S, Su Z, Burré J, Li D, Südhof TC, Zhu ZJ, Liu C, Brunger AT, Diao J. Neutral lysophosphatidylcholine mediates α-synuclein-induced synaptic vesicle clustering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310174120. [PMID: 37883437 PMCID: PMC10622907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310174120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a presynaptic protein that is involved in Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases and binds to negatively charged phospholipids. Previously, we reported that α-Syn clusters synthetic proteoliposomes that mimic synaptic vesicles. This vesicle-clustering activity depends on a specific interaction of α-Syn with anionic phospholipids. Here, we report that α-Syn surprisingly also interacts with the neutral phospholipid lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC). Even in the absence of anionic lipids, lysoPC facilitates α-Syn-induced vesicle clustering but has no effect on Ca2+-triggered fusion in a single vesicle-vesicle fusion assay. The A30P mutant of α-Syn that causes familial Parkinson disease has a reduced affinity to lysoPC and does not induce vesicle clustering. Taken together, the α-Syn-lysoPC interaction may play a role in α-Syn function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94305
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45267
| | - Chuchu Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94305
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45267
| | - Jia Tu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Tihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
| | - Jeremy Leitz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94305
| | - Richard A. Pfuetzner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94305
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhaoming Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
| | - Jacqueline Burré
- Brain and Mind Research Institute and Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200230, China
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94305
- HHMI, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94305
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Axel T. Brunger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94305
- HHMI, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA94305
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45267
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Bu B, Tian Z, Li D, Zhang K, Chen W, Ji B, Diao J. Double-Transmembrane Domain of SNAREs Decelerates the Fusion by Increasing the Protein-Lipid Mismatch. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168089. [PMID: 37030649 PMCID: PMC10247502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
SNARE is the essential mediator of membrane fusion that highly relies on the molecular structure of SNAREs. For instance, the protein syntaxin-1 involved in neuronal SNAREs, has a single transmembrane domain (sTMD) leading to fast fusion, while the syntaxin 17 has a V-shape double TMDs (dTMDs), taking part in the autophagosome maturation. However, it is not clear how the TMD structure influences the fusion process. Here, we demonstrate that the dTMDs significantly reduce fusion rate compared with the sTMD by using an in vitro reconstitution system. Through theoretical analysis, we reveal that the V-shape dTMDs can significantly increase protein-lipid mismatch, thereby raising the energy barrier of the fusion, and that increasing the number of SNAREs can reduce the energy barrier or protein-lipid mismatch. This study provides a physicochemical mechanistic understanding of SNARE-regulated membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Bu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Dechang Li
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baohua Ji
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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5
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Liu T, Li T, Xu D, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wan J, Huang CLH, Tan X. Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in the heart: expression, regulation and pathological implications. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220171. [PMID: 37122223 PMCID: PMC10150224 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-activated K+ channels are critical to cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and excitability; they couple intracellular Ca2+ and membrane voltage change. Of these, the small, 4-14 pS, conductance SK channels include three, KCNN1-3 encoded, SK1/KCa2.1, SK2/KCa2.2 and SK3/KCa2.3, channel subtypes with characteristic, EC50 ∼ 10 nM, 40 pM, 1 nM, apamin sensitivities. All SK channels, particularly SK2 channels, are expressed in atrial, ventricular and conducting system cardiomyocytes. Pharmacological and genetic modification results have suggested that SK channel block or knockout prolonged action potential durations (APDs) and effective refractory periods (ERPs) particularly in atrial, but also in ventricular, and sinoatrial, atrioventricular node and Purkinje myocytes, correspondingly affect arrhythmic tendency. Additionally, mitochondrial SK channels may decrease mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and reactive oxygen species generation. SK channels show low voltage but marked Ca2+ dependences (EC50 ∼ 300-500 nM) reflecting their α-subunit calmodulin (CaM) binding domains, through which they may be activated by voltage-gated or ryanodine-receptor Ca2+ channel activity. SK function also depends upon complex trafficking and expression processes and associations with other ion channels or subunits from different SK subtypes. Atrial and ventricular clinical arrhythmogenesis may follow both increased or decreased SK expression through decreased or increased APD correspondingly accelerating and stabilizing re-entrant rotors or increasing incidences of triggered activity. This article is part of the theme issue 'The heartbeat: its molecular basis and physiological mechanisms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Juyi Wan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher L.-H. Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
- Physiological Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Xiaoqiu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
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6
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Marie R, Rasmussen MK, Pedersen JN. Quantifying DNA-mediated liposome fusion kinetics with a fluidic trap. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2815-2822. [PMID: 37000534 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01658c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of synthetic lipid vesicles via lipid membrane fusion is a versatile tool for creating biomimetic nano- and micron-sized particles. These so-called liposomes are used in the development of biosensing platforms, design of drug delivery schemes, and for investigating protein-mediated fusion of biological membranes. This work demonstrates DNA-induced liposome fusion in a nanofluidic trap where the reaction occurs in a 15 femtoliter volume at homogeneous mixing. In contrast to current methods for fusion in bulk, we show that the fusion reaction follows second-order kinetics with a fusion rate of (170 ± 30)/(M-1s-1) times the square number of DNA molecules per liposome. The nanofluidic trapping gives a full characterization of the size and charge of the liposomes before and after fusion. The chip-based approach limits the amount of sample (down to 440 vesicles) and can be parallelized for systematic studies in synthetic biology, diagnostics, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Marie
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads Build. 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Martin K Rasmussen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads Build. 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jonas N Pedersen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads Build. 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Karmacharya M, Kumar S, Cho YK. Tuning the Extracellular Vesicles Membrane through Fusion for Biomedical Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020117. [PMID: 36826916 PMCID: PMC9960107 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion is one of the key phenomena in the living cell for maintaining the basic function of life. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have the ability to transfer information between cells through plasma membrane fusion, making them a promising tool in diagnostics and therapeutics. This study explores the potential applications of natural membrane vesicles, EVs, and their fusion with liposomes, EVs, and cells and introduces methodologies for enhancing the fusion process. EVs have a high loading capacity, bio-compatibility, and stability, making them ideal for producing effective drugs and diagnostics. The unique properties of fused EVs and the crucial design and development procedures that are necessary to realize their potential as drug carriers and diagnostic tools are also examined. The promise of EVs in various stages of disease management highlights their potential role in future healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamata Karmacharya
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (Y.-K.C.)
