1
|
Behboodi A, Kline J, Gravunder A, Phillips C, Parker SM, Damiano DL. Development and evaluation of a BCI-neurofeedback system with real-time EEG detection and electrical stimulation assistance during motor attempt for neurorehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1346050. [PMID: 38633751 PMCID: PMC11021665 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1346050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In the realm of motor rehabilitation, Brain-Computer Interface Neurofeedback Training (BCI-NFT) emerges as a promising strategy. This aims to utilize an individual's brain activity to stimulate or assist movement, thereby strengthening sensorimotor pathways and promoting motor recovery. Employing various methodologies, BCI-NFT has been shown to be effective for enhancing motor function primarily of the upper limb in stroke, with very few studies reported in cerebral palsy (CP). Our main objective was to develop an electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI-NFT system, employing an associative learning paradigm, to improve selective control of ankle dorsiflexion in CP and potentially other neurological populations. First, in a cohort of eight healthy volunteers, we successfully implemented a BCI-NFT system based on detection of slow movement-related cortical potentials (MRCP) from EEG generated by attempted dorsiflexion to simultaneously activate Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation which assisted movement and served to enhance sensory feedback to the sensorimotor cortex. Participants also viewed a computer display that provided real-time visual feedback of ankle range of motion with an individualized target region displayed to encourage maximal effort. After evaluating several potential strategies, we employed a Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, a deep learning algorithm, to detect the motor intent prior to movement onset. We then evaluated the system in a 10-session ankle dorsiflexion training protocol on a child with CP. By employing transfer learning across sessions, we could significantly reduce the number of calibration trials from 50 to 20 without compromising detection accuracy, which was 80.8% on average. The participant was able to complete the required calibration trials and the 100 training trials per session for all 10 sessions and post-training demonstrated increased ankle dorsiflexion velocity, walking speed and step length. Based on exceptional system performance, feasibility and preliminary effectiveness in a child with CP, we are now pursuing a clinical trial in a larger cohort of children with CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Behboodi
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
- Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Julia Kline
- Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Gravunder
- Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Connor Phillips
- Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sheridan M. Parker
- Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diane L. Damiano
- Neurorehabilitation and Biomechanics Research Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aguilera-Rubio Á, Alguacil-Diego IM, Mallo-López A, Jardón Huete A, Oña ED, Cuesta-Gómez A. Use of low-cost virtual reality in the treatment of the upper extremity in chronic stroke: a randomized clinical trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:12. [PMID: 38254147 PMCID: PMC10804548 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronicity and lack of motivation often go together during the upper limb rehabilitation process in stroke. Virtual reality is a useful tool in this context, providing safe, intensive, individualised treatments in a playful environment. B-cost, easy-to-use devices with personalised and motivating games for a specific population seem to be the most effective option in the treatment of the upper limbs. METHODS A randomised clinical study with follow-up was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the Leap Motion Controller® device in improving the functionality of the upper limb in patients with chronic stroke. Patients (n = 36) were randomised into a control group that performed conventional therapy and an experimental group that combined the virtual reality protocol with conventional therapy. The outcome measures used were grip strength; the Block and Box Test; the Action Research Arm Test; the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; as well as a Technology Satisfaction Questionnaire and adherence to treatment. RESULTS Inter-group statistical analysis showed no significant differences except in subsection D of the Action Research Arm Test. Intra-group analysis showed significant differences in both groups, but the experimental group reached significance in all long-term variables. Satisfaction and adherence levels were very high. CONCLUSIONS The Leap Motion Controller® system, as a complementary tool, produces improvements in grip strength, dexterity and motor function in patients with chronic stroke. It is perceived as a safe, motivating, and easy-to-use device. CLINICAL REGISTRATION NCT04166617 Clinical Trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Aguilera-Rubio
- Department of Physiotherapy, HM Hospitals Faculty of Health Sciences of the Camilo José Cela University, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel M Alguacil-Diego
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avenida de Atenas S/N, Alcorcón, 28922, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Mallo-López
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Jardón Huete
- Systems and Automatics Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edwin D Oña
- Systems and Automatics Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Cuesta-Gómez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avenida de Atenas S/N, Alcorcón, 28922, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seifpour S, Šatka A. Tensor Decomposition Analysis of Longitudinal EEG Signals Reveals Differential Oscillatory Dynamics in Eyes-Closed and Eyes-Open Motor Imagery BCI: A Case Report. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1013. [PMID: 37508946 PMCID: PMC10377314 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional dissociation of brain neural activity induced by opening or closing the eyes has been well established. However, how the temporal dynamics of the underlying neuronal modulations differ between these eye conditions during movement-related behaviours is less known. Using a robotic-assisted motor imagery brain-computer interface (MI BCI), we measured neural activity over the motor regions with electroencephalography (EEG) in a stroke survivor during his longitudinal rehabilitation training. We investigated lateralized oscillatory sensorimotor rhythm modulations while the patient imagined moving his hemiplegic hand with closed and open eyes to control an external robotic splint. In order to precisely identify the main profiles of neural activation affected by MI with eyes-open (MIEO) and eyes-closed (MIEC), a data-driven approach based on parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) tensor decomposition was employed. Using the proposed framework, a set of narrow-band, subject-specific sensorimotor rhythms was identified; each of them had its own spatial and time signature. When MIEC trials were compared with MIEO trials, three key narrow-band rhythms whose peak frequencies centred at ∼8.0 Hz, ∼11.5 Hz, and ∼15.5 Hz, were identified with differently modulated oscillatory dynamics during movement preparation, initiation, and completion time frames. Furthermore, we observed that lower and higher sensorimotor oscillations represent different functional mechanisms within the MI paradigm, reinforcing the hypothesis that rhythmic activity in the human sensorimotor system is dissociated. Leveraging PARAFAC, this study achieves remarkable precision in estimating latent sensorimotor neural substrates, aiding the investigation of the specific functional mechanisms involved in the MI process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Seifpour
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexander Šatka
- Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carino-Escobar RI, Rodríguez-García ME, Carrillo-Mora P, Valdés-Cristerna R, Cantillo-Negrete J. Continuous versus discrete robotic feedback for brain-computer interfaces aimed for neurorehabilitation. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1015464. [PMID: 36925628 PMCID: PMC10011154 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1015464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) can allow control of external devices using motor imagery (MI) decoded from electroencephalography (EEG). Although BCI have a wide range of applications including neurorehabilitation, the low spatial resolution of EEG, coupled to the variability of cortical activations during MI, make control of BCI based on EEG a challenging task. Methods An assessment of BCI control with different feedback timing strategies was performed. Two different feedback timing strategies were compared, comprised by passive hand movement provided by a robotic hand orthosis. One of the timing strategies, the continuous, involved the partial movement of the robot immediately after the recognition of each time segment in which hand MI was performed. The other feedback, the discrete, was comprised by the entire movement of the robot after the processing of the complete MI period. Eighteen healthy participants performed two sessions of BCI training and testing, one with each feedback. Results Significantly higher BCI performance (65.4 ± 17.9% with the continuous and 62.1 ± 18.6% with the discrete feedback) and pronounced bilateral alpha and ipsilateral beta cortical activations were observed with the continuous feedback. Discussion It was hypothesized that these effects, although heterogenous across participants, were caused by the enhancement of attentional and closed-loop somatosensory processes. This is important, since a continuous feedback timing could increase the number of BCI users that can control a MI-based system or enhance cortical activations associated with neuroplasticity, important for neurorehabilitation applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben I Carino-Escobar
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martín E Rodríguez-García
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Division of Neuroscience, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raquel Valdés-Cristerna
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cantillo-Negrete
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fu J, Chen S, Jia J. Sensorimotor Rhythm-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces for Motor Tasks Used in Hand Upper Extremity Rehabilitation after Stroke: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010056. [PMID: 36672038 PMCID: PMC9856697 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are becoming more popular in the neurological rehabilitation field, and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) is a type of brain oscillation rhythm that can be captured and analyzed in BCIs. Previous reviews have testified to the efficacy of the BCIs, but seldom have they discussed the motor task adopted in BCIs experiments in detail, as well as whether the feedback is suitable for them. We focused on the motor tasks adopted in SMR-based BCIs, as well as the corresponding feedback, and searched articles in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and Scopus and found 442 articles. After a series of screenings, 15 randomized controlled studies were eligible for analysis. We found motor imagery (MI) or motor attempt (MA) are common experimental paradigms in EEG-based BCIs trials. Imagining/attempting to grasp and extend the fingers is the most common, and there were multi-joint movements, including wrist, elbow, and shoulder. There were various types of feedback in MI or MA tasks for hand grasping and extension. Proprioception was used more frequently in a variety of forms. Orthosis, robot, exoskeleton, and functional electrical stimulation can assist the paretic limb movement, and visual feedback can be used as primary feedback or combined forms. However, during the recovery process, there are many bottleneck problems for hand recovery, such as flaccid paralysis or opening the fingers. In practice, we should mainly focus on patients' difficulties, and design one or more motor tasks for patients, with the assistance of the robot, FES, or other combined feedback, to help them to complete a grasp, finger extension, thumb opposition, or other motion. Future research should focus on neurophysiological changes and functional improvements and further elaboration on the changes in neurophysiology during the recovery of motor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shugeng Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai 200040, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-021-5288-7820
