The evolution of social timing

Marmosets mutually compensate for differences in rhythms when coordinating vigilance

Synchronization is widespread in animals, and studies have often emphasized how this seemingly complex phenomenon can emerge from very simple rules. However, the amount of flexibility and control that animals might have over synchronization properties, such as the strength of coupling, remains underexplored. Here, we studied how pairs of marmoset monkeys coordinated vigilance while feeding. By modeling them as coupled oscillators, we noted that (1) individual marmosets do not show perfect periodicity in vigilance behaviors, (2) nevertheless, marmoset pairs started to take turns being vigilant over time, a case of anti-phase synchrony, (3) marmosets could couple flexibly; the coupling strength varied with every new joint feeding bout, and (4) marmosets could control the coupling strength; dyads showed increased coupling if they began in a more desynchronized state. Such flexibility and control over synchronization require more than simple interaction rules. Minimally, animals must estimate the current degree of asynchrony and adjust their behavior accordingly. Moreover, the fact that each marmoset is inherently non-periodic adds to the cognitive demand. Overall, our study provides a mathematical framework to investigate the cognitive demands involved in coordinating behaviors in animals, regardless of whether individual behaviors are rhythmic or not.

Grounding social timing: A commentary on "The evolution of social timing" by Verga et al. (2023)

We are excited about Verga et al.'s [22] exhortation to look beyond humans to understand the purpose, scope, and evolution of social timing. We argue that the field should expand even further. We first point out the enabling role of the spatial environment, which constrains social interaction and in which social interaction is embedded. Second, we argue that a full appreciation of the emergence of social timing must include a focus on physical prerequisites of interactive systems, exemplified by studies of dissipative structures more broadly. By situating interacting systems-whether biological or not-within their shared dynamic environment, we can more clearly and more fully understand social timing.