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8
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Yan C, Jiang J, Yang Y, Geng X, Dong W. The function of VAMP2 in mediating membrane fusion: An overview. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:948160. [PMID: 36618823 PMCID: PMC9816800 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.948160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2, also known as synaptobrevin-2), encoded by VAMP2 in humans, is a key component of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex. VAMP2 combined with syntaxin-1A (SYX-1A) and synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) produces a force that induces the formation of fusion pores, thereby mediating the fusion of synaptic vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters. VAMP2 is largely unstructured in the absence of interaction partners. Upon interaction with other SNAREs, the structure of VAMP2 stabilizes, resulting in the formation of four structural domains. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of the roles of the VAMP2 domains and the interaction between VAMP2 and various fusion-related proteins in the presynaptic cytoplasm during the fusion process. Our summary will contribute to a better understanding of the roles of the VAMP2 protein in membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoqi Geng,
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,Wei Dong,
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9
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Coffman RE, Kraichely KN, Kreutzberger AJB, Kiessling V, Tamm LK, Woodbury DJ. Drunken lipid membranes, not drunken SNARE proteins, promote fusion in a model of neurotransmitter release. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1022756. [PMID: 36311016 PMCID: PMC9614348 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1022756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol affects many neuronal proteins that are upstream or down-stream of synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Less well studied is alcohol’s effect on the fusion machinery including SNARE proteins and lipid membranes. Using a SNARE-driven fusion assay we show that fusion probability is significantly increased at 0.4% v/v (68 mM) ethanol; but not with methanol up to 10%. Ethanol appears to act directly on membrane lipids since experiments focused on protein properties [circular dichroism spectrometry, site-directed fluorescence interference contrast (sdFLIC) microscopy, and vesicle docking results] showed no significant changes up to 5% ethanol, but a protein-free fusion assay also showed increased lipid membrane fusion rates with 0.4% ethanol. These data show that the effects of high physiological doses of ethanol on SNARE-driven fusion are mediated through ethanol’s interaction with the lipid bilayer of membranes and not SNARE proteins, and that methanol affects lipid membranes and SNARE proteins only at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Coffman
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Katelyn N. Kraichely
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alex J. B. Kreutzberger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Volker Kiessling
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Lukas K. Tamm
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Dixon J. Woodbury
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Dixon J. Woodbury,
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10
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Du Y, Lai Y, Liu JY, Diao J. Epigenetic Quantification of DNA 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Using DNA Hybridization-Based Single-Molecule Immunofluorescent Imaging. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100061. [PMID: 34928080 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) epigenetic modification that has an important function in embryonic development and human diseases. However, the numerous methods that have been developed to detect and quantify 5hmC, require large amounts of DNA sample to be modified via chemical reactions, which considerably limits their application with cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Meanwhile, other antibody-based methods of detecting 5hmC do not offer information about the DNA sequence. Here, in this article DNA hybridization-based single-molecule immunofluorescent imaging is presented, an ultrasensitive method of detecting 5hmC modification in DNA. Via using the probe DNA to capture the DNA fragment of interest and the 5hmC antibody to detect the 5hmC modification in DNA, the fluorescent response signal of the 5hmC modification from the secondary antibody at the single-molecule level is successfully detected. Using the method, one could determine the quantity of 5hmC in the gene of interest within 6 h. In addition, it requires only 3 pg of the DNA sample and minimal experience and training for operation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ying Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ji-Yan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
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11
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Chen Q, Hao M, Wang L, Li L, Chen Y, Shao X, Tian Z, Pfuetzner RA, Zhong Q, Brunger AT, Guan JL, Diao J. Prefused lysosomes cluster on autophagosomes regulated by VAMP8. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:939. [PMID: 34645799 PMCID: PMC8514493 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome–autophagosome fusion is critical to autophagosome maturation. Although several proteins that regulate this fusion process have been identified, the prefusion architecture and its regulation remain unclear. Herein, we show that upon stimulation, multiple lysosomes form clusters around individual autophagosomes, setting the stage for membrane fusion. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein on lysosomes—vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8)—plays an important role in forming this prefusion state of lysosomal clusters. To study the potential role of phosphorylation on spontaneous fusion, we investigated the effect of phosphorylation of C-terminal residues of VAMP8. Using a phosphorylation mimic, we observed a decrease of fusion in an ensemble lipid mixing assay and an increase of unfused lysosomes associated with autophagosomes. These results suggest that phosphorylation not only reduces spontaneous fusion for minimizing autophagic flux under normal conditions, but also preassembles multiple lysosomes to increase the fusion probability for resuming autophagy upon stimulation. VAMP8 phosphorylation may thus play an important role in chemotherapy drug resistance by influencing autophagosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Linsen Li