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brain-machine Interface (BMI)-based Neurorehabilitation for Post-stroke Upper Limb Paralysis. Keio J Med 2022; 71:82-92. [PMID: 35718470 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2022-0002-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Because recovery from upper limb paralysis after stroke is challenging, compensatory approaches have been the main focus of upper limb rehabilitation. However, based on fundamental and clinical research indicating that the brain has a far greater potential for plastic change than previously thought, functional restorative approaches have become increasingly common. Among such interventions, constraint-induced movement therapy, task-specific training, robotic therapy, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), mental practice, mirror therapy, and bilateral arm training are recommended in recently published stroke guidelines. For severe upper limb paralysis, however, no effective therapy has yet been established. Against this background, there is growing interest in applying brain-machine interface (BMI) technologies to upper limb rehabilitation. Increasing numbers of randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of BMI neurorehabilitation, and several meta-analyses have shown medium to large effect sizes with BMI therapy. Subgroup analyses indicate higher intervention effects in the subacute group than the chronic group, when using movement attempts as the BMI-training trigger task rather than using motor imagery, and using NMES as the external device compared with using other devices. The Keio BMI team has developed an electroencephalography-based neurorehabilitation system and has published clinical and basic studies demonstrating its effectiveness and neurophysiological mechanisms. For its wider clinical application, the positioning of BMI therapy in upper limb rehabilitation needs to be clarified, BMI needs to be commercialized as an easy-to-use and cost-effective medical device, and training systems for rehabilitation professionals need to be developed. A technological breakthrough enabling selective modulation of neural circuits is also needed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li C, Wei J, Huang X, Duan Q, Zhang T. Effects of a Brain-Computer Interface-Operated Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robot on Motor Function Recovery in Patients with Stroke. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:4710044. [PMID: 34966524 PMCID: PMC8712171 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4710044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To observe the effect of a brain-computer interface-operated lower limb rehabilitation robot (BCI-LLRR) on functional recovery from stroke and to explore mechanisms. Methods Subacute-phase stroke patients were randomly divided into two groups. In addition to the routine intervention, patients in the treatment group trained on the BCI-LLRR and underwent the lower limb pedal training in the control group, both for the same time (30 min/day). All patients underwent assessment by instruments such as the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the Fugl-Meyer upper and lower limb motor function and balance tests, at 2 and 4 weeks of treatment and at 3 months after the end of treatment. Patients were also tested before treatment and after 4 weeks by leg motor evoked potential (MEP) and diffusion tensor imaging/tractography (DTI/DTT) of the head. Results After 4 weeks, the Fugl-Meyer leg function and NIHSS scores were significantly improved in the treatment group vs. controls (P < 0.01). At 3 months, further significant improvement was observed. The MEP amplitude and latency of the treatment group were significantly improved vs. controls. The effect of treatment on fractional anisotropy values was not significant. Conclusions The BCI-LLRR promoted leg functional recovery after stroke and improved activities of daily living, possibly by improving cerebral-cortex excitability and white matter connectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University.The First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, China
| | - Jinyu Wei
- Department of Ultrasound, Yichang Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital. Yichang Children's Hospital, Yichang, China
| | - Xiaoqun Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University.The First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, China
| | - Qiang Duan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University.The First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University.The First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Efficacy and safety of manual acupuncture for the treatment of upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258921. [PMID: 34767554 PMCID: PMC8589149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incidence of stroke sequelae among patients is as high as 70%–80%. Flexor spasm is the most common stroke sequela, presenting a heavy burden to the patients and their families. This study will evaluate the results of randomized controlled trials to determine the efficacy and safety of hand manipulation acupuncture for the treatment of upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke. Methods Eight databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Wanfang Database, and Web of Science, will be searched using English and Chinese search strategies. In addition, manual retrieval of research papers, conference papers, ongoing experiments, and internal reports, among others, will supplement electronic retrieval. All eligible studies published on or before January 15, 2021 will be selected. To enhance the effectiveness of the study, only clinical randomized controlled trials related to the use of manual acupuncture for the treatment of upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke will be included. Analysis The Fugl-Meyer upper extremity assessment will be the primary outcome measure, whereas the Wolf Motor Function Test, Modified Ashworth Scale, arm movement survey test table, and upper extremity freehand muscle strength assessment scores will be the secondary outcomes. Side effects and adverse events will be included as safety evaluations. To ensure the quality of the systematic evaluation, study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment will be independently performed by two authors, and a third author will resolve any disagreement. Ethics and dissemination This systematic review will evaluate the efficacy and safety of manual acupuncture for the treatment of upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke. Since all included data will be obtained from published articles, it does not require ethical approval and will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. INPLASY registration number: INPLASY202110071.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou Q, Lin J, Yao L, Wang Y, Han Y, Xu K. Relative Power Correlates With the Decoding Performance of Motor Imagery Both Across Time and Subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:701091. [PMID: 34483866 PMCID: PMC8414415 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.701091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant challenges in the application of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) is the large performance variation, which often occurs over time or across users. Recent evidence suggests that the physiological states may explain this performance variation in BCI, however, the underlying neurophysiological mechanism is unclear. In this study, we conducted a seven-session motor-imagery (MI) experiment on 20 healthy subjects to investigate the neurophysiological mechanism on the performance variation. The classification accuracy was calculated offline by common spatial pattern (CSP) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms to measure the MI performance of each subject and session. Relative Power (RP) values from different rhythms and task stages were used to reflect the physiological states and their correlation with the BCI performance was investigated. Results showed that the alpha band RP from the supplementary motor area (SMA) within a few seconds before MI was positively correlated with performance. Besides, the changes of RP between task and pre-task stage from theta, alpha, and gamma band were also found to be correlated with performance both across time and subjects. These findings reveal a neurophysiological manifestation of the performance variations, and would further provide a way to improve the BCI performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Brain and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Wang
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Brain and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Han
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Neuroelectronics and Brain Computer Interface Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kedi Xu
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Brain and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Simon C, Bolton DAE, Kennedy NC, Soekadar SR, Ruddy KL. Challenges and Opportunities for the Future of Brain-Computer Interface in Neurorehabilitation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:699428. [PMID: 34276299 PMCID: PMC8282929 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.699428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a unique technological solution to circumvent the damaged motor system. For neurorehabilitation, the BCI can be used to translate neural signals associated with movement intentions into tangible feedback for the patient, when they are unable to generate functional movement themselves. Clinical interest in BCI is growing rapidly, as it would facilitate rehabilitation to commence earlier following brain damage and provides options for patients who are unable to partake in traditional physical therapy. However, substantial challenges with existing BCI implementations have prevented its widespread adoption. Recent advances in knowledge and technology provide opportunities to facilitate a change, provided that researchers and clinicians using BCI agree on standardisation of guidelines for protocols and shared efforts to uncover mechanisms. We propose that addressing the speed and effectiveness of learning BCI control are priorities for the field, which may be improved by multimodal or multi-stage approaches harnessing more sensitive neuroimaging technologies in the early learning stages, before transitioning to more practical, mobile implementations. Clarification of the neural mechanisms that give rise to improvement in motor function is an essential next step towards justifying clinical use of BCI. In particular, quantifying the unknown contribution of non-motor mechanisms to motor recovery calls for more stringent control conditions in experimental work. Here we provide a contemporary viewpoint on the factors impeding the scalability of BCI. Further, we provide a future outlook for optimal design of the technology to best exploit its unique potential, and best practices for research and reporting of findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Simon
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A. E. Bolton
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Niamh C. Kennedy
