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Pimenta DC, Cardenas-Rojas A, Camargo L, Lima D, Kelso J, Navarro-Flores A, Pacheco-Barrios K, Fregni F. Exercise effects on cortical excitability in pain populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 29:e2102. [PMID: 38861661 DOI: 10.1002/pri.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) studies examining exercise-induced neuroplasticity in pain populations have produced contradictory findings. We conducted a systematic review to explore how exercise impacts cortical excitability in pain populations using TMS metrics. This review aims to summarize the effect sizes and to understand their sources of heterogeneity. METHODS We searched multiple databases from inception to December 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with any type of pain population, including acute and chronic pain; exercise interventions were compared to sham exercise or other active interventions. The primary outcomes were TMS metrics, and pain intensity was the secondary outcome. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Cochrane tool. RESULTS This review included five RCTs (n = 155). The main diagnoses were fibromyalgia and cervical dystonia. The interventions included submaximal contractions, aerobic exercise, physical therapy, and exercise combined with transcranial direct current stimulation. Three studies are considered to have a high risk of bias. All five studies showed significant pain improvement with exercise. The neurophysiological data revealed improvements in cortical excitability measured by motor-evoked potentials; standardized mean difference = 2.06, 95% confidence interval 1.35-2.78, I2 = 19%) but no significant differences in resting motor threshold. The data on intracortical inhibition/facilitation (ICI/ICF) was not systematically analyzed, but one study (n = 45) reported higher ICI and lower ICF after exercise. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that exercise interventions positively affect pain relief by modifying corticospinal excitability, but their effects on ICI/ICF are still unclear. While the results are inconclusive, they provide a basis for further exploration in this area of research; future studies should focus on establishing standardized TMS measurements and exercise protocols to ensure consistent and reliable findings. A large-scale RCT that examines various exercise interventions and their effects on cortical excitability could offer valuable insights to optimize its application in promoting neuroplasticity in pain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Carolina Pimenta
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alejandra Cardenas-Rojas
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucas Camargo
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Lima
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Kelso
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alba Navarro-Flores
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin Pacheco-Barrios
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Giustiniani A, Quartarone A. Defining the concept of reserve in the motor domain: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1403065. [PMID: 38745935 PMCID: PMC11091373 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1403065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A reserve in the motor domain may underlie the capacity exhibited by some patients to maintain motor functionality in the face of a certain level of disease. This form of "motor reserve" (MR) could include cortical, cerebellar, and muscular processes. However, a systematic definition has not been provided yet. Clarifying this concept in healthy individuals and patients would be crucial for implementing prevention strategies and rehabilitation protocols. Due to its wide application in the assessment of motor system functioning, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) may support such definition. Here, studies focusing on reserve in the motor domain and studies using NIBS were revised. Current literature highlights the ability of the motor system to create a reserve and a possible role for NIBS. MR could include several mechanisms occurring in the brain, cerebellum, and muscles, and NIBS may support the understanding of such mechanisms.
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3
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Vatrano M, Nemirovsky IE, Tonin P, Riganello F. Assessing Consciousness through Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation: Possibilities and Challenges. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1675. [PMID: 37629532 PMCID: PMC10455583 DOI: 10.3390/life13081675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that has gained traction in recent years, showing promising results for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It involves real-time monitoring of brain activity, allowing individuals to gain control over their own brainwaves and improve cognitive performance or alleviate symptoms. The use of electroencephalography (EEG), such as brain-computer interface (BCI), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has been instrumental in developing neurofeedback techniques. However, the application of these tools in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) presents unique challenges. In this narrative review, we explore the use of neurofeedback in treating patients with DoC. More specifically, we discuss the advantages and challenges of using tools such as EEG neurofeedback, tDCS, TMS, and BCI for these conditions. Ultimately, we hope to provide the neuroscientific community with a comprehensive overview of neurofeedback and emphasize its potential therapeutic applications in severe cases of impaired consciousness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vatrano
- S. Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, Via Siris, 11, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
| | - Idan Efim Nemirovsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Paolo Tonin
- S. Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, Via Siris, 11, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
| | - Francesco Riganello
- S. Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, Via Siris, 11, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
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4
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He Y, Li Z, Cao L, Han M, Tu J, Deng H, Huang Z, Geng X, Wu J. Effects of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation on network topological attributes in young individuals with high-level perceived stress: A randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115297. [PMID: 37320991 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with high-level perceived stress are at higher risk of developing a psychiatric disorder. While repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is effective for improving emotional symptoms, there is little evidence of its effect on perceived stress. This randomized sham-controlled trial investigated the effect of rTMS on ameliorating high-level stress and explored the associated changes in brain network activity. Fifty participants with high-level perceived stress were randomly assigned to either the active or sham rTMS group and received 12 active/sham rTMS sessions over four weeks (three per week). Perceived stress score (PSS), Chinese affective scale (CAS) normal and now statuses, and functional network topology were measured. Our results showed greater improvements in PSS and CAS_Normal scores, and reduced path length in the default mode network after active rTMS. Functional activations of the angular gyrus, posterior insula, and prefrontal cortex were also modulated in the active group. There were significant associations between posterior insula efficiency and PSS scores, and between angular efficiency and CAS_Now scores in the active group. These cumulative findings suggest rTMS as a promising intervention for recovery from high-level perceived stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youze He
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; The Academy of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhaoying Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Cao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Han
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingnan Tu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haiying Deng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenming Huang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Geng
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, China; Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jingsong Wu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; The Academy of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
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5
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Mo L, Nie Y, Wan G, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Wu J, Wang H, Li Q, Liu A. Application of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electroencephalography in the Evaluation of Brain Function Changes after Stroke. Int J Clin Pract 2023; 2023:3051175. [PMID: 37265838 PMCID: PMC10232191 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3051175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Based on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography technology, this study analyzed the rehabilitation mechanism of patients' motor function reconstruction and nerve remodeling after stroke. It revealed the function of the cerebral cortex network at a deeper level and established a set of prognostic marker evaluation indicators for the reconstruction of motor function after stroke. Methods Twenty-one patients treated at the Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital of Capital Medical University because of ischemic stroke in the territory supplied by the middle cerebral artery were selected as the experimental group. Neurophysiological evaluation, motor function evaluation, and clinical evaluation were performed 30 and 180 d after the onset of ischemic stroke. In the control group, neurophysiological evaluation was also performed as a reference index to evaluate the changes in cortical patterns after stroke. Results The brain topographic map showed the changes in energy or power spectral density (PSD) at 1,000 ms after stimulation as compared with before stimulation, but no difference was detected in these patients. The time-frequency analysis showed that when the left primary motor cortex (M1) area was stimulated using TMS, the PSD values of the left and right M1 and posterior occipital cortex areas produced an 8-40 Hz wave band in patients S1-S11. There was no significant energy change in patients S12-S16. Conclusions For patients with different injury types, degrees of injury, and different onset periods, individualized intervention methods should be adopted. The evaluation methods should be as diverse as possible, and the rehabilitation effects of patients should be assessed from multiple perspectives to avoid the limitations of single factors. Possible mechanism: After brain injury, the nervous system can change its structure and function through different ways and maintain it for a certain period of time. This plasticity change will change with the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Mo
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yiqiu Nie
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Guiling Wan
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yingbin Zhang
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wu
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Huiqi Wang
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Qing Li
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Aixian Liu
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
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6
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Banduni O, Saini M, Singh N, Nath D, Kumaran SS, Kumar N, Srivastava MVP, Mehndiratta A. Post-Stroke Rehabilitation of Distal Upper Limb with New Perspective Technologies: Virtual Reality and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-A Mini Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082944. [PMID: 37109280 PMCID: PMC10142518 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper extremity motor impairment is the most common sequelae in patients with stroke. Moreover, its continual nature limits the optimal functioning of patients in the activities of daily living. Because of the intrinsic limitations in the conventional form of rehabilitation, the rehabilitation applications have been expanded to technology-driven solutions, such as Virtual Reality and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). The motor relearning processes are influenced by variables, such as task specificity, motivation, and feedback provision, and a VR environment in the form of interactive games could provide novel and motivating customized training solutions for better post-stroke upper limb motor improvement. rTMS being a precise non-invasive brain stimulation method with good control of stimulation parameters, has the potential to facilitate neuroplasticity and hence a good recovery. Although several studies have discussed these forms of approaches and their underlying mechanisms, only a few of them have specifically summarized the synergistic applications of these paradigms. To bridge the gaps, this mini review presents recent research and focuses precisely on the applications of VR and rTMS in distal upper limb rehabilitation. It is anticipated that this article will provide a better representation of the role of VR and rTMS in distal joint upper limb rehabilitation in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onika Banduni
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Megha Saini
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Debasish Nath
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016, India
| | - S Senthil Kumaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Resonance, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Nand Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - M V Padma Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Amit Mehndiratta
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
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7
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Synaptic plasticity and mental health: methods, challenges and opportunities. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:113-120. [PMID: 35810199 PMCID: PMC9700665 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is a ubiquitous property of the nervous system that allows neurons to communicate and change their connections as a function of past experiences. Through reweighting of synaptic strengths, the nervous system can remodel itself, giving rise to durable memories that create the biological basis for mental function. In healthy individuals, synaptic plasticity undergoes characteristic developmental and aging trajectories. Dysfunctional plasticity, in turn, underlies a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, addiction, and posttraumatic stress disorder. From a mechanistic standpoint, synaptic plasticity spans the gamut of spatial and temporal scales, from microseconds to the lifespan, from microns to the entire nervous system. With the numbers and strengths of synapses changing on such wide scales, there is an important need to develop measurement techniques with complimentary sensitivities and a growing number of approaches are now being harnessed for this purpose. Through hemodynamic measures, structural and tracer imaging, and noninvasive neuromodulation, it is possible to image structural and functional changes that underlie synaptic plasticity and associated behavioral learning. Here we review the mechanisms of neural plasticity and the historical and future trends in techniques that allow imaging of synaptic changes that accompany psychiatric disorders, highlighting emerging therapeutics and the challenges and opportunities accompanying this burgeoning area of study.