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Xintian Shao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Richard A Pfuetzner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Axel T Brunger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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12
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Chattopadhyay M, Orlikowska H, Krok E, Piatkowski L. Sensing Hydration of Biomimetic Cell Membranes. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:241. [PMID: 34356712 PMCID: PMC8301980 DOI: 10.3390/bios11070241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes play a vital role in cell functioning, providing structural integrity, controlling signal transduction, and controlling the transport of various chemical species. Owing to the complex nature of biomembranes, the self-assembly of lipids in aqueous media has been utilized to develop model systems mimicking the lipid bilayer structure, paving the way to elucidate the mechanisms underlying various biological processes, as well as to develop a number of biomedical and technical applications. The hydration properties of lipid bilayers are crucial for their activity in various cellular processes. Of particular interest is the local membrane dehydration, which occurs in membrane fusion events, including neurotransmission, fertilization, and viral entry. The lack of universal technique to evaluate the local hydration state of the membrane components hampers understanding of the molecular-level mechanisms of these processes. Here, we present a new approach to quantify the hydration state of lipid bilayers. It takes advantage of the change in the lateral diffusion of lipids that depends on the number of water molecules hydrating them. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique, we applied this approach to planar single and multicomponent supported lipid bilayers. The method enables the determination of the hydration level of a biomimetic membrane down to a few water molecules per lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lukasz Piatkowski
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Physics, Division of Molecular Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (H.O.); (E.K.)
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13
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Song J, Jung H, You G, Mok H. Cancer-Cell-Derived Hybrid Vesicles from MCF-7 and HeLa Cells for Dual-Homotypic Targeting of Anticancer Drugs. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100067. [PMID: 33963822 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Here, as a proof of concept, hybrid vesicles (VEs) are developed from two types of cancer cells, MCF-7 and HeLa, for the dual targeting of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) to cancer cells via homotypic interactions. Hybrid VEs with a size of 181.8 ± 28.2 nm and surface charge of -27.8 ± 1.9 mV are successfully prepared by the fusion of MCF-7 and HeLa VEs, as demonstrated by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. The hybrid VEs exhibit enhanced intracellular uptake both in MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Dox-encapsulated hybrid VEs (Dox-hybrid VEs) also exhibit promising anticancer and antiproliferative activities against MCF-7/multidrug-resistant cells and HeLa cells. In addition, compared to free Dox, the Dox-hybrid VEs exhibit low intracellular uptake and reduced cytotoxicity for RAW264.7 cells. Thus, hybrid VEs with dual-targeting activity toward two types of cancer cells may be useful for the specific targeting of anticancer drugs for improved anticancer effects with reduced nonspecific toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Song
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeon You
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Mok
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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14
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Chao X, Qi Y, Zhang Y. Highly Photostable Fluorescent Tracker with pH-Insensitivity for Long-Term Imaging of Lysosomal Dynamics in Live Cells. ACS Sens 2021; 6:786-796. [PMID: 33378157 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Visualizing and tracking lysosomal dynamic changes is crucially important in the fields of physiology and pathology. Most currently used pH-dependent small-molecule lysotrackers and sensors usually fail to visualize and track the changes due to (1) their leakage from lysosomes when the lysosomal pH increases and (2) their low photostability. Therefore, it is of significant interest to develop lysosomal probes for visualizing and tracking lysosomal dynamics independent of pH fluctuations and with high photostability. Herein, we found that the popular dicyanomethylene-4H-pyran (DCM) derivative DCM-NH2 can selectively target and label lysosomes with bright red fluorescence regardless of pH changes. The fluorescence enhancement in lysosomes has probably resulted from their microenvironment of polarity and viscosity. Compared with the commonly used commercial lysosomal molecular probes (LysoTracker Deep Red (LTDR) and LysoTracker Red DND-99), DCM-NH2 was demonstrated to exhibit a much stronger tolerance in lysosomes against various treatments and microenvironmental changes, and lysosomal membrane permeability could not cause DCM-NH2 to lose imaging of their targets as well. Moreover, DCM-NH2 exhibited a superior anti-photobleaching ability and low (photo-) cytotoxicity, which, along with pH-insensitivity, ensured its capability of long-term visualizing and tracking lysosomal dynamics. Lysosomal dynamic events such as the kiss-and-run process, fusion-fission, and mitophagy were successfully recorded with DCM-NH2. Our study thus confirms that DCM-NH2 is highly competitive for lysosomal imaging by overcoming the limitations of the commercial LysoTrackers and highlights the unexplored application of DCM-NH2 in bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Chao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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15