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Surjo R. Soekadar
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathy L. Ruddy
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cantillo-Negrete J, Carino-Escobar RI, Carrillo-Mora P, Rodriguez-Barragan MA, Hernandez-Arenas C, Quinzaños-Fresnedo J, Hernandez-Sanchez IR, Galicia-Alvarado MA, Miguel-Puga A, Arias-Carrion O. Brain-Computer Interface Coupled to a Robotic Hand Orthosis for Stroke Patients' Neurorehabilitation: A Crossover Feasibility Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:656975. [PMID: 34163342 PMCID: PMC8215105 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.656975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) coupled to robotic assistive devices have shown promise for the rehabilitation of stroke patients. However, little has been reported that compares the clinical and physiological effects of a BCI intervention for upper limb stroke rehabilitation with those of conventional therapy. This study assesses the feasibility of an intervention with a BCI based on electroencephalography (EEG) coupled to a robotic hand orthosis for upper limb stroke rehabilitation and compares its outcomes to conventional therapy. Seven subacute and three chronic stroke patients (M = 59.9 ± 12.8) with severe upper limb impairment were recruited in a crossover feasibility study to receive 1 month of BCI therapy and 1 month of conventional therapy in random order. The outcome measures were comprised of: Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), motor evoked potentials elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), hand dynamometry, and EEG. Additionally, BCI performance and user experience were measured. All measurements were acquired before and after each intervention. FMA-UE and ARAT after BCI (23.1 ± 16; 8.4 ± 10) and after conventional therapy (21.9 ± 15; 8.7 ± 11) were significantly higher (p < 0.017) compared to baseline (17.5 ± 15; 4.3 ± 6) but were similar between therapies (p > 0.017). Via TMS, corticospinal tract integrity could be assessed in the affected hemisphere of three patients at baseline, in five after BCI, and four after conventional therapy. While no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in patients’ affected hand strength, it was higher after the BCI therapy. EEG cortical activations were significantly higher over motor and non-motor regions after both therapies (p < 0.017). System performance increased across BCI sessions, from 54 (50, 70%) to 72% (56, 83%). Patients reported moderate mental workloads and excellent usability with the BCI. Outcome measurements implied that a BCI intervention using a robotic hand orthosis as feedback has the potential to elicit neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, similar to those observed during conventional therapy, even in a group of severely impaired stroke patients. Therefore, the proposed BCI system could be a suitable therapy option and will be further assessed in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cantillo-Negrete
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruben I Carino-Escobar
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Neuroscience Division, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marlene A Rodriguez-Barragan
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Hernandez-Arenas
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jimena Quinzaños-Fresnedo
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isauro R Hernandez-Sanchez
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marlene A Galicia-Alvarado
- Department of Electrodiagnostic, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adan Miguel-Puga
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrion
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González," Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Innovación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González," Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Carino-Escobar RI, Valdés-Cristerna R, Carrillo-Mora P, Rodriguez-Barragan MA, Hernandez-Arenas C, Quinzaños-Fresnedo J, Arias-Carrión O, Cantillo-Negrete J. Prognosis of stroke upper limb recovery with physiological variables using regression tree ensembles. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33906163 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abfc1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.This study assesses upper limb recovery prognosis after stroke with solely physiological information, which can provide an objective estimation of recovery.Approach.Clinical recovery was forecasted using EEG-derived Event-Related Desynchronization/Synchronization and coherence, in addition to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation elicited motor-evoked potentials and upper limb grip and pinch strength. A Regression Tree Ensemble predicted clinical recovery of a stroke database (n= 10) measured after a two-month intervention with the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for the Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) and the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT).Main results.There were no significant differences between predicted and actual outcomes with FMA-UE (p= 0.29) and ARAT (p= 0.5). Median prediction error for FMA-UE and ARAT were of 0.3 (IQR = 6.2) and 3.4 (IQR = 9.4) points, respectively. Predictions with the most pronounced errors were due to an underestimation of high upper limb recovery. The best features for FMA-UE prediction included mostly beta activity over the sensorimotor cortex. Best ARAT prediction features were cortical beta activity, corticospinal tract integrity of the unaffected hemisphere, and upper limb strength.Significance.Results highlighted the importance of measuring cortical activity related to motor control processes, the unaffected hemisphere's integrity, and upper limb strength for prognosis. It was also implied that stroke upper limb recovery prediction is feasible using solely physiological variables with a Regression Tree Ensemble, which can also be used to analyze physiological relationships with recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben I Carino-Escobar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico.,Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación 'Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra', Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Raquel Valdés-Cristerna
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Division of Neuroscience, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación 'Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra', Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Marlene A Rodriguez-Barragan
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación 'Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra', Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Claudia Hernandez-Arenas
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación 'Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra', Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Jimena Quinzaños-Fresnedo
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación 'Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra', Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General 'Dr Manuel Gea González', Mexico City 14080, Mexico.,Centro de Innovación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Hospital General 'Dr Manuel Gea González', Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cantillo-Negrete
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación 'Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra', Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mrachacz-Kersting N, Ibáñez J, Farina D. Towards a mechanistic approach for the development of non-invasive brain-computer interfaces for motor rehabilitation. J Physiol 2021; 599:2361-2374. [PMID: 33728656 DOI: 10.1113/jp281314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) designed for motor rehabilitation use brain signals associated with motor-processing states to guide neuroplastic changes in a state-dependent manner. These technologies are uniquely positioned to induce targeted and functionally relevant plastic changes in the human motor nervous system. However, while several studies have shown that BCI-based neuromodulation interventions may improve motor function in patients with lesions in the central nervous system, the neurophysiological structures and processes targeted with the BCI interventions have not been identified. In this review, we first summarize current knowledge of the changes in the central nervous system associated with learning new motor skills. Then, we propose a classification of current BCI paradigms for plasticity induction and motor rehabilitation based on the expected neural plastic changes promoted. This classification proposes four paradigms based on two criteria: the plasticity induction methods and the brain states targeted. The existing evidence regarding the brain circuits and processes targeted with these different BCIs is discussed in detail. The proposed classification aims to serve as a starting point for future studies trying to elucidate the underlying plastic changes following BCI interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime Ibáñez
- Department of Bioengineering, Centre for Neurotechnologies, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Centre for Neurotechnologies, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baniqued PDE, Stanyer EC, Awais M, Alazmani A, Jackson AE, Mon-Williams MA, Mushtaq F, Holt RJ. Brain-computer interface robotics for hand rehabilitation after stroke: a systematic review. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:15. [PMID: 33485365 PMCID: PMC7825186 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand rehabilitation is core to helping stroke survivors regain activities of daily living. Recent studies have suggested that the use of electroencephalography-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI) can promote this process. Here, we report the first systematic examination of the literature on the use of BCI-robot systems for the rehabilitation of fine motor skills associated with hand movement and profile these systems from a technical and clinical perspective. METHODS A search for January 2010-October 2019 articles using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PEDro, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore and Cochrane Library databases was performed. The selection criteria included BCI-hand robotic systems for rehabilitation at different stages of development involving tests on healthy participants or people who have had a stroke. Data fields include those related to study design, participant characteristics, technical specifications of the system, and clinical outcome measures. RESULTS 30 studies were identified as eligible for qualitative review and among these, 11 studies involved testing a BCI-hand robot on chronic and subacute stroke patients. Statistically significant improvements in motor assessment scores relative to controls were observed for three BCI-hand robot interventions. The degree of robot control for the majority of studies was limited to triggering the device to perform grasping or pinching movements using motor imagery. Most employed a combination of kinaesthetic and visual response via the robotic device and display screen, respectively, to match feedback to motor imagery. CONCLUSION 19 out of 30 studies on BCI-robotic systems for hand rehabilitation report systems at prototype or pre-clinical stages of development. We identified large heterogeneity in reporting and emphasise the need to develop a standard protocol for assessing technical and clinical outcomes so that the necessary evidence base on efficiency and efficacy can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily C Stanyer
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JZ, UK
| | - Muhammad Awais
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JZ, UK
| | - Ali Alazmani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew E Jackson
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JZ, UK.