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8
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Provencher J, Beaulieu-Guay ÉM, Loranger SD, Schneider C. Repetitive Peripheral Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Ankle Function and Gait in Cerebral Palsy at Adulthood: An open-label Case Study. Brain Res 2022; 1792:147999. [PMID: 35780866 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) is noninvasive and painless. It drives plasticity of the primary motor cortex (M1) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and this improves the ankle function and gait. Our study explored whether rPMS of muscles could influence motricity in an adult CP case. A 30-year-old woman with mixed CP participated in four sessions (S1 to S4, one per week) where rPMS was applied bilaterally on leg and trunk muscles (tibialis anterior-TA, hamstrings, transverse abdominis, paraspinal multifidus). Clinical scores and M1 excitability (probed by transcranial magnetic stimulation) were tested at pre-rPMS at S1 (baseline) and S4, then 40 days later (follow-up). The active ankle dorsiflexion was significantly increased and the plantar flexors resistance to stretch reduced as compared to baseline. The improvement of the ankle function was carried-over to the quality of locomotor patterns. Changes persisted until follow-up and were paralleled by drastic changes of M1 excitability. These original findings of rPMS influence on M1 plasticity and motricity are promising for the functional improvement of adult people living with CP and should be replicated in larger-sampled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie Provencher
- Laboratory of noninvasive neurostimulation, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Neuroscience division, Department of rehabilitation - Faculty of medicine, Québec City, Canada.
| | - Éva Marion Beaulieu-Guay
- Laboratory of noninvasive neurostimulation, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Neuroscience division, Department of rehabilitation - Faculty of medicine, Québec City, Canada.
| | - Sophy Desbiens Loranger
- Laboratory of noninvasive neurostimulation, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Neuroscience division, Department of rehabilitation - Faculty of medicine, Québec City, Canada.
| | - Cyril Schneider
- Laboratory of noninvasive neurostimulation, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Neuroscience division, Department of rehabilitation - Faculty of medicine, Québec City, Canada.
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9
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Woldeamanuel GG, Frazer AK, Lee A, Avela J, Tallent J, Ahtiainen JP, Pearce AJ, Kidgell DJ. Determining the Corticospinal Responses and Cross-Transfer of Ballistic Motor Performance in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Mot Behav 2022; 54:763-786. [PMID: 35437124 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ballistic motor training induces plasticity changes and imparts a cross-transfer effect. However, whether there are age-related differences in these changes remain unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to determine the corticospinal responses and cross-transfer of motor performance following ballistic motor training in young and older adults. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. A best evidence synthesis was performed for variables that had insufficient data for meta-analysis. There was strong evidence to suggest that young participants exhibited greater cross-transfer of ballistic motor performance than their older counterparts. This meta-analysis showed no significant age-related differences in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and surface electromyography (sEMG) for both hands following ballistic motor training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gashaw Garedew Woldeamanuel
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annemarie Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janne Avela
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alan J Pearce
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Bashir S, Uzair M, Abualait T, Arshad M, Khallaf RA, Niaz A, Thani Z, Yoo WK, Túnez I, Demirtas-Tatlidede A, Meo SA. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on neurobiological changes in Alzheimer's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:109. [PMID: 35119081 PMCID: PMC8845030 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and brain neuronal loss. A pioneering field of research in AD is brain stimulation via electromagnetic fields (EMFs), which may produce clinical benefits. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), have been developed to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. The purpose of the present review is to identify neurobiological changes, including inflammatory, neurodegenerative, apoptotic, neuroprotective and genetic changes, which are associated with repetitive TMS (rTMS) treatment in patients with AD. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate the effect of TMS treatment in patients with AD and to identify the associated mechanisms. The present review highlights the changes in inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms, mitochondrial enzymatic activities, and modulation of gene expression (microRNA expression profiles) associated with rTMS or sham procedures. At the molecular level, it has been suggested that EMFs generated by TMS may affect the cell redox status and amyloidogenic processes. TMS may also modulate gene expression by acting on both transcriptional and post‑transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. TMS may increase brain cortical excitability, induce specific potentiation phenomena, and promote synaptic plasticity and recovery of impaired functions; thus, it may re‑establish cognitive performance in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Eastern Province 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Turki Abualait
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Roaa A. Khallaf
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Eastern Province 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Niaz
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Eastern Province 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Thani
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Eastern Province 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing/ Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain
- Cooperative Research Thematic Excellent Network on Brain Stimulation (REDESTIM), Ministry for Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sultan Ayoub Meo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Godi SM, Spoorthy MS, Purushotham A, Tikka SK. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and its role in suicidality - A systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 63:102755. [PMID: 34284199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a brain stimulation modality is approved for the treatment of resistant depression and its efficacy in depression is also well supported in several studies. However, its effect on suicidality is still unclear, unlike electroconvulsive therapy. METHODOLOGY This paper provides a systematic review of the literature published till June 2021. Studies that used rTMS as either monotherapy or adjunctive treatment in patients with suicidality, irrespective of their diagnosis, were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was followed. A total of 20 studies (N = 1584) were included for the qualitative synthesis. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for Randomised control trials (RCT) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale tool for Non-Randomised studies (NRS). RESULTS Of the 20 articles selected for qualitative synthesis, 11 were RCTs and 9 were NRS. The results are categorized in domains of type of the study, size of population, type of population, diagnosis, assessment scales, mode of rTMS, stimulus parameters, safety and efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The high frequency rTMS at left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as an adjunct to antidepressant medication is promising in reducing suicidal behaviour in treatment resistant depression. However, role of TMS targeting other areas of stimulation in mitigating suicide risk in other disorders could not be established due to scarcity of such studies. The results should be interpreted cautiously as considerable risk of bias was present in the reviewed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Mitra Godi
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India.
| | | | - A Purushotham
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India.
| | - Sai Krishna Tikka
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India.