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Liu C, Zhao Y, Xi H, Jiang J, Yu Y, Dong W. The Membrane Interaction of Alpha-Synuclein. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:633727. [PMID: 33746714 PMCID: PMC7969880 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.633727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A presynaptic protein closely related to Parkinson's disease (PD), α-synuclein (α-Syn), has been studied extensively regarding its pathogenic mechanisms. As a physiological protein in presynapses, however, α-Syn's physiological function remains unclear. Its location in nerve terminals and effects on membrane fusion also imply its functional role in synaptic transmission, including its possible interaction with high-curvature membranes via its N-terminus and amorphous C-terminus. PD-related mutants that disrupt the membrane interaction (e.g., A30P and G51D) additionally suggest a relationship between α-Syn's pathogenic mechanisms and physiological roles through the membrane binding. Here, we summarize recent research on how α-Syn and its variants interact with membranes and influence synaptic transmission. We list several membrane-related connections between the protein's physiological function and the pathological mechanisms that stand to expand current understandings of α-Syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cencen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huan Xi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
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16
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Villanueva ME, Giudice F, Ambroggio E, Vico RV. Liposome Fusion Mediated by Hydrophobic Magnetic Nanoparticles Stabilized with Oleic Acid and Modulated by an External Magnetic Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1861-1873. [PMID: 33493398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is considered relevant in countless scientific areas and biotechnological processes, ranging from vital life events to biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, and materials engineering, among others. In this study, we employed hydrophobic oleic acid (OA)-coated magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (MNP-OA) as a platform to induce the fusion of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine liposomes [large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs)] in a colloidal dispersion. This fusion was monitored through dynamic light scattering, turbidimetry, and fluorescence assay using the well-known Tb/dipicolinic acid (DPA) complex formation assay. MNP-OA have shown to be able to induce fusion with the mixing of liposomal inner content with direct dependence on the nanoparticle concentration added to the LUVs. Moreover, changes in the permeability of the liposome bilayer, upon the addition of MNP-OA to liposomes, were evaluated by studying the leakage of carboxyfluorescein and of the co-encapsulated Tb/DPA complex. These assays allowed us to determine that MNP-OA did not significantly modify liposome permeability during the fusion process. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy revealed that MNP-OA remained embedded in the lipid bilayer without producing membrane rupture, liposome deformation, or destruction. In addition, we evaluated the effect of applying a low-intensity magnetic field to the LUVs/MNP-OA system and observed that the nanoparticles considerably increased their fusogenic activity under this external stimulus, as well as they are capable of responding to low magnetic fields of around 0.45 mT. These results revealed the potential of hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles, stabilized with OA, to act as a fusogen, thus representing a valuable tool for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín E Villanueva
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC-UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Francesca Giudice
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC-UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Ernesto Ambroggio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, CONICET) and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Raquel V Vico
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC-UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
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17
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Liu J, Bu B, Crowe M, Li D, Diao J, Ji B. Membrane packing defects in synaptic vesicles recruit complexin and synuclein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2117-2125. [PMID: 33437978 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03546g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complexin-1 (Cpx) and α-synuclein (α-Syn) are involved in neurotransmitter release through an interaction with synaptic vesicles (SVs). Recent studies demonstrated that Cpx and α-Syn preferentially associate with highly curved membranes, like SVs, to correctly position them for fusion. Here, based on recent experimental results, to further propose a possible explanation for this mechanism, we performed in silico simulations probing interactions between Cpx or α-Syn and membranes of varying curvature. We found that the preferential association is attributed to smaller, curved membranes containing more packing defects that expose hydrophobic acyl tails, which may favorably interact with hydrophobic residues of Cpx and α-Syn. The number of membrane defects is proportional to the curvature and the size can be regulated by cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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18