| | - Raymond J Holt
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang J, Ran C, Pan P, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Rehabilitation training combined acupuncture for limb hemiplegia caused by cerebral infarction: A protocol for a systematic review of randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e23474. [PMID: 33429730 PMCID: PMC7793329 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that rehabilitation training combined acupuncture (RTA) can be used for the treatment of limb hemiplegia (LH) caused by cerebral infarction (CI). However, its effectiveness is still unclear. In this systematic review study, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of RTA for LH following CI. METHODS We will retrieve the databases of CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDILINE, CINAHL, AMED, CBM, PUBMED, and CNKI from inception to June 1, 2020 with no language restrictions. The randomized controlled trials of RTA for evaluating effectiveness and safety in patients with LH following CI will be included. Cochrane risk of bias tool will be used to measure the methodological quality for all included studies. Two authors will independently select the studies, extract the data, and assess the methodological quality of included studies. A third author will be invited to discuss if any disagreements exist between 2 authors. We will perform heterogeneity assessment before carrying out meta-analysis. According to the heterogeneity, we select random effect model or fixed effect model for meta-analysis of the included cohort studies. Cochrane risk of bias tool will be used to determine the methodological quality for included studies. RevMan 5.3 software (Cochrane Community, London, UK) will be utilized to perform statistical analysis. RESULTS This systematic review will assess the effectiveness and safety of RTA for LH caused by CI. The primary outcome includes limbs function, as measured by the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) Assessment scale, or other associated scales. The secondary outcomes consist of muscle strength, muscle tone, quality of life, and any adverse events. CONCLUSION The findings of this study will summarize the current evidence of RTA for LH caused by CI, and may provide helpful evidence for the clinical treatment. DISSEMINATION AND ETHICS The findings of this study are expected to be published in peer-reviewed journals. It does not require ethical approval, because no individual data will be utilized in this study. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION INPLASY202070114.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping Pan
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
| | | | - Yinglin Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kruse A, Suica Z, Taeymans J, Schuster-Amft C. Effect of brain-computer interface training based on non-invasive electroencephalography using motor imagery on functional recovery after stroke - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:385. [PMID: 33092554 PMCID: PMC7584076 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Training with brain-computer interface (BCI) technology in the rehabilitation of patients after a stroke is rapidly developing. Numerous RCT investigated the effects of BCI training (BCIT) on recovery of motor and brain function in patients after stroke. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in Medline, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Cochrane library, and Embase in July 2018 and was repeated in March 2019. RCT or controlled clinical trials that included BCIT for improving motor and brain recovery in patients after a stroke were identified. Data were meta-analysed using the random-effects model. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence (95%CI) and 95% prediction interval (95%PI) were calculated. A meta-regression was performed to evaluate the effects of covariates on the pooled effect-size. Results In total, 14 studies, including 362 patients after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (cortical, subcortical, 121 females; mean age 53.0+/− 5.8; mean time since stroke onset 15.7+/− 18.2 months) were included. Main motor recovery outcome measure used was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment. Quantitative analysis showed that a BCI training compared to conventional therapy alone in patients after stroke was effective with an SMD of 0.39 (95%CI: 0.17 to 0.62; 95%PI of 0.13 to 0.66) for motor function recovery of the upper extremity. An SMD of 0.41 (95%CI: − 0.29 to 1.12) for motor function recovery of the lower extremity was found. BCI training enhanced brain function recovery with an SMD of 1.11 (95%CI: 0.64 to 1.59; 95%PI ranging from 0.33 to 1.89). Covariates such as training duration, impairment level of the upper extremity, and the combination of both did not show significant effects on the overall pooled estimate. Conclusion This meta-analysis showed evidence that BCI training added to conventional therapy may enhance motor functioning of the upper extremity and brain function recovery in patients after a stroke. We recommend a standardised evaluation of motor imagery ability of included patients and the assessment of brain function recovery should consider neuropsychological aspects (attention, concentration). Further influencing factors on motor recovery due to BCI technology might consider factors such as age, lesion type and location, quality of performance of motor imagery, or neuropsychological aspects. Trial Registration PROSPERO registration: CRD42018105832. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12883-020-01960-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Kruse
- Department of Health Professions, Bern University Applied Science, Schwarztorstrasse 48, 3007, Bern, Switzerland.,Private Practice, Baslerstrasse 60, 4102, Binningen, Switzerland
| | - Zorica Suica
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Salinenstrasse 98, 4310, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
| | - Jan Taeymans
- Department of Health Professions, Bern University Applied Science, Schwarztorstrasse 48, 3007, Bern, Switzerland.,Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Corina Schuster-Amft
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Salinenstrasse 98, 4310, Rheinfelden, Switzerland. .,Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Pestalozzistrasse 20, 3401, Burgdorf, Switzerland. .,Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pillette L, Lotte F, N'Kaoua B, Joseph PA, Jeunet C, Glize B. Why we should systematically assess, control and report somatosensory impairments in BCI-based motor rehabilitation after stroke studies. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102417. [PMID: 33039972 PMCID: PMC7551360 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal loss resulting from stroke forces 80% of the patients to undergo motor rehabilitation, for which Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and NeuroFeedback (NF) can be used. During the rehabilitation, when patients attempt or imagine performing a movement, BCIs/NF provide them with a synchronized sensory (e.g., tactile) feedback based on their sensorimotor-related brain activity that aims at fostering brain plasticity and motor recovery. The co-activation of ascending (i.e., somatosensory) and descending (i.e., motor) networks indeed enables significant functional motor improvement, together with significant sensorimotor-related neurophysiological changes. Somatosensory abilities are essential for patients to perceive the feedback provided by the BCI system. Thus, somatosensory impairments may significantly alter the efficiency of BCI-based motor rehabilitation. In order to precisely understand and assess the impact of somatosensory impairments, we first review the literature on post-stroke BCI-based motor rehabilitation (14 randomized clinical trials). We show that despite the central role that somatosensory abilities play on BCI-based motor rehabilitation post-stroke, the latter are rarely reported and used as inclusion/exclusion criteria in the literature on the matter. We then argue that somatosensory abilities have repeatedly been shown to influence the motor rehabilitation outcome, in general. This stresses the importance of also considering them and reporting them in the literature in BCI-based rehabilitation after stroke, especially since half of post-stroke patients suffer from somatosensory impairments. We argue that somatosensory abilities should systematically be assessed, controlled and reported if we want to precisely assess the influence they have on BCI efficiency. Not doing so could result in the misinterpretation of reported results, while doing so could improve (1) our understanding of the mechanisms underlying motor recovery (2) our ability to adapt the therapy to the patients' impairments and (3) our comprehension of the between-subject and between-study variability of therapeutic outcomes mentioned in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Pillette
- Inria, 200 av.de la Vieille Tour, 33400 Talence, France; LaBRI (Univ.Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP), 351, cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - Fabien Lotte
- Inria, 200 av.de la Vieille Tour, 33400 Talence, France; LaBRI (Univ.Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP), 351, cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - Bernard N'Kaoua
- Handicap, Activity, Cognition, Health, Inserm/University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France.