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12
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Simis M, Imamura M, Sampaio de Melo P, Marduy A, Battistella L, Fregni F. Deficit of Inhibition as a Marker of Neuroplasticity (DEFINE Study) in Rehabilitation: A Longitudinal Cohort Study Protocol. Front Neurol 2021; 12:695406. [PMID: 34434160 PMCID: PMC8380986 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.695406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain plasticity is an intrinsic property of the nervous system, which is modified during its lifetime. This is one mechanism of recuperation after injuries with an important role in rehabilitation. Evidence suggests that injuries in the nervous system disturb the stability between inhibition and excitability essential for the recuperation process of neuroplasticity. However, the mechanisms involved in this balance are not completely understood and, besides the advancement in the field, the knowledge has had a low impact on the rehabilitation practice. Therefore, the understanding of the relationship between biomarkers and functional disability may help to optimize and individualize treatments and build consistent studies in the future. Methods: This cohort study, the deficit of inhibition as a marker of neuroplasticity study, will follow four groups (stroke, spinal cord injury, limb amputation, and osteoarthritis) to understand the neuroplasticity mechanisms involved in motor rehabilitation. We will recruit 500 subjects (including 100 age- and sex-matched controls). A battery of neurophysiological assessments, transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroencephalography, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging, is going to be used to assess plasticity on the motor cortex before and after rehabilitation. One of the main hypotheses in this cohort is that the level of intracortical inhibition is related to functional deficits. We expect to develop a better understanding of the neuroplasticity mechanisms involved in the rehabilitation, and we expect to build neurophysiological “transdiagnostic” biomarkers, especially the markers of inhibition, which will have great relevance in the scientific and therapeutic improvement in rehabilitation. The relationship between neurophysiological and clinical outcomes will be analyzed using linear and logistic regression models. Discussion: By evaluating the reliability of electroencephalography, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and magnetic resonance imaging measures as possible biomarkers for neurologic rehabilitation in different neurologic disorders, this study will aid in the understanding of brain plasticity mechanisms in rehabilitation, allowing more effective approaches and screening methods to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Simis
- Núcleo de Estudos Avançados em Reabilitação, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Imamura
- Núcleo de Estudos Avançados em Reabilitação, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sampaio de Melo
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna Marduy
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Linamara Battistella
- Núcleo de Estudos Avançados em Reabilitação, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Wu J, Han M, He Y, Xie X, Song J, Geng X. The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for young individuals with high-level perceived stress: study protocol for a randomized sham-controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:365. [PMID: 34034790 PMCID: PMC8145821 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High level of perceived stress may result in negative effects both psychologically and physically on individuals and may predispose onset of mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. However, there is no suitable intervention for it. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) studies have shown its therapeutic efficacy in treatment resistant patients with stress-related disorders. Here we describe an exploratory study protocol to investigate the effect of the intervention for the individuals with high level of stress. Method This is a single blinded, randomized sham-controlled trial, targeting at young healthy adults aging from 18 to 24 years old. Forty eligible volunteers will be recruited and randomly divided into active and sham rTMS group. All subjects will take a set of neuropsychological and biological assessments and MRI scanning before and right after the intervention. During the interventional period, 12-session stimulations will be performed in 4 weeks with three sessions per week. The primary outcome will detect the difference of Chinese 14-item perceived stress scales between active and sham rTMS groups after intervention. Secondary outcomes will examine the differences of other affective measurements, level of cortisol, and MRI-derived neural functional measures between the two groups after intervention. Discussion This trial aims to examine the effect of the 12-session rTMS intervention on individuals with high level of perceived stress. Positive or negative findings from any of the outcome measures would further our understanding of the efficacy of the stimulation and its neural impact. If effective, it would provide an evidence for a new treatment for high perceived stress. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900027662). Registered on 23 November 2019. And all items of the WHO Trial Registry Data set can be found within the protocol. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05308-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Wu
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Han
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youze He
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Xie
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Song
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Geng
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4F, Hui Yeung Shing Building, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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14
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M. Alwhaibi R, Mahmoud NF, M. Zakaria H, M. Ragab W, Al Awaji NN, Y. Elzanaty M, R. Elserougy H. Therapeutic Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Acupoints on Motor and Neural Recovery of the Affected Upper Extremity in Chronic Stroke: A Sham-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9050614. [PMID: 34065465 PMCID: PMC8160996 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inability to use the affected upper extremity (UE) in daily activities is a common complaint in stroke patients. The somatosensory system (central and peripheral) is essential for brain reorganization and plasticity. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is considered an effective modality for improving UE function in stroke patients. The aim of the current study was to determine the therapeutic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) acupoints on cortical activity and the motor function of the affected UE in chronic stroke patients. Forty male and female patients diagnosed with stroke agreed to join the study. They were randomly assigned to group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). G1 received task-specific training (TST) and sham electrical stimulation while G2 received TST in addition to TENS acupoints. Session duration was 80 min. Both groups received 18 sessions for 6 successive weeks, 3 sessions per week. Evaluation was carried out before and after completion of the treatment program. Outcome measures used were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity (FMA-UE) and the box and block test (BBT) as measures of the motor function of the affected UE. Brain activity of the motor area (C3) in the ipsilesional hemisphere was measured using a quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG). The measured parameter was peak frequency. It was noted that the motor function of the affected UE improved significantly post-treatment in both groups, while no significant change was reported in the FMA-UE and BBT scores post-treatment in either G1 or G2. On the other hand, the activity of the motor area C3 improved significantly in G2 only, post-treatment, while G1 showed no significant improvement. There was also significant improvement in the activity of the motor area (C3) in G2 compared to G1 post-treatment. The results of the current study indicate that TST only or combined with TENS acupoints can be considered an effective method for improving motor function of the affected UE in chronic stroke patients, both being equally effective. However, TST combined with TENS acupoints proved better in improving brain plasticity in chronic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M. Alwhaibi
- Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences College, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (R.M.A.); (N.F.M.)
| | - Noha F. Mahmoud
- Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences College, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (R.M.A.); (N.F.M.)
| | - Hoda M. Zakaria
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and Its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (H.M.Z.); (W.M.R.); (M.Y.E.)
| | - Walaa M. Ragab
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and Its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (H.M.Z.); (W.M.R.); (M.Y.E.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisreen N. Al Awaji
- Health Communication Sciences Department, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences College, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahmoud Y. Elzanaty
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and Its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (H.M.Z.); (W.M.R.); (M.Y.E.)
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and Its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Deraya University, New Menya 11159, Egypt
| | - Hager R. Elserougy
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and Its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 77, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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15
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Jung J, Lambon Ralph MA. Enhancing vs. inhibiting semantic performance with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the anterior temporal lobe: Frequency- and task-specific effects. Neuroimage 2021; 234:117959. [PMID: 33744456 PMCID: PMC8204263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating, converging evidence indicates that the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) appears to be the transmodal hub for semantic representation. A series of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) investigations utilizing the ‘virtual lesion’ approach have established the brain-behavioural relationship between the ATL and semantic processing by demonstrating that inhibitory rTMS over the ATL induced impairments in semantic performance in healthy individuals. However, a growing body of rTMS studies suggest that rTMS might also be a tool for cognitive enhancement and rehabilitation, though there has been no previous exploration in semantic cognition. Here, we explored a potential role of rTMS in enhancing and inhibiting semantic performance with contrastive rTMS protocols (1 Hz vs. 20 Hz) by controlling practice effects. Twenty-one healthy participants were recruited and performed an object category judgement task and a pattern matching task serving as a control task before and after the stimulation over the ATL (1 Hz, 20 Hz, and sham). A task familiarization procedure was performed prior to the experiment in order to establish a ‘stable baseline’ prior to stimulation and thus minimize practice effect. Our results demonstrated that it is possible to modulate semantic performance positively or negatively depending on the ATL stimulation frequency: 20 Hz rTMS was optimal for facilitating cortical processing (faster RT in a semantic task) contrasting with diminished semantic performance after 1 Hz rTMS. In addition to cementing the importance of the ATL to semantic representation, our findings suggest that 20 Hz rTMS leads to semantic enhancement in healthy individuals and potentially could be used for patients with semantic impairments as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeYoung Jung
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Matthew A Lambon Ralph
- MRC Cognition and Brain Science Unit (CBU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK.