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Fang H, Geng S, Hao M, Chen Q, Liu M, Liu C, Tian Z, Wang C, Takebe T, Guan JL, Chen Y, Guo Z, He W, Diao J. Simultaneous Zn 2+ tracking in multiple organelles using super-resolution morphology-correlated organelle identification in living cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:109. [PMID: 33397937 PMCID: PMC7782730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2+ plays important roles in metabolism and signaling regulation. Subcellular Zn2+ compartmentalization is essential for organelle functions and cell biology, but there is currently no method to determine Zn2+ signaling relationships among more than two different organelles with one probe. Here, we report simultaneous Zn2+ tracking in multiple organelles (Zn-STIMO), a method that uses structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and a single Zn2+ fluorescent probe, allowing super-resolution morphology-correlated organelle identification in living cells. To guarantee SIM imaging quality for organelle identification, we develop a new turn-on Zn2+ fluorescent probe, NapBu-BPEA, by regulating the lipophilicity of naphthalimide-derived Zn2+ probes to make it accumulate in multiple organelles except the nucleus. Zn-STIMO with this probe shows that CCCP-induced mitophagy in HeLa cells is associated with labile Zn2+ enhancement. Therefore, direct organelle identification supported by SIM imaging makes Zn-STIMO a reliable method to determine labile Zn2+ dynamics in various organelles with one probe. Finally, SIM imaging of pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids with NapBu-BPEA demonstrates the potential of super-resolution morphology-correlated organelle identification to track biospecies and events in specific organelles within organoids. Subcellular Zn2+ compartmentalisation is essential for cell biology. Here the authors make a turn-on fluorescent Zn2+ probe that localises to multiple organelles, and correlate its location using organelle morphology derived from structured illumination microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Minglun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Chengjun Wang
- Sinopec Shengli Petroleum Engineering Limited Company, Dongying, China
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China. .,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China. .,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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19
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Sun Y, Chen L, Yuan Y, Gu M. Aggregation-induced emission shining in the biomedical field: From bench to bedside. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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20
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Chen Q, Fang H, Shao X, Tian Z, Geng S, Zhang Y, Fan H, Xiang P, Zhang J, Tian X, Zhang K, He W, Guo Z, Diao J. A dual-labeling probe to track functional mitochondria-lysosome interactions in live cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6290. [PMID: 33293545 PMCID: PMC7722883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria–lysosome interactions are essential for maintaining intracellular homeostasis. Although various fluorescent probes have been developed to visualize such interactions, they remain unable to label mitochondria and lysosomes simultaneously and dynamically track their interaction. Here, we introduce a cell-permeable, biocompatible, viscosity-responsive, small organic molecular probe, Coupa, to monitor the interaction of mitochondria and lysosomes in living cells. Through a functional fluorescence conversion, Coupa can simultaneously label mitochondria with blue fluorescence and lysosomes with red fluorescence, and the correlation between the red–blue fluorescence intensity indicates the progress of mitochondria–lysosome interplay during mitophagy. Moreover, because its fluorescence is sensitive to viscosity, Coupa allowed us to precisely localize sites of mitochondria–lysosome contact and reveal increases in local viscosity on mitochondria associated with mitochondria–lysosome contact. Thus, our probe represents an attractive tool for the localization and dynamic tracking of functional mitochondria–lysosome interactions in living cells. Dynamic labeling and tracking of organelle–organelle contacts is essential to understand the formation and function of these interactions. Here the authors present a small molecule probe, Coupa, that labels mitochondria and lysosomes with blue and red fluorescence, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hongbao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xintian Shao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shanshan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaxun Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pan Xiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute/Translational Medicine Core Facility of Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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21
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Wu K, Li D, Xiu P, Ji B, Diao J. O-GlcNAcylation inhibits the oligomerization of alpha-synuclein by declining intermolecular hydrogen bonds through a steric effect. Phys Biol 2020; 18:016002. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abb6dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Syntaxin Clustering and Optogenetic Control for Synaptic Membrane Fusion. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4773-4782. [PMID: 32682743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion during synaptic transmission mediates the trafficking of chemical signals and neuronal communication. The fast kinetics of membrane fusion on the order of millisecond is precisely regulated by the assembly of SNAREs and accessory proteins. It is believed that the formation of the SNARE complex is a key step during membrane fusion. Little is known, however, about the molecular machinery that mediates the formation of a large pre-fusion complex, including multiple SNAREs and accessory proteins. Syntaxin, a transmembrane protein on the plasma membrane, has been observed to undergo oligomerization to form clusters. Whether this clustering plays a critical role in membrane fusion is poorly understood in live cells. Optogenetics is an emerging biotechnology armed with the capacity to precisely modulate protein-protein interaction in time and space. Here, we propose an experimental scheme that combines optogenetics with single-vesicle membrane fusion, aiming to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanism by which the syntaxin cluster regulates membrane fusion. We envision that newly developed optogenetic tools could facilitate the mechanistic understanding of synaptic transmission in live cells and animals.