| | - Pierre-Alain Joseph
- Handicap, Activity, Cognition, Health, Inserm/University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France; Service MPR Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques CHU, University of Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux cedex, France.
| | - Camille Jeunet
- CLLE (CNRS, Univ.Toulouse Jean Jaurès), 5 Allées Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Bertrand Glize
- Handicap, Activity, Cognition, Health, Inserm/University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France; Service MPR Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques CHU, University of Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bobrov PD, Biryukova EV, Polyaev BA, Lajsheva OA, Usachjova EL, Sokolova AV, Mikhailova DI, Dement'eva KN, Fedotova IR. Rehabilitation of patients with cerebral palsy using hand exoskeleton controlled by brain-computer interface. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most severe central nervous system diseases in childhood associated with motor impairment. The study was aimed to assess the efficiency of the complex comprising brain-computer interface (BCI) and hand exoskeleton as an instrument for the motor function recovery in patients with CP complementing the essential therapy. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale, ARAT test and Jebsen–Taylor function test were used in 14 children and adolescents for the motor function improvement assessment after the therapy complemented by 7–10 BCI-exoskeleton based procedures. The EEG mu-rhythm sources properties during the motor imagery BCI control were studied. After the procedures completion, the significant improvement of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale score (7 (2; 11) for hand active movements; 4.5 (1; 6) for proximal arm and 2.5 (0; 5) for hand), ARAT test score (7.5 (1; 31) for total score, 1.5 (0; 12) for grasp movement and 1.5 (0; 8) for grip movement), as well as significantly different from the zero execution time reduction in three out of seven Jabsen–Taylor function test items (–1 (–4.13; 0.25) for simulated feeding; –1 (–2; 0) for moving light and heavy cans) were identified. The average BCI detection level was 0.51 (0.45; 0.54) (max = 0.70). In most EEG recordings the mu-rhythm sources were detected, both for intact and affected hemispheres. The mu-rhythm desynchronization associated with motor imagery was observed, significantly affecting the BCI accuracy. The results obtained indicate that the use of BCI-exoskeleton complex effectively complements the standard rehabilitation methods for children with CP, and suggest that its clinical effectiveness in individuals with CP may be proven by enrollment of more patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- PD Bobrov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - EV Biryukova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - BA Polyaev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - OA Lajsheva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Russian Children's Clinical Hospital of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - EL Usachjova
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - AV Sokolova
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - DI Mikhailova
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - KN Dement'eva
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - IR Fedotova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Song Y, Cai S, Yang L, Li G, Wu W, Xie L. A Practical EEG-Based Human-Machine Interface to Online Control an Upper-Limb Assist Robot. Front Neurorobot 2020; 14:32. [PMID: 32754025 PMCID: PMC7366778 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to control machines with human intention, especially for paralyzed people in rehabilitation exercises or daily activities. Some effort was put into this but still not enough for online use. To improve the practicality, this study aims to propose an efficient control method based on P300, a special EEG component. Moreover, we have developed an upper-limb assist robot system with the method for verification and hope to really help paralyzed people. Methods: We chose P300, which is highly available and easily accepted to obtain the user's intention. Preprocessing and spatial enhancement were firstly implemented on raw EEG data. Then, three approaches– linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine, and multilayer perceptron –were compared in detail to accomplish an efficient P300 detector, whose output was employed as a command to control the assist robot. Results: The method we proposed achieved an accuracy of 94.43% in the offline test with the data from eight participants. It showed sufficient reliability and robustness with an accuracy of 80.83% and an information transfer rate of 15.42 in the online test. Furthermore, the extended test showed remarkable generalizability of this method that can be used in more complex application scenarios. Conclusion: From the results, we can see that the proposed method has great potential for helping paralyzed people easily control an assist robot to do numbers of things.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Song
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lie Yang
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longhan Xie
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fried-Oken M, Kinsella M, Peters B, Eddy B, Wojciechowski B. Human visual skills for brain-computer interface use: a tutorial. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2020; 15:799-809. [PMID: 32476516 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2020.1754929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Many brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for people with severe disabilities present stimuli in the visual modality with little consideration of the visual skills required for successful use. The primary objective of this tutorial is to present researchers and clinical professionals with basic information about the visual skills needed for functional use of visual BCIs, and to offer modifications that would render BCI technology more accessible for persons with vision impairments.Methods: First, we provide a background on BCIs that rely on a visual interface. We then describe the visual skills required for BCI technologies that are used for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), as well as common eye conditions or impairments that can impact the user's performance. We summarize screening tools that can be administered by the non-eye care professional in a research or clinical setting, as well as the role of the eye care professional. Finally, we explore potential BCI design modifications to compensate for identified functional impairments. Information was generated from literature review and the clinical experience of vision experts.Results and conclusions: This in-depth description culminates in foundational information about visual skills and functional visual impairments that affect the design and use of visual interfaces for BCI technologies. The visual interface is a critical component of successful BCI systems. We can determine a BCI system for potential users with visual impairments and design BCI visual interfaces based on sound anatomical and physiological visual clinical science.Implications for RehabilitationAs brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) become possible access methods for people with severe motor impairments, it is critical that clinicians have a basic knowledge of the visual skills necessary for use of visual BCI interfaces.Rehabilitation providers must have a knowledge of objectively gathering information regarding a potential BCI user's functional visual skills.Rehabilitation providers must understand how to modify BCI visual interfaces for the potential user with visual impairments.Rehabilitation scientists should understand the visual demands of BCIs as they develop and evaluate these new access methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Fried-Oken
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Biomedical Engineering, and Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michelle Kinsella
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Betts Peters
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brandon Eddy
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gearing M, Kennedy P. Histological Confirmation of Myelinated Neural Filaments Within the Tip of the Neurotrophic Electrode After a Decade of Neural Recordings. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:111. [PMID: 32372930 PMCID: PMC7187752 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Electrodes that provide brain to machine or computer interfacing must survive the lifetime of the person to be considered an acceptable prosthetic. The electrodes may be external such as with electroencephalographic (EEG), internal extracortical such as electrocorticographic (ECoG) or intracortical. Methods Most intracortical electrodes are placed close to the neuropil being recorded and do not survive years of recording. However, the Neurotrophic Electrode is placed within the cortex and the neuropil grows inside and through the hollow tip of the electrode and is thus trapped inside. Highly flexible coiled lead wires minimize the strain on the electrode tip. Histological analysis includes immunohistochemical detection of neurofilaments and the absence of gliosis. Results This configuration led to a decade long recording in this locked-in person. At year nine, the neural activity underwent conditioning experiments indicating that the neural activity was functional and not noise. This paper presents data on the histological analysis of the tissue inside the electrode tip after 13 years of implantation. Conclusion This paper is a singular example of histological analysis after a decade of recording. The histological analysis laid out herein is strong evidence that the brain can grow neurites into the electrode tip and record for a decade. This is profoundly important in the field of brain to machine or computer interfacing by implying that long term electrodes should incorporate some means of growing the neuropil into the electrode rather than placing the electrode into the neuropil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marla Gearing
- Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Foong R, Ang KK, Quek C, Guan C, Phua KS, Kuah CWK, Deshmukh VA, Yam LHL, Rajeswaran DK, Tang N, Chew E, Chua KSG. Assessment of the Efficacy of EEG-Based MI-BCI With Visual Feedback and EEG Correlates of Mental Fatigue for Upper-Limb Stroke Rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 67:786-795. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2921198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
23
|