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Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Volpe D, Cucca A, Versace V, Nardone R, Saltuari L, Sebastianelli L. The Ties That Bind: Aberrant Plasticity and Networks Dysfunction in Movement Disorders-Implications for Rehabilitation. Brain Connect 2021; 11:278-296. [PMID: 33403893 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Movement disorders encompass various conditions affecting the nervous system. The pathological processes underlying movement disorders lead to aberrant synaptic plastic changes, which in turn alter the functioning of large-scale brain networks. Therefore, clinical phenomenology does not only entail motor symptoms but also cognitive and motivational disturbances. The result is the disruption of motor learning and motor behavior. Due to this complexity, the responsiveness to standard therapies could be disappointing. Specific forms of rehabilitation entailing goal-based practice, aerobic training, and the use of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques could "restore" neuroplasticity at motor-cognitive circuitries, leading to clinical gains. This is probably associated with modulations occurring at both molecular (synaptic) and circuitry levels (networks). Several gaps remain in our understanding of the relationships among plasticity and neural networks and how neurorehabilitation could promote clinical gains is still unclear. Purposes: In this review, we outline first the networks involved in motor learning and behavior and analyze which mechanisms link the pathological synaptic plastic changes with these networks' disruption in movement disorders. Therefore, we provide theoretical and practical bases to be applied for treatment in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrazzoli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Paola Ortelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Daniele Volpe
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Villa Margherita, S. Stefano Riabilitazione, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alberto Cucca
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Villa Margherita, S. Stefano Riabilitazione, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital (SABES-ASDAA), Merano-Meran, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
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Scott E, Kidgell DJ, Frazer AK, Pearce AJ. The Neurophysiological Responses of Concussive Impacts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:306. [PMID: 33192374 PMCID: PMC7481389 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated neurophysiological responses using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) following a concussion or sub-concussion. Methods: A systematic searching of relevant databases for peer-reviewed literature quantifying motor evoked potentials from TMS between 1999 and 2019 was performed. A meta-analysis quantified pooled data for measures including motor threshold, motor latency, and motor evoked potential amplitude and for inhibitory measures such as cortical silent period duration, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) ratios. Results: Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria. The studies were arbitrarily classified into the groups, based on time post-concussion, “acute” (subjects 0–3 months post-injury, n = 8) and “post-acute” (3 months−2 years post-concussion, n = 7). A TMS quality of study checklist rated studies from moderate to high in methodological quality; however, the risk of bias analysis found that the included studies were categorised as high risk of bias, particularly for a lack of allocation concealment and blinding of participants in the methodologies. A meta-analysis showed no differences in excitability measures, apart from a decreased motor threshold that was observed in the concussed group (SMD −0.28, 95% CI −0.51 to −0.04; P = 0.02) for the post-acute time frame. Conversely, all inhibitory measures showed differences between groups. Cortical silent period duration was found to be significantly increased in the acute (SMD 1.19, 95% CI 0.58–1.81; P < 0.001) and post-acute (SMD 0.55, 95% CI 0.12–0.98; P = 0.01) time frames. The SICI (SMD −1.15, 95% CI −1.95 to −0.34; P = 0.005) and LICI (SMD −1.95, 95% CI −3.04 to −0.85; P = 0.005) ratios were reduced, inferring increased inhibition, for the post-acute time frame. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that inhibitory pathways are affected in the acute period post-concussion. However, persistent alterations in cortical excitability remain, with increased intracortical inhibition. While TMS should be considered as a reliable technique to measure the functional integrity of the central nervous system, the high risk of bias and heterogeneity in data suggest that future studies should aim to incorporate standardised methodological techniques, particularly with threshold determination and stimulus intervals for paired-pulse measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Scott
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan J Pearce
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Bashir S, Al-Hussain F, Hamza A, Shareefi GF, Abualait T, Yoo WK. Role of Single Low Pulse Intensity of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Frontal Cortex for Cognitive Function. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:205. [PMID: 32719592 PMCID: PMC7350777 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The principal aim of this study was to measure the effect of online single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on cognition via the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) in healthy individuals. Methods: In a single-blind, sham-controlled study, we assessed both 50% and 60% of the resting motor threshold (RMT) over the right DLPFC in healthy right-handed (n = 42) adults using cognitive function, such as attention and memory, as a measure via CANTAB. Results: We observed an improvement in the cognitive function level during the use of online low intensities of 50% and 60% RMT active stimulation of the DLPFC compared to the sham stimulation. Conclusions: The results showed that low-intensity TMS can indeed effectively modulate cognitive function in DLPFC. Future research is, however, necessary to investigate the potential effects of low-intensity TMS on different brain areas to increase confidence in the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Department of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz Al-Hussain
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hamza
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghadah Faisal Shareefi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Abualait
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Division of Neuroscience Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
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Rao V, Bechtold K, McCann U, Roy D, Peters M, Vaishnavi S, Yousem D, Mori S, Yan H, Leoutsakos J, Tibbs M, Reti I. Low-Frequency Right Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Sham-Controlled Pilot Study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 31:306-318. [PMID: 31018810 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depression is the most common psychiatric sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI), but effective treatment continues to be a challenge, with few studies providing guidance. METHODS In a pilot study, the authors evaluated the effect size of low-frequency right-sided (LFR) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), compared with sham treatment, over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in patients (N=30) with TBI depression and co-occurring neuropsychiatric symptoms, including suicidal thoughts, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbance, behavioral problems, and cognitive dysfunction. Exploratory analyses of diffusion tensor imaging pre- and postintervention were performed to determine the effect size of LFR rTMS on white matter integrity. RESULTS Small (Hedge's g=0.19) and highly variable effects of LRF rTMS over right DLPFC in TBI depression were observed. Similarly, the effect of LFR rTMS for treatment of comorbid neuropsychiatric symptoms varied from small to moderate. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the observed effects of LFR rTMS over the right DLPFC in TBI depression and co-occurring neuropsychiatric symptoms are small, at best, and, preliminarily, that low-frequency right DLPFC stimulation has limited potential in this patient population. However, studies employing different rTMS parameters (e.g., type, location, frequency, duration) or other participant characteristics (e.g., TBI severity, chronicity, comorbidity, concurrent treatment) may potentially yield different responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Rao
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Kathleen Bechtold
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Una McCann
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Durga Roy
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Matthew Peters
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Sandeep Vaishnavi
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - David Yousem
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Susumu Mori
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Haijuan Yan
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Jeannie Leoutsakos
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Michael Tibbs
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
| | - Irving Reti
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Rao, McCann, Roy, Peters, Yan, Leoutsakos, Tibbs, Reti); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Bechtold); the Neuropsychiatric Clinic at Carolina Partners and Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (Vaishnavi); and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Mori, Yousem)
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Nascimento DC, Depetri G, Stefano LH, Anacleto O, Leite JP, Edwards DJ, Santos TEG, Louzada Neto F. Entropy Analysis of High-Definition Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on EEG Dynamics. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9080208. [PMID: 31434225 PMCID: PMC6721406 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A foundation of medical research is time series analysis—the behavior of variables of interest with respect to time. Time series data are often analyzed using the mean, with statistical tests applied to mean differences, and has the assumption that data are stationary. Although widely practiced, this method has limitations. Here we present an alternative statistical approach with sample analysis that provides a summary statistic accounting for the non-stationary nature of time series data. This work discusses the use of entropy as a measurement of the complexity of time series, in the context of Neuroscience, due to the non-stationary characteristic of the data. To elucidate our argument, we conducted entropy analysis on a sample of electroencephalographic (EEG) data from an interventional study using non-invasive electrical brain stimulation. We demonstrated that entropy analysis could identify intervention-related change in EEG data, supporting that entropy can be a useful “summary” statistic in non-linear dynamical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego C Nascimento
- Institute of Mathematical Science and Computing, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Depetri
- Institute of Mathematical Science and Computing, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Stefano
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Anacleto
- Institute of Mathematical Science and Computing, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Joao P Leite
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Dylan J Edwards
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Taiza E G Santos
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Louzada Neto
- Institute of Mathematical Science and Computing, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
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21
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Brzosko Z, Mierau SB, Paulsen O. Neuromodulation of Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity: Past, Present, and Future. Neuron 2019; 103:563-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Optogenetic Stimulation Enhanced Neuronal Plasticities in Motor Recovery after Ischemic Stroke. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5271573. [PMID: 31007684 PMCID: PMC6441501 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5271573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor capability recovery after ischemic stroke involves dynamic remodeling processes of neural connectomes in the nervous system. Various neuromodulatory strategies combining direct stimulating interventions with behavioral trainings for motor recovery after ischemic stroke have been developed. However, the effectiveness of these interventions varies widely due to unspecific activation or inhibition of undefined neuronal subtypes. Optogenetics is a functional and structural connection-based approach that can selectively activate or inhibit specific subtype neurons with a higher precision, and it has been widely applied to build up neuronal plasticities of the nervous system, which shows a great potential in restoring motor functions in stroke animal models. Here, we reviewed neurobiological mechanisms of enhanced brain plasticities underlying motor recovery through the optogenetic stimulation after ischemic stroke. Several brain sites and neural circuits that have been previously proven effective for motor function rehabilitation were identified, which would be helpful for a more schematic understanding of effective neuronal connectomes in the motor function recovery after ischemic stroke.
