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Rodrigues MB, de Paula Matos J, Oliveira Santana M, Martins APB, Claro RM, Horta PM. Exposure and power of TV food advertising during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a content analysis. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:618. [PMID: 38408942 PMCID: PMC10898037 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions imposed to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the Brazilian population has increased the time spent at home and watching television (TV). Since food advertising exposure is a key driver of food choices, this study described the content of food advertisements (ads) on Brazilian TV during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This is an exploratory study. A total of 684 h of TV programming comprised of three free-to-air channels and two pay-per-view channels was recorded from 06 a.m. to 12 a.m. for eight non-consecutive days in June 2020. A content analysis of all the food-related ads was carried out. The data collection process followed INFORMAS Protocol for TV food advertising monitoring. RESULTS The sample was composed of 7,083 ads, 752 (10.6%) of which were food-related and 487 (6.9%) were promoting ultra-processed foods. The content analysis indicated seven thematic categories, all of them with reference to the COVID-19 pandemic: brand and product differentials (79.8%); visual and sound effects (70.2%); thematic campaigns (56.0%); digitization (22.9%); convenience (16.5%); economic benefits (11.9%); and commensality and social interaction (6.1%). Ads content varied according to the day of the week, the time of the day, the length of the ad, and the channel type. CONCLUSIONS The thematic of food advertising on Brazilian TV during the COVID-19 pandemic is aligned with the country's health crisis context and varied during the programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Paula Matos
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Oliveira Santana
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, 01246-904, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, 01246-904, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moreira Claro
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, 01246-904, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Martins Horta
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Rodrigues MB, Ferreira VP, Claro RM, Martins APB, Avila S, Horta PM. Revolutionising food advertising monitoring: a machine learning-based method for automated classification of food videos. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2717-2727. [PMID: 37946378 PMCID: PMC10755396 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023002446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food advertising is an important determinant of unhealthy eating. However, analysing a large number of advertisements (ads) to distinguish between food and non-food content is a challenging task. This study aims to develop a machine learning-based method to automatically identify and classify food and non-food ad videos. DESIGN Methodological study to develop an algorithm model that prioritises both accuracy and efficiency in monitoring and classifying advertising videos. SETTING From a collection of Brazilian television (TV) ads data, we created a database and split it into three sub-databases (i.e. training, validation and test) by extracting frames from ads. Subsequently, the training database was classified using the EfficientNet neural network. The best models and data-balancing strategies were investigated using the validation database. Finally, the test database was used to apply the best model and strategy, and results were verified with field experts. PARTICIPANTS The study used 2124 recorded Brazilian TV programming hours from 2018 to 2020. It included 703 food ads and over 20 000 non-food ads, following the protocol developed by the INFORMAS network for monitoring food marketing on TV. RESULTS The results showed that the EfficientNet neural network associated with the balanced batches strategy achieved an overall accuracy of 90·5 % on the test database, which represents a reduction of 99·9 % of the time spent on identifying and classifying ads. CONCLUSIONS The method studied represents a promising approach for differentiating food and non-food-related video within monitoring food marketing, which has significant practical implications for researchers, public health policymakers, and regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100. Escola de Enfermagem, 3º andar, sala 312, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Moreira Claro
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100. Escola de Enfermagem, 3º andar, sala 312, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Sandra Avila
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Martins Horta
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100. Escola de Enfermagem, 3º andar, sala 312, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Osaili TM, Al-Nabulsi AA, Taybeh AO, Cheikh Ismail L, Saleh ST. Healthy food and determinants of food choice on online food delivery applications. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293004. [PMID: 37856479 PMCID: PMC10586623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Online food delivery applications (OFD apps) provide consumers with a wide range of options to choose from. The present study aimed to assess the usage of OFD apps and investigate the factors that affect food choices with a special emphasis on healthy food choices and hygiene. A cross-sectional study among food delivery application users in Jordan was conducted using an online questionnaire between March and May 2022. A total of 675 eligible subjects participated in the study. Consumers' demographic characteristics, data on consumers' use of OFD apps, consumers' perceptions of healthy food availability in OFD apps, and consumers' attitudes toward food safety and delivery hygiene were collected and analyzed. About 64% of the studied sample used OFD apps weekly. Fast food was the most popular option for ordering (87.1%) and lunchtime was the most preferred time to order food (67.3%) for most of the respondents. Respondents' perceptions of a "healthy meal" was associated with the presence of a variety of vegetables in the meal. Food price, food appearance, time of delivery, macronutrient content information, the availability of healthy options, and considering vegetables as part of a healthy meal were determinants of consumer food choice (p<0.05). The findings suggest that the online food environment in Jordan was perceived to be unhealthy. Nevertheless, the convenient nature and the popularity of OFD apps hold great potential to promote healthy eating among consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq M. Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas A. Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Asma’ O. Taybeh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheima T. Saleh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Matos JDP, Tobias PB, Baldim L, Horta PM. Food advertising on YouTube channels aimed at children in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2023; 57:50. [PMID: 37585949 PMCID: PMC10392772 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057004174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze food advertising on YouTube channels aimed at children in Brazil and the interaction of the public with this type of advertising. METHODS We analyzed the 10 most popular videos from the 25 YouTube most-watched channels with content aimed at children in the country in 2018. The presence of general advertising, food brands and food services was identified. When there was advertising in the videos, the foods and their respective brands were described, the first being classified according to the NOVA system. In cases of advertising of a specific food brand without its product having been displayed or mentioned, the classification was carried out according to the predominance of that company products. The number of visualizations and interactions ("likes" and "dislikes") was also collected. RESULTS General advertising was identified in 45.6% of videos, while food and food service advertising was present in 12.9% and 1.6% of videos, respectively. Food advertisements were mostly represented by ultra-processed products (n = 30; 93.8%). In channels led by Kid YouTubers, there was a higher frequency of general advertising, food and food services in the videos. In these channels, the advertisements of food in general and ultra-processed foods were respectively 2.79 and 2.53 times higher than in videos of channels not led by Kid YouTubers. The number of times videos were tagged "liked" was higher in videos with food advertising (1.67 × 105) compared to videos without food advertising (1.02 × 105), p = 0.0272. CONCLUSION YouTube is a potential medium for children's exposure and interaction with ultra-processed food advertising. The results of this analysis reinforce the importance of enforcing regulations prohibiting children's advertising on this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Paula Matos
- Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisSchool of MedicineGraduate Program in Health SciencesBelo HorizonteMGBrazilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. School of Medicine. Graduate Program in Health Sciences. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Polyanna Botrel Tobias
- Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisSchool of NursingDepartment of NutritionBelo HorizonteMGBrazilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. School of Nursing. Department of Nutrition. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lavínia Baldim
- Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisSchool of NursingDepartment of NutritionBelo HorizonteMGBrazilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. School of Nursing. Department of Nutrition. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paula Martins Horta
- Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisSchool of MedicineGraduate Program in Health SciencesBelo HorizonteMGBrazilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. School of Medicine. Graduate Program in Health Sciences. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisSchool of NursingDepartment of NutritionBelo HorizonteMGBrazilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. School of Nursing. Department of Nutrition. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Matos JDP, Gondo M, Mota LSE, Horta PM. Food advertising aimed at children and adolescents in Brazil: a longitudinal analysis of denouncements in CONAR. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2023; 28:1959-1970. [PMID: 37436310 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023287.14752022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidences show that self-regulation models fail to protect children and adolescents from commercial exploitation. In Brazil, the "Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária - CONAR" is the entity that proposes guidelines for the products advertising and services to regulated sector. The aim is to analyze the denouncements of food advertising aimed at children and adolescents sent to CONAR between 2010 and 2020. The denouncements were described regarding the type of product and service, authorship (consumers/companies or CONAR), and CONAR decision (archiving/penalties). Descriptive and association analyzes were performed. Ninety-eight denouncements were identified, 74.8% of ultra-processed foods. There was an oscillation in the submission of denouncements over the years, with a general decline trend. Consumers were more frequent among the denouncements (58.6%) and 53.3% of total were penalty. Denouncements sent by CONAR or companies were more frequently penalized than those sent by consumers. There was a predominance of denouncements of advertisements for ultra-processed foods and low application of penalties. There was a lack of isonomy in CONAR decision pattern on advertisements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Paula Matos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena 190, 3º andar, sala 312. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil.