Wu Q, Yue Z, Ge Y, Ma D, Yin H, Zhao H, Liu G, Wang J, Dou W, Pan Y. Brain Functional Networks Study of Subacute Stroke Patients With Upper Limb Dysfunction After Comprehensive Rehabilitation Including BCI Training. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1419. [PMID: 32082238 PMCID: PMC7000923 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain computer interface (BCI)-based training is promising for the treatment of stroke patients with upper limb (UL) paralysis. However, most stroke patients receive comprehensive treatment that not only includes BCI, but also routine training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the topological alterations in brain functional networks following comprehensive treatment, including BCI training, in the subacute stage of stroke. Twenty-five hospitalized subacute stroke patients with moderate to severe UL paralysis were assigned to one of two groups: 4-week comprehensive treatment, including routine and BCI training (BCI group, BG, n = 14) and 4-week routine training without BCI support (control group, CG, n = 11). Functional UL assessments were performed before and after training, including, Fugl-Meyer Assessment-UL (FMA-UL), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). Neuroimaging assessment of functional connectivity (FC) in the BG was performed by resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. After training, as compared with baseline, all clinical assessments (FMA-UL, ARAT, and WMFT) improved significantly (p < 0.05) in both groups. Meanwhile, better functional improvements were observed in FMA-UL (p < 0.05), ARAT (p < 0.05), and WMFT (p < 0.05) in the BG. Meanwhile, FC of the BG increased across the whole brain, including the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes and subcortical regions. More importantly, increased inter-hemispheric FC between the somatosensory association cortex and putamen was strongly positively associated with UL motor function after training. Our findings demonstrate that comprehensive rehabilitation, including BCI training, can enhance UL motor function better than routine training for subacute stroke patients. The reorganization of brain functional networks topology in subacute stroke patients allows for increased coordination between the multi-sensory and motor-related cortex and the extrapyramidal system. Future long-term, longitudinal, controlled neuroimaging studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of BCI training as an approach to promote brain plasticity during the subacute stage of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zan Yue
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunxiang Ge
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weibei Dou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Quiles E, Suay F, Candela G, Chio N, Jiménez M, Álvarez-Kurogi L. Low-Cost Robotic Guide Based on a Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interface for Arm Assisted Rehabilitation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030699. [PMID: 31973155 PMCID: PMC7036782 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery has been suggested as an efficient alternative to improve the rehabilitation process of affected limbs. In this study, a low-cost robotic guide is implemented so that linear position can be controlled via the user’s motor imagination of movement intention. The patient can use this device to move the arm attached to the guide according to their own intentions. The first objective of this study was to check the feasibility and safety of the designed robotic guide controlled via a motor imagery (MI)-based brain–computer interface (MI-BCI) in healthy individuals, with the ultimate aim to apply it to rehabilitation patients. The second objective was to determine which are the most convenient MI strategies to control the different assisted rehabilitation arm movements. The results of this study show a better performance when the BCI task is controlled with an action–action MI strategy versus an action–relaxation one. No statistically significant difference was found between the two action–action MI strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Quiles
- Instituto de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-387-7007 (ext. 75793)
| | - Ferran Suay
- Departament de Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de València, 46010 València, Spain; (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Gemma Candela
- Departament de Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de València, 46010 València, Spain; (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Nayibe Chio
- Instituto de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain;
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Ingeniería Mecatrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga 680003, Colombia
| | - Manuel Jiménez
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (M.J.); (L.Á.-K.)
| | - Leandro Álvarez-Kurogi
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (M.J.); (L.Á.-K.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brain Computer Interface-Based Action Observation Game Enhances Mu Suppression in Patients with Stroke. ELECTRONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics8121466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Action observation (AO), based on the mirror neuron theory, is a promising strategy to promote motor cortical activation in neurorehabilitation. Brain computer interface (BCI) can detect a user’s intention and provide them with brain state-dependent feedback to assist with patient rehabilitation. We investigated the effects of a combined BCI-AO game on power of mu band attenuation in stroke patients. Nineteen patients with subacute stroke were recruited. A BCI-AO game provided real-time feedback to participants regarding their attention to a flickering action video using steady-state visual-evoked potentials. All participants watched a video of repetitive grasping actions under two conditions: (1) BCI-AO game and (2) conventional AO, in random order. In the BCI-AO game, feedback on participants’ observation scores and observation time was provided. In conventional AO, a non-flickering video and no feedback were provided. The magnitude of mu suppression in the central motor, temporal, parietal, and occipital areas was significantly higher in the BCI-AO game than in the conventional AO. The magnitude of mu suppression was significantly higher in the BCI-AO game than in the conventional AO both in the affected and unaffected hemispheres. These results support the facilitatory effects of the BCI-AO game on mu suppression over conventional AO.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lu Z, Li Q, Gao N, Yang J, Bai O. Happy emotion cognition of bimodal audiovisual stimuli optimizes the performance of the P300 speller. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01479. [PMID: 31729840 PMCID: PMC6908870 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior studies of emotional cognition have found that emotion-based bimodal face and voice stimuli can elicit larger event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes and enhance neural responses compared with visual-only emotional face stimuli. Recent studies on brain-computer interface have shown that emotional face stimuli have significantly improved the performance of the traditional P300 speller system, but its performance needs to be further improved for practical applications. Therefore, we herein propose a novel audiovisual P300 speller based on bimodal emotional cognition to further improve the performance of the P300 system. METHODS The audiovisual P300 speller we proposed is based on happy emotions, with visual and auditory stimuli that consist of several pairs of smiling faces and audible chuckles (E-AV spelling paradigm) of different ages and sexes. The control paradigm was the visual-only emotional face P300 speller (E-V spelling paradigm). RESULTS We compared the ERP amplitudes, accuracy, and raw bit rate between the E-AV and E-V spelling paradigms. The target stimuli elicited significantly increased P300 amplitudes (p < .05) and P600 amplitudes (p < .05) in the E-AV spelling paradigm compared with those in the E-V paradigm. The E-AV spelling paradigm also significantly improved the spelling accuracy and the raw bit rate compared with those in the E-V paradigm at one superposition (p < .05) and at two superpositions (p < .05). SIGNIFICANCE The proposed emotion-based audiovisual spelling paradigm not only significantly improves the performance of the P300 speller, but also provides a basis for the development of various bimodal P300 speller systems, which is a step forward in the clinical application of brain-computer interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Lu
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchunChina
| | - Qi Li
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchunChina
| | - Ning Gao
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchunChina
| | - Jingjing Yang
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchunChina
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang H, Arceo R, Chen S, Ding L, Jia J, Yao J. Effectiveness of interventions to improve hand motor function in individuals with moderate to severe stroke: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e032413. [PMID: 31562163 PMCID: PMC6773351 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human hand is extremely involved in our daily lives. However, the rehabilitation of hand function after stroke can be rather difficult due to the complexity of hand structure and function, as well as neural basis that supports hand function. Specifically, in individuals with moderate to severe impairment following a stroke, previous evidence for effective treatments that recover hand function in this population is limited, and thus has never been reviewed. With the progress of rehabilitation science and tool development, results from more and more clinical trials are now available, thereby justifying conducting a systematic review. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This systematic review protocol is consistent with the methodology recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols and the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Electronic searches will be carried out in the PubMed, CINAHL, Physiotherapy Evidence Database and Cochrane Library databases, along with manual searches in the reference lists from included studies and published systematic reviews. The date range parameters used in searching all databases is between January 1999 and January 2019. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in English, with the primary outcome focusing on hand motor function, will be included. Two reviewers will screen all retrieved titles, abstracts and full texts, perform the evaluation of the risk bias and extract all data independently. The risk of bias of the included RCTs will be evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. A qualitative synthesis will be provided in text and table, to summarise the main results of the selected publications. A meta-analysis will be considered if there is sufficient homogeneity across outcomes. The quality of the included publications will be evaluated by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No ethical approval is needed, and the results of this review will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019128285.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hewei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ray Arceo