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23
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Ding Q, Triggs WJ, Kamath SM, Patten C. Short Intracortical Inhibition During Voluntary Movement Reveals Persistent Impairment Post-stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1105. [PMID: 30662425 PMCID: PMC6328452 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Short intracortical inhibition (SICI) is a GABAA-mediated phenomenon, argued to mediate selective muscle activation during coordinated motor activity. Markedly reduced SICI has been observed in the acute period following stroke and, based on findings in animal models, it has been posited this disinhibitory phenomenon may facilitate neural plasticity and contribute to early motor recovery. However, it remains unresolved whether SICI normalizes over time, as part of the natural course of stroke recovery. Whether intracortical inhibition contributes to motor recovery in chronic stroke also remains unclear. Notably, SICI is typically measured at rest, which may not fully reveal its role in motor control. Here we investigated SICI at rest and during voluntary motor activity to determine: (1) whether GABAA-mediated inhibition recovers, and (2) how GABAA-mediated inhibition is related to motor function, in the chronic phase post-stroke. Methods: We studied 16 chronic stroke survivors (age: 64.6 ± 9.3 years; chronicity: 74.3 ± 52.9 months) and 12 age-matched healthy controls. We used paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to induce SICI during three conditions: rest, submaximal grip, and performance of box-and-blocks. Upper-extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Box-and-Blocks tests were used to evaluate motor impairment in stroke survivors and manual dexterity in all participants, respectively. Results: At rest, SICI revealed no differences between ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres of either cortical or subcortical stroke survivors, or healthy controls (P's > 0.05). During box-and-blocks, however, ipsilesional hemisphere SICI was significantly reduced (P = 0.025), especially following cortical stroke (P < 0.001). SICI in the ipsilesional hemisphere during box-and-blocks task was significantly related to paretic hand dexterity (r = 0.56, P = 0.039) and motor impairment (r = 0.56, P = 0.037). Conclusions: SICI during motor activity, but not rest, reveals persistent impairment in chronic stroke survivors indicating that inhibitory brain circuits responsible for motor coordination do not fully normalize as part of the natural history of stroke recovery. Observation that reduced SICI (i.e., disinhibition) is associated with greater motor impairment and worse dexterity in chronic hemiparetic individuals suggests the response considered to promote neuroplasticity and recovery in the acute phase could be maladaptive in the chronic phase post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ding
- Biomechanics, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Neuroscience Lab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William J Triggs
- Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sahana M Kamath
- Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Carolynn Patten
- Biomechanics, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Neuroscience Lab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
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24
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Rodrigues PA, Zaninotto AL, Neville IS, Hayashi CY, Brunoni AR, Teixeira MJ, Paiva WS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of anxiety disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2743-2761. [PMID: 31576130 PMCID: PMC6765211 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s201407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is currently one of the main mood changes and can impair the quality of life of the individual when associated with other neurological or psychiatric disorders. Neuromodulation has been highlighted as a form of treatment of several pathologies, including those involving anxiety symptoms. Among the neuromodulatory options with the potential to improve mood changes, we highlight repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). rTMS is a viable therapeutical option for neuropsychiatric dysfunctions of high prevalence and is important for the understanding of pathological and neuropsychological adaptation processes. Even with this potential, and high relevance of intervention, we observe the scarcity of literature that covers this subject. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of the current literature, using scientific databases for the last five years. We found 32 studies reporting the effects of rTMS on anxiety, 7 on anxiety disorders and 25 on anxiety symptoms as comorbidities of neurological or psychiatric disorders. This survey suggests the need for further studies using TMS for anxiety in order to seek strategies that minimize these anxiety effects on the quality of life of the victims of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Luiza Zaninotto
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - André R Brunoni
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Mrachacz-Kersting N, Stevenson AJT, Jørgensen HRM, Severinsen KE, Aliakbaryhosseinabadi S, Jiang N, Farina D. Brain state-dependent stimulation boosts functional recovery following stroke. Ann Neurol 2018; 85:84-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Øst Denmark
| | - Andrew J. T. Stevenson
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Øst Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Systems Design Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Centre for Neurotechnologies; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
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26
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Azizi S, Birgani PM, Marzbani H, Nourian R, Kohanpour M, Mirbagheri MM. Assessment of neuroplasticity of corticospinal tract induced by antigravity treadmill (AlterG) in cerebral palsy children. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:2495-2498. [PMID: 30440914 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess neuroplasticity that occurred in the corticospinal tract (CST) following antigravity treadmill (AlterG) training. AlterG can facilitate walking by having up to an 80% reduction of weight-bearing in patients. Systematic and intensive gait training for sufficient periods of time may lead to neuroplasticity and walking capacity improvement. AlterG gait training was done for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 45 minutes each session. Three cerebral palsy (CP) children participated in this study. The function and structure of CST on the brain's more affected side were evaluated using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Also, some common clinical tests were performed to evaluate walking capacity and endurance. DTI features such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) as well as some TMS features were extracted to estimate structural changes of the CST. The evaluations were performed before and after 8week AlterG training. The results showed an improvement in the DTI metrics of the CST following AlterG training. Also, TMS parameters were improved and these changes in CST function and structure were concurrent with changes in walking capacity. These results suggest that AlterG training can be used as a therapeutic tool to provide an effective and persistent gait improvement in CP children.
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27
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Pellicciari MC, Bonnì S, Ponzo V, Cinnera AM, Mancini M, Casula EP, Sallustio F, Paolucci S, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Dynamic reorganization of TMS-evoked activity in subcortical stroke patients. Neuroimage 2018; 175:365-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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28
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Wechsler LR, Bates D, Stroemer P, Andrews-Zwilling YS, Aizman I. Cell Therapy for Chronic Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1066-1074. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.018290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R. Wechsler
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, PA (L.R.W.)
| | - Damien Bates
- SanBio, Inc, Mountain View, CA (D.B., Y.S.A.-Z., I.A.)
| | - Paul Stroemer
- Advanced Therapies Consultancy, Cardiff, Wales, UK (P.S.)
| | | | - Irina Aizman
- SanBio, Inc, Mountain View, CA (D.B., Y.S.A.-Z., I.A.)
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29
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Zhou X, Fu X, Lin C, Zhou X, Liu J, Wang L, Zhang X, Zuo M, Fan X, Li D, Sun Y. Remodeling of Dendritic Spines in the Avian Vocal Motor Cortex Following Deafening Depends on the Basal Ganglia Circuit. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2820-2830. [PMID: 27166173 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deafening elicits a deterioration of learned vocalization, in both humans and songbirds. In songbirds, learned vocal plasticity has been shown to depend on the basal ganglia-cortical circuit, but the underlying cellular basis remains to be clarified. Using confocal imaging and electron microscopy, we examined the effect of deafening on dendritic spines in avian vocal motor cortex, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), and investigated the role of the basal ganglia circuit in motor cortex plasticity. We found rapid structural changes to RA dendritic spines in response to hearing loss, accompanied by learned song degradation. In particular, the morphological characters of RA spine synaptic contacts between 2 major pathways were altered differently. However, experimental disruption of the basal ganglia circuit, through lesions in song-specialized basal ganglia nucleus Area X, largely prevented both the observed changes to RA dendritic spines and the song deterioration after hearing loss. Our results provide cellular evidence to highlight a key role of the basal ganglia circuit in the motor cortical plasticity that underlies learned vocal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chun Lin
- Department of Biology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Biological Imaging (CBI), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Mingxue Zuo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Yingyu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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30
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Bashir S, Vernet M, Najib U, Perez J, Alonso-Alonso M, Knobel M, Yoo WK, Edwards D, Pascual-Leone A. Enhanced motor function and its neurophysiological correlates after navigated low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the contralesional motor cortex in stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:677-89. [PMID: 27567763 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The net effect of altered interhemispheric interactions between homologous motor cortical areas after unilateral stroke has been previously reported to contribute to residual hemiparesis. Using this framework, we hypothesized that navigated 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the contralesional hemisphere would induce a stronger physiological and behavioural response in patients with residual motor deficit than in healthy subjects, because an imbalance in interhemispheric excitability may underlie motor dysfunction. METHODS Navigated rTMS was conducted in 8 chronic stroke patients (67.50±13.77 years) and in 8 comparable normal subjects (57.38±9.61 years). We evaluated motor function (Finger tapping, Nine Hole Peg test, Strength Index and Reaction Time) as well as the excitatory and inhibitory function (resting motor threshold, motor evoked potential amplitude, intra-cortical inhibition and facilitation, and silent period) of the stimulated and non-stimulated motor cortex before and after navigated rTMS. RESULTS rTMS induced an increase in excitability in the ipsilesional (non-stimulated) motor cortex and led to improved performance in the finger tapping task and pinch force task. These physiological and behavioral effects were more prominent (or robust) in the group of stroke patients than in the control group. CONCLUSION Navigated low-frequency rTMS involving precise and consistent targeting of the contralesional hemisphere in stroke patients enhanced the cortical excitability of the ipsilesional hemisphere and the motor response of the hemiparetic hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Avenue KS, Boston, MA, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marine Vernet
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Avenue KS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Umer Najib
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Avenue KS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Perez
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Avenue KS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Alonso-Alonso
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Avenue KS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Knobel
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Avenue KS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Avenue KS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan Edwards
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Avenue KS, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology and The Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Avenue KS, Boston, MA, USA.,Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Guttmann, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Combining Upper Limb Robotic Rehabilitation with Other Therapeutic Approaches after Stroke: Current Status, Rationale, and Challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8905637. [PMID: 29057269 PMCID: PMC5615953 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8905637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the neural substrates that underlie motor recovery after stroke has led to the development of innovative rehabilitation strategies and tools that incorporate key elements of motor skill relearning, that is, intensive motor training involving goal-oriented repeated movements. Robotic devices for the upper limb are increasingly used in rehabilitation. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these devices in reducing motor impairments, but less so for the improvement of upper limb function. Other studies have begun to investigate the benefits of combined approaches that target muscle function (functional electrical stimulation and botulinum toxin injections), modulate neural activity (noninvasive brain stimulation), and enhance motivation (virtual reality) in an attempt to potentialize the benefits of robot-mediated training. The aim of this paper is to overview the current status of such combined treatments and to analyze the rationale behind them.