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23
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Cai B, Liu J, Zhao Y, Xu X, Bu B, Li D, Zhang L, Dong W, Ji B, Diao J. Single-vesicle imaging quantifies calcium's regulation of nanoscale vesicle clustering mediated by α-synuclein. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:38. [PMID: 34567651 PMCID: PMC8433175 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have shown that the protein α-synuclein (α-Syn) plays a central role in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and other neurodegenerative diseases, the protein's physiological function remains poorly understood. Furthermore, despite recent reports suggesting that, under the influence of Ca2+, α-Syn can interact with synaptic vesicles, the mechanisms underlying that interaction are far from clear. Thus, we used single-vesicle imaging to quantify the extent to which Ca2+ regulates nanoscale vesicle clustering mediated by α-Syn. Our results revealed not only that vesicle clustering required α-Syn to bind to anionic lipid vesicles, but also that different concentrations of Ca2+ exerted different effects on how α-Syn induced vesicle clustering. In particular, low concentrations of Ca2+ inhibited vesicle clustering by blocking the electrostatic interaction between the lipid membrane and the N terminus of α-Syn, whereas high concentrations promoted vesicle clustering, possibly due to the electrostatic interaction between Ca2+ and the negatively charged lipids that is independent of α-Syn. Taken together, our results provide critical insights into α-Syn's physiological function, and how Ca2+ regulates vesicle clustering mediated by α-Syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yunfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Bing Bu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Dechang Li
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter (Ministry of Education), School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 China
| | - Baohua Ji
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
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24
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Qiu K, Du Y, Liu J, Guan JL, Chao H, Diao J. Super-resolution observation of lysosomal dynamics with fluorescent gold nanoparticles. Theranostics 2020; 10:6072-6081. [PMID: 32483439 PMCID: PMC7254985 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because lysosomes play critical roles in multiple cellular functions and are associated with many diseases, studying them at the subcellular level could elucidate their functionality and support the discovery of therapeutic drugs for treating those diseases. The commonly used dyes for super-resolution imaging of lysosomes are the commercial molecular LysoTrackers. But the tolerance to changes in the lysosomal microenvironment and to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and the photostability of the LysoTrackers are worrisome. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the feasibility of performing a fluorescent gold nanoprobe for super-resolution observation of lysosomal dynamics in living cells and compare it to the commercial LysoTrackers. Methods: The nanoprobe Cy5@Au NP contained three parts: a bio-inert gold core, a biocompatible polyethylene glycol spacer, and a fluorophore cyanine 5. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was employed to capture the fluorescence of Cy5@Au NPs in cells. The tolerance assays to changes in the lysosomal microenvironment and to LMP, the photobleaching assay, and the long-term lysosomes labelling assay of Cy5@Au NPs were compared with commercial LysoTrackers. The super-resolution observation of lysosomal dynamics with Cy5@Au NPs was performed. Results: Cy5@Au NPs can light up lysosomes specifically under SIM. Compared with commercial lysosomal molecular probes, Cy5@Au NPs exhibited stronger tolerance in lysosomes during various treatments, and changes in the lysosomal microenvironment and LMP did not cause Cy5@Au NPs to lose track of their targets. Cy5@Au NPs demonstrated an excellent anti-photobleaching ability, and a long-term labelling assay revealed that they could label lysosomes more than 3 d. Biological events of lysosomes such as the kiss-and-run process, fusion, fission, and mitophagy were recorded with the fluorescent Cy5@Au NPs under SIM. Conclusions: The nanoprobe Cy5@Au NP was successfully used as a lysosomal probe for the super-resolution observation in living cells and found to overcome the limitations of commercial LysoTrackers. Our results thus confirm that nanoparticles can be useful tools for subcellular super-resolution imaging and highlight new avenues for using nanoparticles in biology.
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25
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Du Y, Wang Y, Hu X, Liu J, Diao J. Single‐molecule quantification of 5‐methylcytosine and 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine in cancer genome. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Yongyao Wang
- Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA
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26
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Chen Q, Shao X, Hao M, Fang H, Guan R, Tian Z, Li M, Wang C, Ji L, Chao H, Guan JL, Diao J. Quantitative analysis of interactive behavior of mitochondria and lysosomes using structured illumination microscopy. Biomaterials 2020; 250:120059. [PMID: 32339858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution optical microscopy has extended the spatial resolution of cell biology from the cellular level to the nanoscale, enabling the observation of the interactive behavior of single mitochondria and lysosomes. Quantitative parametrization of interactions between mitochondria and lysosomes under super-resolution optical microscopy, however, is currently unavailable, which has severely limited our understanding of the molecular machinery underlying mitochondrial functionality. Here, we introduce an M-value to quantitatively investigate mitochondria and lysosome contact (MLC) and mitophagy under structured illumination microscopy. We found that the M-value for an MLC is typically less than 0.4, whereas in mitophagy it ranges from 0.5 to 1.0. This system permits further investigation of the detailed molecular mechanism governing the interactive behavior of mitochondria and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xintian Shao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Hongbao Fang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Ruilin Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Miaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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27