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shugeng Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Eddy BS, Garrett SC, Rajen S, Peters B, Wiedrick J, O’Connor A, Renda A, Huggins JE, Fried-Oken M. Trends in research participant categories and descriptions in abstracts from the International BCI Meeting series, 1999 to 2016. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2019; 6:13-24. [PMID: 33033728 PMCID: PMC7540243 DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2019.1643203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Much brain-computer interface (BCI) research is intended to benefit people with disabilities (PWD), but inclusion of these individuals as study participants remains relatively rare. When participants with disabilities are included, they are described with a range of clinical and non-clinical terms with varying degrees of specificity, often leading to difficulty in interpreting or replicating results. This study examined trends in inclusion and description of study participants with disabilities across six International BCI Meetings from 1999 to 2016. Abstracts from each Meeting were analyzed by two trained independent reviewers. Results suggested a decline in participation by PWD across Meetings until the 2016 Meeting. Increased diagnostic specificity was noted at the 2013 and 2016 Meetings. Fifty-eight percent of the abstracts identified PWD as being the target beneficiaries of BCI research, though only twenty-two percent included participants with disabilities, suggesting evidence of a persistent translational gap. Participants with disabilities were most commonly described as having physical and/or communication impairments compared to impairments in other areas. Implementing participatory action research principles and user-centered design strategies continues to be necessary within BCI research to bridge the translational gap and facilitate use of BCI systems within functional environments for PWD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S. Eddy
- REKNEW Lab, Institute on Development and Disability, Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR. USA
| | | | | | - Betts Peters
- REKNEW Lab, Institute on Development and Disability, Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR. USA
| | - Jack Wiedrick
- Biostatistics and Design Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR. USA
| | - Abigail O’Connor
- REKNEW Lab, Institute on Development and Disability, Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR. USA
| | - Ashley Renda
- REKNEW Lab, Institute on Development and Disability, Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR. USA
| | | | - Melanie Fried-Oken
- REKNEW Lab, Institute on Development and Disability, Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR. USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Song GF, Wu CJ, Dong SX, Yu CH, Li X. Rehabilitation training combined acupuncture for limb hemiplegia caused by cerebral hemorrhage: A protocol for a systematic review of randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14726. [PMID: 30817621 PMCID: PMC6831227 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that rehabilitation training combined acupuncture (RTA) can be used for the treatment of limb hemiplegia (LH) caused by cerebral hemorrhage (CH). However, its effectiveness is still unclear. In this systematic review study, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of RTA for LH following CH. METHODS We will retrieve the databases of CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDILINE, CINAHL, AMED, CBM, and CNKI from inception to March 1, 2019 with no language restrictions. The randomized controlled trials of RTA for evaluating effectiveness and safety in patients with LH following CH will be included. Cochrane risk of bias tool will be used to measure the methodological quality for all included studies. Two authors will independently select the studies, extract the data, and assess the methodological quality of included studies. A third author will be invited to discuss if any disagreements exist between 2 authors. If more than 2 eligible studies will be included, the outcome data will be pooled, and meta-analysis will be conducted if it is possible. RESULTS This systematic review will assess the effectiveness and safety of RTA for LH caused by CH. The primary outcome includes limbs function. The secondary outcomes consist of muscle strength, muscle tone, quality of life, and any adverse events. CONCLUSION The findings of this study will summarize the current evidence of RTA for LH caused by CH, and may provide helpful evidence for the clinical treatment. DISSEMINATION AND ETHICS The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals or will be presented on conference meeting. This work does not require ethic approval, because it will be conducted based on the published studies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42019120034.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carvalho R, Dias N, Cerqueira JJ. Brain-machine interface of upper limb recovery in stroke patients rehabilitation: A systematic review. PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 24:e1764. [PMID: 30609208 DOI: 10.1002/pri.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technologies such as brain-computer interfaces are able to guide mental practice, in particular motor imagery performance, to promote recovery in stroke patients, as a combined approach to conventional therapy. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to provide a status report regarding advances in brain-computer interface, focusing in particular in upper limb motor recovery. METHODS The databases PubMed, Scopus, and PEDro were systematically searched for articles published between January 2010 and December 2017. The selected studies were randomized controlled trials involving brain-computer interface interventions in stroke patients, with upper limb assessment as primary outcome measures. Reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the trials, using the PEDro methodologic rating scale. RESULTS From 309 titles, we included nine studies with high quality (PEDro ≥ 6). We found that the most common interface used was non-invasive electroencephalography, and the main neurofeedback, in stroke rehabilitation, was usually visual abstract or a combination with the control of an orthosis/robotic limb. Moreover, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale was a major outcome measure in eight out of nine studies. In addition, the benefits of functional electric stimulation associated to an interface were found in three studies. CONCLUSIONS Neurofeedback training with brain-computer interface systems seem to promote clinical and neurophysiologic changes in stroke patients, in particular those with long-term efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Carvalho
- Department of Physical Therapy, CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Gandra, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Dias
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,2Ai - Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jeunet C, Glize B, McGonigal A, Batail JM, Micoulaud-Franchi JA. Using EEG-based brain computer interface and neurofeedback targeting sensorimotor rhythms to improve motor skills: Theoretical background, applications and prospects. Neurophysiol Clin 2018; 49:125-136. [PMID: 30414824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2018.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Brain Computer Interface (BCI) and neurofeedback studies have investigated the impact of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) self-regulation training procedures on motor skills enhancement in healthy subjects and patients with motor disabilities. This critical review aims first to introduce the different definitions of SMR EEG target in BCI/Neurofeedback studies and to summarize the background from neurophysiological and neuroplasticity studies that led to SMR being considered as reliable and valid EEG targets to improve motor skills through BCI/neurofeedback procedures. The second objective of this review is to introduce the main findings regarding SMR BCI/neurofeedback in healthy subjects. Third, the main findings regarding BCI/neurofeedback efficiency in patients with hypokinetic activities (in particular, motor deficit following stroke) as well as in patients with hyperkinetic activities (in particular, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD) will be introduced. Due to a range of limitations, a clear association between SMR BCI/neurofeedback training and enhanced motor skills has yet to be established. However, SMR BCI/neurofeedback appears promising, and highlights many important challenges for clinical neurophysiology with regards to therapeutic approaches using BCI/neurofeedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jeunet
- Laboratoire cognition, langues, langage, ergonomie (CLLE), CNRS/Université Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, 31058 Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Glize
- EA4136, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Inserm, Aix Marseille Université, INS, institut de neurosciences des systèmes, 13005 Marseille, France; Service de neurophysiologie clinique, centre hospitalo universitaire de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Batail
- Academic Psychiatry Department, centre hospitalier Guillaume-Régnier, 35033 Rennes, France; EA 4712 Behavior and Basal Ganglia, Rennes 1 University, CHU de Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi
- Service d'explorations fonctionnelles du système nerveux, clinique du sommeil, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY, université de Bordeaux, CHU Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
There are many nonsurgical treatment options for patients with upper limb spasticity. This article presents an algorithmic approach to management, encompassing evidence-based rehabilitation therapies, medications, and promising new orthotic and robotic innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Black
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 355 East Erie Street, 21st Floor, Suite 2127, Chicago, IL 60601, USA.