| | - Mariana Gondo
- Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor. São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - Ludmylla Souza Elias Mota
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena 190, 3º andar, sala 312. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil.
| | - Paula Martins Horta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena 190, 3º andar, sala 312. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil.
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Morales-Juárez A, Monterrubio E, Cosenza-Quintana EL, Zamora I, Jensen ML, Vandevijvere S, Ramírez-Zea M, Kroker-Lobos MF. Unhealthy food advertising on Costa Rican and Guatemalan television: a comparative study. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:7162645. [PMID: 37184579 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to exhaustively explore the characteristics of food advertising on TV in Guatemala and Costa Rica. The International Network for Food and Obesity Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) methodology was applied. In 2016, we recorded 1440 h of video among 10 TV channels. We used the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Nutrient Profile (NP) Model to identify 'critical nutrients', whose excessive consumption is associated with NCDs. We created a nutritional quality score (0 if the product did not exceed any critical nutrient, 1 if the product exceeded one and 2 if it exceeded ≥2). We classified food ads as permitted (score = 0) and not-permitted (score 1 or 2) for marketing. Persuasive marketing techniques were classified as promotional characters (e.g. Batman), premium offers (e.g. toys), brand benefit claims (e.g. tasty) and health-related claims (e.g. nutritious). In Guatemala, foods that exceeded one critical nutrient were more likely to use persuasive marketing techniques, and in Costa Rica were those with an excess of ≥2 critical nutrients, compared with foods without any excess in critical nutrients [Guatemala: promotional characters (odds ratio, OR = 16.6, 95% confidence interval, CI: 5.8, 47.3), premium offers (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.4, 8.2) and health-related claims (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.2, 5.7); Costa Rica: health-related claims (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 2.0, 8.5)]. In conclusion, Guatemalan and Costa Rican children are exposed to an overabundance of not-permitted food ads on TV. This justifies implementing national policies to reduce exposure to not-permitted food for marketing, including on TV and other media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analí Morales-Juárez
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Eric Monterrubio
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Emma Lucia Cosenza-Quintana
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Irina Zamora
- School of Public Health, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Melissa L Jensen
- School of Nutrition, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stefanie Vandevijvere
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Manuel Ramírez-Zea
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Maria Fernanda Kroker-Lobos
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Harnessing the connectivity of climate change, food systems and diets: Taking action to improve human and planetary health ☆. ANTHROPOCENE 2023; 42:100381. [PMCID: PMC10084708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancene.2023.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
With climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, and ongoing conflicts, food systems and the diets they produce are facing increasing fragility. In a turbulent, hot world, threatened resiliency and sustainability of food systems could make it all the more complicated to nourish a population of 9.7 billion by 2050. Climate change is having adverse impacts across food systems with more frequent and intense extreme events that will challenge food production, storage, and transport, potentially imperiling the global population’s ability to access and afford healthy diets. Inadequate diets will contribute further to detrimental human and planetary health impacts. At the same time, the way food is grown, processed, packaged, and transported is having adverse impacts on the environment and finite natural resources further accelerating climate change, tropical deforestation, and biodiversity loss. This state-of-the-science iterative review covers three areas. The paper's first section presents how climate change is connected to food systems and how dietary trends and foods consumed worldwide impact human health, climate change, and environmental degradation. The second area articulates how food systems affect global dietary trends and the macro forces shaping food systems and diets. The last section highlights how specific food policies and actions related to dietary transitions can contribute to climate adaptation and mitigation responses and, at the same time, improve human and planetary health. While there is significant urgency in acting, it is also critical to move beyond the political inertia and bridge the separatism of food systems and climate change agendas that currently exists among governments and private sector actors. The window is closing and closing fast.