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Benhaim MA, Lee KK. New Biophysical Approaches Reveal the Dynamics and Mechanics of Type I Viral Fusion Machinery and Their Interplay with Membranes. Viruses 2020; 12:E413. [PMID: 32276357 PMCID: PMC7232462 DOI: 10.3390/v12040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-mediated membrane fusion is a highly regulated biological process essential for cellular and organismal functions and infection by enveloped viruses. During viral entry the membrane fusion reaction is catalyzed by specialized protein machinery on the viral surface. These viral fusion proteins undergo a series of dramatic structural changes during membrane fusion where they engage, remodel, and ultimately fuse with the host membrane. The structural and dynamic nature of these conformational changes and their impact on the membranes have long-eluded characterization. Recent advances in structural and biophysical methodologies have enabled researchers to directly observe viral fusion proteins as they carry out their functions during membrane fusion. Here we review the structure and function of type I viral fusion proteins and mechanisms of protein-mediated membrane fusion. We highlight how recent technological advances and new biophysical approaches are providing unprecedented new insight into the membrane fusion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Benhaim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Kelly K. Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
- Biological Physics Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
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28
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Fang H, Yao S, Chen Q, Liu C, Cai Y, Geng S, Bai Y, Tian Z, Zacharias AL, Takebe T, Chen Y, Guo Z, He W, Diao J. De Novo-Designed Near-Infrared Nanoaggregates for Super-Resolution Monitoring of Lysosomes in Cells, in Whole Organoids, and in Vivo. ACS NANO 2019; 13:14426-14436. [PMID: 31799834 PMCID: PMC7255917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the cleaners of cells, lysosomes play an important role in circulating organic matter within cells, recovering damaged organelles, and removing waste via endocytosis. Because lysosome dysfunction is associated with various diseases-lysosomal storage diseases, inherited diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and even shock-it is vital to monitor the movement of lysosomes in cells and in vivo. To that purpose, a method of optical imaging, super-resolution imaging technology (e.g., SIM and STORM), can overcome the limitations of traditional optical imaging and afford a range of possibilities for fluorescence imaging. However, the short wavelength excitation and easy photobleaching of super-resolution fluorescence probes somewhat problematize super-resolution imaging. As described herein, we designed a low-toxicity, photostable, near-infrared small molecule fluorescence probe HD-Br for use in the super-resolution imaging of lysosomes. The interaction of lysosomes and mitochondria was dynamically traced while using the probe's properties to label the lysosomes. Because the probe has the optimal near-infrared excitation and emission wavelengths, liver organoid 3D imaging and Caenorhabditis elegans imaging were also performed. Altogether, our findings indicate valuable approaches and techniques for super-resolution 3D and in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
| | - Shankun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
| | - Yuqi Cai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
| | - Shanshan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
| | - Amanda L. Zacharias
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA)
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 (Japan)
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 (P. R. China)
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 (USA)
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29
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Jia C, Ma X, Liu Z, Gu J, Zhang X, Li D, Zhang S. Different Heat Shock Proteins Bind α-Synuclein With Distinct Mechanisms and Synergistically Prevent Its Amyloid Aggregation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1124. [PMID: 31749672 PMCID: PMC6842937 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) forms pathological amyloid aggregates deposited in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are the major components of the cellular chaperone network, which are responsible for preventing proteins from amyloid aggregation. Different Hsps were reported to interact with α-syn. However, the underlying mechanism of the interplay between α-syn and different Hsps remains unclear. Here, by combing NMR spectroscopy, electron microscope and other biochemical approaches, we systemically investigated the interaction between α-syn and three Hsps from different families including Hsp27, HDJ1, and Hsp104. We found that all three Hsps can weakly bind to α-syn and inhibit it from amyloid aggregation. Intriguingly, different Hsps recognize distinct regions of α-syn monomer, and act synergistically in chaperoning α-syn from fibril formation in sub-stoichiometry. Our results revealed the diverse binding mechanisms employed by different Hsps to tackle α-syn, and suggested that different Hsps form a network for cooperatively chaperoning α-syn from pathological aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Jia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenying Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinge Gu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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30
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Fang L, Zhang Y, Zang Y, Chai R, Zhong G, Li Z, Duan Z, Ren J, Xu Z. HP-1 inhibits the progression of ccRCC and enhances sunitinib therapeutic effects by suppressing EMT. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115109. [PMID: 31427001 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trametes robiniophila Murr (Huaier) has been used for many years as an adjuvant treatment for tumors. Sunitinib is the first-line therapy for end-stage renal cancer, but its side effects and drug resistance limit its clinical application. Cell counting kit- 8 (CCK-8), colony formation, scratch, and Transwell assays showed that Huaier polysaccharide (HP-1) reduced tumor progression. Its combination with sunitinib elicited stronger antitumor effects, including induction of apoptosis and cycle arrest. HP-1-induced effects depended on CIP2A downregulation and suppression of the EMT process. Moreover, qPCR and western blotting experiments showed that CIP2A downregulation was particularly pronounced after treatment with the combination therapy and was associated with EMT suppression. In addition, the HP-1/sunitinib combination inhibited the PI3K/Akt/VEGFR pathway, reducing the expression of pathway-related proteins. The HP-1-induced enhancement of sunitinib effects on tumor growth were also observed in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. Overall, these results indicated that HP-1 exerted antitumor effects against clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yuanwei Zang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rong Chai
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxin Zhong
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zeyan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhichen Duan
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Juchao Ren