| | - Deborah Gaebler-Spira
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 355 East Erie Street, Chicago, IL 60601, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tabernig CB, Lopez CA, Carrere LC, Spaich EG, Ballario CH. Neurorehabilitation therapy of patients with severe stroke based on functional electrical stimulation commanded by a brain computer interface. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2018; 5:2055668318789280. [PMID: 31191948 PMCID: PMC6453036 DOI: 10.1177/2055668318789280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain computer interface is an emerging technology to treat the sequelae of stroke. The purpose of this study was to explore the motor imagery related desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythms of stroke patients and to assess the efficacy of an upper limb neurorehabilitation therapy based on functional electrical stimulation controlled by a brain computer interface. Methods Eight severe chronic stroke patients were recruited. The study consisted of two stages: screening and therapy. During screening, the ability of patients to desynchronize the contralateral oscillatory sensorimotor rhythms by motor imagery of the most affected hand was assessed. In the second stage, a therapeutic intervention was performed. It involved 20 sessions where an electrical stimulator was activated when the patient's cerebral activity related to motor imagery was detected. The upper limb was assessed, before and after the intervention, by the Fugl-Meyer score (primary outcome). Spasticity, motor activity, range of movement and quality of life were also evaluated (secondary outcomes). Results Desynchronization was identified in all screened patients. Significant post-treatment improvement (p < 0.05) was detected in the primary outcome measure and in the majority of secondary outcome scores. Conclusions The results suggest that the proposed therapy could be beneficial in the neurorehabilitation of stroke individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B Tabernig
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería en Rehabilitación e Investigaciones Neuromusculares y Sensoriales (LIRINS), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde, Argentina
| | - Camila A Lopez
- Fundación Rosarina de Neuro-rehabilitación, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lucía C Carrere
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería en Rehabilitación e Investigaciones Neuromusculares y Sensoriales (LIRINS), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde, Argentina
| | - Erika G Spaich
- SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Seeland A, Krell MM, Straube S, Kirchner EA. Empirical Comparison of Distributed Source Localization Methods for Single-Trial Detection of Movement Preparation. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:340. [PMID: 30233341 PMCID: PMC6129768 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of technologies for the treatment of movement disorders, like stroke, is still of particular interest in brain-computer interface (BCI) research. In this context, source localization methods (SLMs), that reconstruct the cerebral origin of brain activity measured outside the head, e.g., via electroencephalography (EEG), can add a valuable insight into the current state and progress of the treatment. However, in BCIs SLMs were often solely considered as advanced signal processing methods that are compared against other methods based on the classification performance alone. Though, this approach does not guarantee physiological meaningful results. We present an empirical comparison of three established distributed SLMs with the aim to use one for single-trial movement prediction. The SLMs wMNE, sLORETA, and dSPM were applied on data acquired from eight subjects performing voluntary arm movements. Besides the classification performance as quality measure, a distance metric was used to asses the physiological plausibility of the methods. For the distance metric, which is usually measured to the source position of maximum activity, we further propose a variant based on clusters that is better suited for the single-trial case in which several sources are likely and the actual maximum is unknown. The two metrics showed different results. The classification performance revealed no significant differences across subjects, indicating that all three methods are equally well-suited for single-trial movement prediction. On the other hand, we obtained significant differences in the distance measure, favoring wMNE even after correcting the distance with the number of reconstructed clusters. Further, distance results were inconsistent with the traditional method using the maximum, indicating that for wMNE the point of maximum source activity often did not coincide with the nearest activation cluster. In summary, the presented comparison might help users to select an appropriate SLM and to understand the implications of the selection. The proposed methodology pays attention to the particular properties of distributed SLMs and can serve as a framework for further comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anett Seeland
- Robotics Innovation Center, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI GmbH), Bremen, Germany
| | - Mario M Krell
- Robotics Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,International Computer Science Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Sirko Straube
- Robotics Innovation Center, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI GmbH), Bremen, Germany
| | - Elsa A Kirchner
- Robotics Innovation Center, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI GmbH), Bremen, Germany.,Robotics Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Semprini M, Laffranchi M, Sanguineti V, Avanzino L, De Icco R, De Michieli L, Chiappalone M. Technological Approaches for Neurorehabilitation: From Robotic Devices to Brain Stimulation and Beyond. Front Neurol 2018; 9:212. [PMID: 29686644 PMCID: PMC5900382 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases causing motor/cognitive impairments are among the most common causes of adult-onset disability. More than one billion of people are affected worldwide, and this number is expected to increase in upcoming years, because of the rapidly aging population. The frequent lack of complete recovery makes it desirable to develop novel neurorehabilitative treatments, suited to the patients, and better targeting the specific disability. To date, rehabilitation therapy can be aided by the technological support of robotic-based therapy, non-invasive brain stimulation, and neural interfaces. In this perspective, we will review the above methods by referring to the most recent advances in each field. Then, we propose and discuss current and future approaches based on the combination of the above. As pointed out in the recent literature, by combining traditional rehabilitation techniques with neuromodulation, biofeedback recordings and/or novel robotic and wearable assistive devices, several studies have proven it is possible to sensibly improve the amount of recovery with respect to traditional treatments. We will then discuss the possible applied research directions to maximize the outcome of a neurorehabilitation therapy, which should include the personalization of the therapy based on patient and clinician needs and preferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vittorio Sanguineti
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tonin L, Pitteri M, Leeb R, Zhang H, Menegatti E, Piccione F, Millán JDR. Behavioral and Cortical Effects during Attention Driven Brain-Computer Interface Operations in Spatial Neglect: A Feasibility Case Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:336. [PMID: 28701939 PMCID: PMC5487481 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last years, several studies have suggested that Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) can play a critical role in the field of motor rehabilitation. In this case report, we aim to investigate the feasibility of a covert visuospatial attention (CVSA) driven BCI in three patients with left spatial neglect (SN). We hypothesize that such a BCI is able to detect attention task-specific brain patterns in SN patients and can induce significant changes in their abnormal cortical activity (α-power modulation, feature recruitment, and connectivity). The three patients were asked to control online a CVSA BCI by focusing their attention at different spatial locations, including their neglected (left) space. As primary outcome, results show a significant improvement of the reaction time in the neglected space between calibration and online modalities (p < 0.01) for the two out of three patients that had the slowest initial behavioral response. Such an evolution of reaction time negatively correlates (p < 0.05) with an increment of the Individual α-Power computed in the pre-cue interval. Furthermore, all patients exhibited a significant reduction of the inter-hemispheric imbalance (p < 0.05) over time in the parieto-occipital regions. Finally, analysis on the inter-hemispheric functional connectivity suggests an increment across modalities for regions in the affected (right) hemisphere and decrement for those in the healthy. Although preliminary, this feasibility study suggests a possible role of BCI in the therapeutic treatment of lateralized, attention-based visuospatial deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tonin
- Chair in Brain-Machine Interface, Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pitteri
- Neurology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Robert Leeb
- Chair in Brain-Machine Interface, Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Huaijian Zhang
- Chair in Brain-Machine Interface, Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Menegatti
- Intelligent Autonomous Systems Laboratory, Department of Information Engineering, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piccione
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital FoundationVenice, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital FoundationVenice, Italy
| | - José Del R Millán
- Chair in Brain-Machine Interface, Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneGeneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|