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Unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children on digital platforms in Aotearoa, New Zealand. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2407. [PMID: 36550491 PMCID: PMC9773428 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's exposure to unhealthy food and beverage marketing has a direct impact on their dietary preference for, and consumption of, unhealthy food and drinks. Most children spend time online, yet marketing restrictions for this medium have had slow uptake globally. A voluntary Children's and Young People's Advertising (CYPA) Code was implemented in Aotearoa, New Zealand (NZ) in 2017. This study explores the Code's limitations in protecting children from harmful food and beverage marketing practices on digital platforms accessible to children. METHODS A cross-sectional content analysis of company websites (n = 64), Facebook pages (n = 32), and YouTube channels (n = 15) of the most popular food and beverage brands was conducted between 2019 and 2021 in NZ. Brands were selected based on market share, web traffic analysis and consumer engagement (Facebook page 'Likes' and YouTube page views). Analysis focused on volume and type of food posts/videos, level of consumer interaction, nutritional quality of foods pictured (based on two different nutrient profile models), and use of specific persuasive marketing techniques. RESULTS Eighty-one percent of websites (n = 52) featured marketing of unhealthy food and beverages. Thirty-five percent of websites featuring unhealthy food and beverages used promotional strategies positioning their products as 'for kids'; a further 13% used 'family-oriented' messaging. Several websites featuring unhealthy products also had designated sections for children, 'advergaming,' or direct messaging to children. Eighty-five percent of all food and drink company Facebook posts and YouTube videos were classified as unhealthy. Twenty-eight percent of Facebook posts for unhealthy products featured persuasive promotional strategies, and 39% premium offers. Nearly 30% of YouTube videos for unhealthy food and beverages featured promotional strategies, and 13% premium offers. Ten percent of Facebook posts and 13% of YouTube videos of unhealthy food and beverages used marketing techniques specifically targeting children and young people. CONCLUSIONS The voluntary CYPA Code has been in effect since 2017, but the inherent limitations and loopholes in the Code mean companies continue to market unhealthy food and beverages in ways that appeal to children even if they have committed to the Code. Comprehensive and mandatory regulation would help protect children from exposure to harmful marketing.
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da Silva JM, Matos JDP, Rodrigues MB, Mais LA, Claro RM, Horta PM. Advertising patterns of a fast-food chain on social media in Brazil. Public Health Nutr 2021; 25:1-8. [PMID: 34937603 PMCID: PMC9991549 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021004973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the advertising patterns on the posts of a fast-food chain in Brazil on three social media platforms in 2019. DESIGN An exploratory cross-sectional study. SETTING Advertising strategies on the posts of a major fast-food chain on their official Facebook, Instagram and YouTube accounts. The strategies were investigated according to the INFORMAS protocol for food promotion monitoring. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify advertising patterns in each platform. PARTICIPANTS 305 advertisements. RESULTS Four advertising patterns were identified in the PCA of Facebook and Instagram. In both platforms, the components for kids and product exaltation were similar. On Facebook, a pattern corresponding to economic appeal was identified as price and discount, while on Instagram, this pattern also included a practical approach. On Facebook, the fourth component was named celebrity, while on Instagram it was celebrity/innovation since on this second social media the component also included the 'new brand development' variable. On YouTube, three advertising patterns were identified in PCA. Similar to the other platforms, the first and the second patterns were called for kids and price and discount, and the third component referred to both celebrity and commemorative dates. CONCLUSIONS The advertising patterns of the fast-food chain on three social media platforms were commonly directed to children and addressed price, discounts and the celebrities' universe. The findings of this study corroborate other data in the literature regarding unhealthy food advertising on social media. This study discusses the urgency of regulating food advertising content on this medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Moreira da Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Paula Matos
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Brazil
| | - Michele Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Brazil
| | - Laís Amaral Mais
- Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor (IDEC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moreira Claro
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Brazil
| | - Paula Martins Horta
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Brazil
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