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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31
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Cai B, Yu L, Sharum SR, Zhang K, Diao J. Single-vesicle measurement of protein-induced membrane tethering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:267-273. [PMID: 30769228 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Functions of the proteins involved in membrane tethering, a crucial step in membrane trafficking, remain elusive due to the lack of effective tools to investigate protein-lipid interaction. To address this challenge, we introduce a method to study protein-induced membrane tethering via in vitro reconstitution of lipid vesicles, including detailed steps from the preparation of the PEGylated slides to the imaging of single vesicles. Furthermore, we demonstrate the measurement of protein-vesicle interaction in tethered vesicle pairs using two representative proteins, the cytoplasmic domain of synaptotagmin-1 (C2AB) and α-synuclein. Results from Förster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) reveal that membrane tethering is distinguished from membrane fusion. Single-vesicle measurement also allows for assessment of dose-dependent effects of proteins and ions on membrane tethering. We envision that the continuous development of advanced techniques in the single-vesicle measurement will enable the investigation of complex protein-membrane interactions in live cells or tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Research Center for Nano-Biomaterial, Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Luning Yu
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Savanna R Sharum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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32
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Li X, Tong X, Lu W, Yu D, Diao J, Zhao Q. Label-free detection of early oligomerization of α-synuclein and its mutants A30P/E46K through solid-state nanopores. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6480-6488. [PMID: 30892349 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00023b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A30P and E46K are two mutants of α-synuclein (α-Syn) associated with familial early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyloid fibrils of α-Syn are the hallmarks of this disease. Detecting the heterogeneous system in the oligomerization stage of α-Syn is crucial for understanding the fibril formation and in vivo toxicity of α-Syn oligomers. Over the last two decades, solid-state nanopore technology has been developed into a reliable and versatile method in single-molecule studies. In this work, we study the time-dependent kinetics of early oligomerization of wild-type α-Syn, A30P, and E46K mutants through silicon nitride solid-state nanopores. By testing A30P, E46K, and wild-type α-Syn samples with different incubation times-from 3 to 15 days-we identify three typical types of oligomers formed in the oligomerization stage and confirm that A30P and E46K mutants aggregate faster than wild-type α-Syn. The results imply that the distinct aggregation pathways and kinetics featured by wild-type α-Syn and mutations may account for their distinct cytotoxicity and pathology in PD-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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33
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Wu J, Shao H, Zhang J, Ying Y, Cheng Y, Zhao D, Dou X, Lv H, Li S, Liu F, Ling P. Mussel polysaccharide α-D-glucan (MP-A) protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via maintaining the homeostasis of gut microbiota and regulating related gut-liver axis signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:68-78. [PMID: 30797009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We isolated and characterized a Mussel polysaccharide, α-D-glucan (MP-A), from Mytilus coruscus earlier. In this work, the pharmacological activity and mechanisms of MP-A as an oral supplement for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were explored. High fat diet (HFD) was utilized to induce NAFLD in Sprague Dawley male rats and MP-A (0.6 g/kg) was supplemented for 4 weeks. The results showed that MP-A supplementation reduced blood lipid levels, intrahepatic lipid accumulation and NAFLD activity score in HFD-fed rats. Additionally, the analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing on gut microbiota samples revealed that HFD could induce microbial dysbiosis. However, MP-A supplementation could remodel gut microbiota structure, inhibit LPS-TLR4-NF-κB pathway activation, and restrain subsequent inflammation factors secretion. Furthermore, MP-A regulated the lipid metabolism by promoting the production of short chain fatty acids and suppressing PPAR γ and SREBP-1c expression. Our results support that MP-A can prevent against NAFLD and act as an oral supplementation for hepatoprotection via modulating gut microbiota and related gut-liver axis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixu Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Huarong Shao
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yong Ying
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yanling Cheng
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xixi Dou
- Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Company, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Huimin Lv
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Shuaiguang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Peixue Ling
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide Drugs, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Company, Jinan 250101, China.
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Huang M, Wang B, Li X, Fu C, Wang C, Kang X. α-Synuclein: A Multifunctional Player in Exocytosis, Endocytosis, and Vesicle Recycling. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:28. [PMID: 30745863 PMCID: PMC6360911 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a presynaptic enriched protein involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. However, the physiological roles of α-Syn remain poorly understood. Recent studies have indicated a critical role of α-Syn in the sensing and generation of membrane curvature during vesicular exocytosis and endocytosis. It has been known to modulate the assembly of SNARE complex during exocytosis including vesicle docking, priming and fusion steps. Growing evidence suggests that α-Syn also plays critical roles in the endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. It also modulates the availability of releasable vesicles by promoting synaptic vesicles clustering. Here, we provide an overview of recent progresses in understanding the function of α-Syn in the regulation of exocytosis, endocytosis, and vesicle recycling under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bianbian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chongluo Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinjiang Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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