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32
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Gray WA, Palmer JA, Wolf SL, Borich MR. Abnormal EEG Responses to TMS During the Cortical Silent Period Are Associated With Hand Function in Chronic Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2017; 31:666-676. [PMID: 28604171 DOI: 10.1177/1545968317712470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal brain excitability influences recovery after stroke at which time a prolonged transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced electromyographic silent period is thought to reflect abnormal inhibitory interneuron excitability. Cortical excitability can be probed directly during the silent period using concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) of TMS-evoked responses. OBJECTIVE The primary study objectives were to characterize TMS-evoked cortical potentials (TEPs) using EEG and to investigate associations with persistent hand and arm motor dysfunction in individuals with chronic stroke. METHODS Thirteen participants with chronic stroke-related mild-moderate arm motor impairment and 12 matched controls completed a single TMS-EEG cortical excitability assessment. TEPs recorded from the vertex during cortical silent period (CSP) assessment and while at rest were used to evaluate differences in cortical excitability between stroke and control participants. Associations between TEPs and CSP duration with measures of upper extremity motor behavior were investigated. RESULTS Significantly increased TEP component peak amplitudes and delayed latencies were observed for stroke participants compared with controls during CSP assessment and while at rest. Delayed early TEP component (P30) peak latencies during CSP assessment were associated with less manual dexterity. CSP duration was prolonged in stroke participants, and correlated with P30 peak latency and paretic arm dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal cortical excitability directly measured by early TMS-evoked EEG responses during CSP assessment suggests abnormal cortical inhibition is associated with hand dysfunction in chronic stroke. Further investigation of abnormal cortical inhibition in specific brain networks is necessary to characterize the salient neurophysiologic mechanisms contributing to persistent motor dysfunction after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Gray
- 1 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Palmer
- 1 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven L Wolf
- 1 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,2 Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Michael R Borich
- 1 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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33
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Shah AM, Ishizaka S, Cheng MY, Wang EH, Bautista AR, Levy S, Smerin D, Sun G, Steinberg GK. Optogenetic neuronal stimulation of the lateral cerebellar nucleus promotes persistent functional recovery after stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46612. [PMID: 28569261 PMCID: PMC5451884 DOI: 10.1038/srep46612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces network-wide changes in the brain, affecting the excitability in both nearby and remotely connected regions. Brain stimulation is a promising neurorestorative technique that has been shown to improve stroke recovery by altering neuronal activity of the target area. However, it is unclear whether the beneficial effect of stimulation is a result of neuronal or non-neuronal activation, as existing stimulation techniques nonspecifically activate/inhibit all cell types (neurons, glia, endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes) in the stimulated area. Furthermore, which brain circuit is efficacious for brain stimulation is unknown. Here we use the optogenetics approach to selectively stimulate neurons in the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN), a deep cerebellar nucleus that sends major excitatory output to multiple motor and sensory areas in the forebrain. Repeated LCN stimulations resulted in a robust and persistent recovery on the rotating beam test, even after cessation of stimulations for 2 weeks. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that LCN stimulations significantly increased the axonal growth protein GAP43 in the ipsilesional somatosensory cortex. Our results demonstrate that pan-neuronal stimulations of the LCN is sufficient to promote robust and persistent recovery after stroke, and thus is a promising target for brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatman M Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shunsuke Ishizaka
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric H Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alex R Bautista
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sabrina Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Smerin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guohua Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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34
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Vascular Cognitive Impairment through the Looking Glass of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Behav Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28348458 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1421326.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a significant growth in the literature exploiting transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with the aim at gaining further insights into the electrophysiological and neurochemical basis underlying vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Overall, TMS points at enhanced brain cortical excitability and synaptic plasticity in VCI, especially in patients with overt dementia, and neurophysiological changes seem to correlate with disease process and progress. These findings have been interpreted as part of a glutamate-mediated compensatory effect in response to vascular lesions. Although a single TMS parameter owns low specificity, a panel of measures can support the VCI diagnosis, predict progression, and possibly identify early markers of "brain at risk" for future dementia, thus making VCI a potentially preventable cause of both vascular and degenerative dementia in late life. Moreover, TMS can be also exploited to select and evaluate the responders to specific drugs, as well as to become an innovative rehabilitative tool in the attempt to restore impaired neural plasticity. The present review provides a perspective of the different TMS techniques by further understanding the cortical electrophysiology and the role of distinctive neurotransmission pathways and networks involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of VCI and its subtypes.
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Moreira R, Lial L, Teles Monteiro MG, Aragão A, Santos David L, Coertjens M, Silva-Júnior FL, Dias G, Velasques B, Ribeiro P, Teixeira SS, Bastos VH. Diagonal movement of the upper limb produces greater adaptive plasticity than sagittal plane flexion in the shoulder. Neurosci Lett 2017; 643:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lanza G, Bramanti P, Cantone M, Pennisi M, Pennisi G, Bella R. Vascular Cognitive Impairment through the Looking Glass of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Behav Neurol 2017; 2017:1421326. [PMID: 28348458 PMCID: PMC5350538 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1421326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a significant growth in the literature exploiting transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with the aim at gaining further insights into the electrophysiological and neurochemical basis underlying vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Overall, TMS points at enhanced brain cortical excitability and synaptic plasticity in VCI, especially in patients with overt dementia, and neurophysiological changes seem to correlate with disease process and progress. These findings have been interpreted as part of a glutamate-mediated compensatory effect in response to vascular lesions. Although a single TMS parameter owns low specificity, a panel of measures can support the VCI diagnosis, predict progression, and possibly identify early markers of "brain at risk" for future dementia, thus making VCI a potentially preventable cause of both vascular and degenerative dementia in late life. Moreover, TMS can be also exploited to select and evaluate the responders to specific drugs, as well as to become an innovative rehabilitative tool in the attempt to restore impaired neural plasticity. The present review provides a perspective of the different TMS techniques by further understanding the cortical electrophysiology and the role of distinctive neurotransmission pathways and networks involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of VCI and its subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- 1Department of Neurology IC, I.R.C.C.S. “Oasi” Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, 73 Via Conte Ruggero, 94018 Troina, Italy
- *Giuseppe Lanza:
| | - Placido Bramanti
- 2I.R.C.C.S. Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Cantone
- 1Department of Neurology IC, I.R.C.C.S. “Oasi” Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, 73 Via Conte Ruggero, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- 3Spinal Unit, Emergency Hospital “Cannizzaro”, 829 Via Messina, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pennisi
- 4Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 78 Via S. Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- 5Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, 78 Via S. Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Henrich-Noack P, Sergeeva EG, Sabel BA. Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation: from acute to late-stage treatment of central nervous system damage. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1590-1594. [PMID: 29171414 PMCID: PMC5696830 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive brain current stimulation (NIBS) is a promising and versatile tool for inducing neuroplasticity, protection and functional rehabilitation of damaged neuronal systems. It is technically simple, requires no surgery, and has significant beneficial effects. However, there are various technical approaches for NIBS which influence neuronal networks in significantly different ways. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), alternating current stimulation (ACS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) all have been applied to modulate brain activity in animal experiments under normal and pathological conditions. Also clinical trials have shown that tDCS, rTMS and ACS induce significant behavioural effects and can – depending on the parameters chosen – enhance or decrease brain excitability and influence performance and learning as well as rehabilitation and protective mechanisms. The diverse phaenomena and partially opposing effects of NIBS are not yet fully understood and mechanisms of action need to be explored further in order to select appropriate parameters for a given task, such as current type and strength, timing, distribution of current densities and electrode position. In this review, we will discuss the various parameters which need to be considered when designing a NIBS protocol and will put them into context with the envisaged applications in experimental neurobiology and medicine such as vision restoration, motor rehabilitation and cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Elena G Sergeeva
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bernhard A Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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Simis M, Doruk D, Imamura M, Anghinah R, Morales-Quezada L, Fregni F, Battistella LR. Neurophysiologic predictors of motor function in stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:45-54. [PMID: 26518670 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding the neural mechanisms of stroke recovery is of paramount importance for neurorehabilitation. METHODS For this purpose, we analyzed several TMS and EEG variables and their association with motor recovery. Thirty-five subjects with chronic stroke were recruited. The neurophysiological examination included assessments by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), intra- and inter-hemispheric EEG coherence in different frequency bands (e.g. alpha (8-13 Hz)) as determined by quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Motor function was measured by Fugl-Meyer (FM). Multiple univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to identify the predictors for FM. RESULTS Multivariate analyses, showed a significant interaction effect of motor threshold (MT) in the lesioned hemisphere and beta coherence in the unlesioned hemisphere. This interaction suggests that higher beta activity in the unlesioned hemisphere strengthens the negative association between MT and FM scores. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MT in the lesioned hemisphere is the strongest predictors of motor recovery after stroke. Moreover, cortical activity in the unlesioned hemisphere measured by qEEG provides additional information, specifying the association between MT and FM scores. Therefore, complementary application of EEG and TMS can help constitute a better model of the lesioned and the unlesioned hemispheres that supports the importance of bihemispheric activity in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Simis
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Institute of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School General Hospital, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Deniz Doruk
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Marta Imamura
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Institute of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School General Hospital, Brazil
| | - Renato Anghinah
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Institute of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School General Hospital, Brazil
| | - Leon Morales-Quezada
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Institute of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School General Hospital, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Linamara Rizzo Battistella
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Institute of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School General Hospital, Brazil
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Cheng MY, Aswendt M, Steinberg GK. Optogenetic Approaches to Target Specific Neural Circuits in Post-stroke Recovery. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:325-40. [PMID: 26701667 PMCID: PMC4824024 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the USA, yet treatment options are very limited. Functional recovery can occur after stroke and is attributed, in part, to rewiring of neural connections in areas adjacent to or remotely connected to the infarct. A better understanding of neural circuit rewiring is thus an important step toward developing future therapeutic strategies for stroke recovery. Because stroke disrupts functional connections in peri-infarct and remotely connected regions, it is important to investigate brain-wide network dynamics during post-stroke recovery. Optogenetics is a revolutionary neuroscience tool that uses bioengineered light-sensitive proteins to selectively activate or inhibit specific cell types and neural circuits within milliseconds, allowing greater specificity and temporal precision for dissecting neural circuit mechanisms in diseases. In this review, we discuss the current view of post-stroke remapping and recovery, including recent studies that use optogenetics to investigate neural circuit remapping after stroke, as well as optogenetic stimulation to enhance stroke recovery. Multimodal approaches employing optogenetics in conjunction with other readouts (e.g., in vivo neuroimaging techniques, behavior assays, and next-generation sequencing) will advance our understanding of neural circuit reorganization during post-stroke recovery, as well as provide important insights into which brain circuits to target when designing brain stimulation strategies for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, R281, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA.
| | - Markus Aswendt
- Department of Neurosurgery, R281, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, R281, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA.
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Wang XY, Ba YC, Xiong LL, Li XL, Zou Y, Zhu YC, Zhou XF, Wang TH, Wang F, Tian HL, Li JT. Endogenous TGFβ1 Plays a Crucial Role in Functional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury Associated with Smad3 Signal in Rats. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1671-80. [PMID: 26253398 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGFβ1) has a diverse role in astrogliosis and neuronal survival, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated, especially in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we show that the expression of TGFβ1 was increased in the pericontusional region, accompanied with astrogliosis and neuronal loss in TBI rats. Moreover, TGFβ1 knockdown not only reduced the number of neurons and inhibited astrogliosis but also resulted in a significant neurological dysfunction in rats with TBI. Subsequently, Smad3, a key downstream signal of TGFβ1, was involved in pericontusional region after TBI. These findings therefore indicate that TGFβ1 is involved in neuroprotection and astrogliosis, via activation of down stream Smad3 signal in the brain after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Huynh W, Vucic S, Krishnan AV, Lin CSY, Kiernan MC. Exploring the Evolution of Cortical Excitability Following Acute Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 30:244-57. [PMID: 26150146 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315593804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolution of changes in intracortical excitability following stroke, particularly in the contralesional hemisphere, is being increasingly recognized in relation to maximizing the potential for functional recovery. OBJECTIVE The present study utilized a prospective longitudinal design over a 12-month period from stroke onset, to investigate the evolution of intracortical excitability involving both motor cortices and their relationship to recovery, and whether such changes were influenced by baseline stroke characteristics. METHODS Thirty-one patients with acute unilateral ischemic stroke were recruited from a tertiary hospital stroke unit. Comprehensive clinical assessments and cortical excitability were undertaken at stroke onset using a novel threshold-tracking paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation technique, and repeated at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up in 17 patients who completed the longitudinal assessment. RESULTS Shortly following stroke, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was significantly reduced in both lesioned and contralesional hemispheres that correlated with degree of recovery over the subsequent 3 months. Over the follow-up period, ipsilesional SICI remained reduced in all patient groups, while SICI over the contralesional hemisphere remained reduced only in the groups with cortical stroke or more baseline functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS The current study has demonstrated that evolution of intracortical excitability, particularly over the contralesional hemisphere, may vary between patients with differing baseline stroke and clinical characteristics, suggesting that ongoing contralesional network recruitment may be necessary for those patients who have significant disruptions to the integrity of ipsilesional motor pathways. Results from the present series have implications for the development of neuromodulatory brain stimulation protocols to harness and thereby facilitate stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Huynh
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arun V Krishnan
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy S-Y Lin
- University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Yilmaz O, Birbaumer N, Ramos-Murguialday A. Movement related slow cortical potentials in severely paralyzed chronic stroke patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 8:1033. [PMID: 25642177 PMCID: PMC4295525 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement-related slow cortical potentials (SCPs) are proposed as reliable and immediate indicators of cortical reorganization in motor learning. SCP amplitude and latency have been reported as markers for the brain's computational effort, attention and movement planning. SCPs have been used as an EEG signature of motor control and as a main feature in Brain-Machine-Interfaces (BMIs). Some reports suggest SCPs are modified following stroke. In this study, we investigated movement-related SCPs in severe chronic stroke patients with no residual paretic hand movements preceding and during paretic (when they try to move) and healthy hand movements. The aim was to identify SCP signatures related to cortex integrity and complete paralysis due to stroke in the chronic stage. Twenty severely impaired (no residual finger extension) chronic stoke patients, of whom ten presented subcortical and ten cortical and subcortical lesions, underwent EEG and EMG recordings during a cue triggered hand movement (open/close) paradigm. SCP onset appeared and peaked significantly earlier during paretic hand movements than during healthy hand movements. Amplitudes were significantly larger over the midline (Cz, Fz) for paretic hand movements while contralateral (C4, F4) and midline (Cz, Fz) amplitudes were significantly larger than ipsilateral activity for healthy hand movements. Dividing the participants into subcortical only and mixed lesioned patient groups, no significant differences observed in SCP amplitude and latency between groups. This suggests lesions in the thalamocortical loop as the main factor in SCP changes after stroke. Furthermore, we demonstrated how, after long-term complete paralysis, post-stroke intention to move a paralyzed hand resulted in longer and larger SCPs originating in the frontal areas. These results suggest SCP are a valuable feature that should be incorporated in the design of new neurofeedback strategies for motor neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Yilmaz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Brain and Mind Studies Lab, Department of Psychology, Bahcesehir University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Ospedale San Camillo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Lido di Venezia, Italy
| | - Ander Ramos-Murguialday
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Health Technologies Department, Tecnalia San Sebastian, Spain
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Dhaliwal SK, Meek BP, Modirrousta MM. Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Symptoms Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:119. [PMID: 26379560 PMCID: PMC4549551 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of physical, psychological, and cognitive impairment, but many current treatments for TBI are ineffective or produce adverse side effects. Non-invasive methods of brain stimulation could help ameliorate some common trauma-induced symptoms. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes instances in which repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) have been used to treat symptoms following a TBI. A subsequent discussion attempts to determine the value of these methods in light of their potential risks. METHODS The research databases of PubMed/MEDLINE and PsycINFO were electronically searched using terms relevant to the use of rTMS and tDCS as a tool to decrease symptoms in the context of rehabilitation post-TBI. RESULTS Eight case-studies and four multi-subject reports using rTMS and six multi--subject studies using tDCS were found. Two instances of seizure are discussed. CONCLUSION There is evidence that rTMS can be an effective treatment option for some post-TBI symptoms, such as depression, tinnitus, and neglect. Although the safety of this method remains uncertain, the use of rTMS in cases of mild TBI without obvious structural damage may be justified. Evidence on the effectiveness of tDCS is mixed, highlighting the need for additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin P Meek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant public health problem and is a leading cause of death and disability in many countries. Durable treatments for neurological function deficits following TBI have been elusive, as there are currently no FDA-approved therapeutic modalities for mitigating the consequences of TBI. Neurostimulation strategies using various forms of electrical stimulation have recently been applied to treat functional deficits in animal models and clinical stroke trials. The results from these studies suggest that neurostimulation may augment improvements in both motor and cognitive deficits after brain injury. Several studies have taken this approach in animal models of TBI, showing both behavioral enhancement and biological evidence of recovery. There have been only a few studies using deep brain stimulation (DBS) in human TBI patients, and future studies are warranted to validate the feasibility of this technique in the clinical treatment of TBI. In this review, the authors summarize insights from studies employing neurostimulation techniques in the setting of brain injury. Moreover, they relate these findings to the future prospect of using DBS to ameliorate motor and cognitive deficits following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Shin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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45
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Optogenetic neuronal stimulation promotes functional recovery after stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12913-8. [PMID: 25136109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and research efforts have focused on promoting functional recovery after stroke. Brain stimulation strategies are particularly promising because they allow direct manipulation of the target area's excitability. However, elucidating the cell type and mechanisms mediating recovery has been difficult because existing stimulation techniques nonspecifically target all cell types near the stimulated site. To circumvent these barriers, we used optogenetics to selectively activate neurons that express channelrhodopsin 2 and demonstrated that selective neuronal stimulations in the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (iM1) can promote functional recovery. Stroke mice that received repeated neuronal stimulations exhibited significant improvement in cerebral blood flow and the neurovascular coupling response, as well as increased expression of activity-dependent neurotrophins in the contralesional cortex, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin 3. Western analysis also indicated that stimulated mice exhibited a significant increase in the expression of a plasticity marker growth-associated protein 43. Moreover, iM1 neuronal stimulations promoted functional recovery, as stimulated stroke mice showed faster weight gain and performed significantly better in sensory-motor behavior tests. Interestingly, stimulations in normal nonstroke mice did not alter motor behavior or neurotrophin expression, suggesting that the prorecovery effect of selective neuronal stimulations is dependent on the poststroke environment. These results demonstrate that stimulation of neurons in the stroke hemisphere is sufficient to promote recovery.
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Bashir S, Perez JM, Horvath JC, Pena-Gomez C, Vernet M, Capia A, Alonso-Alonso M, Pascual-Leone A. Differential effects of motor cortical excitability and plasticity in young and old individuals: a Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) study. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:111. [PMID: 24959141 PMCID: PMC4050736 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with changes in the motor system that, over time, can lead to functional impairments and contribute negatively to the ability to recover after brain damage. Unfortunately, there are still many questions surrounding the physiological mechanisms underlying these impairments. We examined cortico-spinal excitability and plasticity in a young cohort (age range: 19–31) and an elderly cohort (age range: 47–73) of healthy right-handed individuals using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS). Subjects were evaluated with a combination of physiological [motor evoked potentials (MEPs), motor threshold (MT), intracortical inhibition (ICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and silent period (SP)] and behavioral [reaction time (RT), pinch force, 9 hole peg task (HPT)] measures at baseline and following one session of low-frequency (1 Hz) navigated repetitive TMS (rTMS) to the right (non-dominant) hemisphere. In the young cohort, the inhibitory effect of 1 Hz rTMS was significantly in the right hemisphere and a significant facilitatory effect was noted in the unstimulated hemisphere. Conversely, in the elderly cohort, we report only a trend toward a facilitatory effect in the unstimulated hemisphere, suggesting reduced cortical plasticity and interhemispheric communication. To this effect, we show that significant differences in hemispheric cortico-spinal excitability were present in the elderly cohort at baseline, with significantly reduced cortico-spinal excitability in the right hemisphere as compared to the left hemisphere. A correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between cortical thickness of the selected region of interest (ROI) and MEPs in either young or old subjects prior to and following rTMS. When combined with our preliminary results, further research into this topic could lead to the development of neurophysiological markers pertinent to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of neurological diseases characterized by monohemispheric damage and lateralized motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Autism Research and Treatment Center, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jennifer M Perez
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared C Horvath
- Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cleofe Pena-Gomez
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marine Vernet
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anuhya Capia
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Alonso-Alonso
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Guttmann, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
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Flamand VH, Schneider C. Noninvasive and painless magnetic stimulation of nerves improved brain motor function and mobility in a cerebral palsy case. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 95:1984-90. [PMID: 24907638 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Motor deficits in cerebral palsy disturb functional independence. This study tested whether noninvasive and painless repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation could improve motor function in a 7-year-old boy with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Stimulation was applied over different nerves of the lower limbs for 5 sessions. We measured the concurrent aftereffects of this intervention on ankle motor control, gait (walking velocity, stride length, cadence, cycle duration), and function of brain motor pathways. We observed a decrease of ankle plantar flexors resistance to stretch, an increase of active dorsiflexion range of movement, and improvements of corticospinal control of ankle dorsiflexors. Joint mobility changes were still present 15 days after the end of stimulation, when all gait parameters were also improved. Resistance to stretch was still lower than prestimulation values 45 days after the end of stimulation. This case illustrates the sustained effects of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation on brain plasticity, motor function, and gait. It suggests a potential impact for physical rehabilitation in cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique H Flamand
- Neuroscience Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Cyril Schneider
- Neuroscience Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Limited evidence to date has demonstrated changes in excitability that develops over the contralateral motor cortex after a cerebellar infarct. As such, the present study investigated changes in excitability over the contra- (contraM1) and ipsilateral motor cortices (ipsiM1), in patients with acute cerebellar infarct, to determine whether the changes may have functional relevance. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation, combined with detailed clinical assessment, was undertaken in ten patients presenting with acute unilateral cerebellar infarct. Studies were undertaken within 1 week of ictus and followed longitudinally at 3-, 6-, and 12-month periods. Comparisons were made with 15 age-matched controls. Immediately following a stroke, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was significantly reduced over the contraM1 in all patients (P = 0.01), while reduced over the ipsiM1 in those with severe functional impairment (P = 0.01). Moreover, ipsiM1 SICI correlated with impairment (r = 0.69, P = 0.03), such that less SICI was observed in those patients with most impairment. Cortical excitability changes persisted over the follow-up period in the context of clinical improvement. Following an acute cerebellar infarct, excitability abnormalities develop over both motor cortices, more prominently in patients with severe functional impairment. The cortical changes, particularly over the ipsilateral motor cortex, may represent a functionally relevant plastic process that may guide future therapeutic strategies to better facilitate recovery.
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Krishnan C, Ranganathan R, Kantak SS, Dhaher YY, Rymer WZ. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation alters elbow flexor muscle recruitment strategies. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:443-50. [PMID: 24582369 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is known to reliably alter motor cortical excitability in a polarity dependent fashion such that anodal stimulation increases cortical excitability and cathodal stimulation inhibits cortical excitability. However, the effect of tDCS on agonist and antagonist volitional muscle activation is currently not known. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of motor cortical anodal tDCS on EMG/force relationships of biceps brachii (agonist) and triceps brachii (antagonist) using surface electromyography (EMG). METHODS Eighteen neurologically intact adults (9 tDCS and 9 controls) participated in this study. EMG/force relationships were established by having subjects perform submaximal isometric contractions at several force levels (12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, and 50% of maximum). RESULTS Results showed that anodal tDCS significantly affected the EMG/force relationship of the biceps brachii muscle. Specifically, anodal tDCS increased the magnitude of biceps brachii activation at 37.5% and 50% of maximum. Anodal tDCS also resulted in an increase in the peak force and EMG values during maximal contractions as compared to the control condition. EMG analyses of other elbow muscles indicated that the increase in biceps brachii activation after anodal tDCS was not related to alterations in synergistic or antagonistic muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that anodal tDCS significantly affects the voluntary EMG/force relationship of the agonist muscles without altering the coactivation of the antagonistic muscles. The most likely explanation for the observed greater EMG per unit force after anodal tDCS appears to be related to alterations in motor unit recruitment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramouli Krishnan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rajiv Ranganathan
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shailesh S Kantak
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yasin Y Dhaher
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William Z Rymer
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Luber B, McClintock SM, Lisanby SH. Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic seizure therapy in the study and treatment of disorders related to cerebral aging. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23576892 PMCID: PMC3622472 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2013.15.1/bluber] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to probe cortical function and treat neuropsychiatric illnesses. TMS has demonstrated neuroplastic effects akin to long-term potentiation and long-term depression, and therapeutic applications are in development for post-stroke recovery, Alzheimer's disease, and depression in seniors. Here, we discuss two new directions of TMS research relevant to cerebral aging and cognition. First, we introduce a paradigm for enhancing cognitive reserve, based on our research in sleep deprivation. Second, we discuss the use of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) to spare cognitive functions relative to conventional electroconvulsive therapy, and as a means of providing a more potent antidepressant treatment when subconvulsive TMS has shown modest efficacy in seniors. Whether in the enhancement of cognition as a treatment goal, or in the reduction of amnesia as a side effect, these approaches to the use of TMS and MST merit further exploration regarding their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Luber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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