1
|
Pérez-Acuña D, Shin SJ, Rhee KH, Kim SJ, Lee SJ. α-Synuclein propagation leads to synaptic abnormalities in the cortex through microglial synapse phagocytosis. Mol Brain 2023; 16:72. [PMID: 37848910 PMCID: PMC10580656 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The major neuropathologic feature of Parkinson's disease is the presence of widespread intracellular inclusions of α-synuclein known as Lewy bodies. Evidence suggests that these misfolded protein inclusions spread through the brain with disease progression. Changes in synaptic function precede neurodegeneration, and this extracellular α-synuclein can affect synaptic transmission. However, whether and how the spreading of α-synuclein aggregates modulates synaptic function before neuronal loss remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of intrastriatal injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) on synaptic activity in the somatosensory cortex using a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, histology, and Golgi-Cox staining. Intrastriatal PFF injection was followed by formation of phosphorylated α-synuclein inclusions in layer 5 of the somatosensory cortex, leading to a decrease in synapse density, dendritic spines, and spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents, without apparent neuronal loss. Additionally, three-dimensional reconstruction of microglia using confocal imaging showed an increase in the engulfment of synapses. Collectively, our data indicate that propagation of α-synuclein through neural networks causes abnormalities in synaptic structure and dynamics prior to neuronal loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Pérez-Acuña
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Hyun Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- , Neuramedy, Seoul, 04796, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mirzac D, Kreis SL, Luhmann HJ, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Groppa S. Translating Pathological Brain Activity Primers in Parkinson's Disease Research. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0183. [PMID: 37383218 PMCID: PMC10298229 DOI: 10.34133/research.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Translational experimental approaches that help us better trace Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiological mechanisms leading to new therapeutic targets are urgently needed. In this article, we review recent experimental and clinical studies addressing abnormal neuronal activity and pathological network oscillations, as well as their underlying mechanisms and modulation. Our aim is to enhance our knowledge about the progression of Parkinson's disease pathology and the timing of its symptom's manifestation. Here, we present mechanistic insights relevant for the generation of aberrant oscillatory activity within the cortico-basal ganglia circuits. We summarize recent achievements extrapolated from available PD animal models, discuss their advantages and limitations, debate on their differential applicability, and suggest approaches for transferring knowledge on disease pathology into future research and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mirzac
- Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja L. Kreis
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J. Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pérez-Acuña D, Rhee KH, Shin SJ, Ahn J, Lee JY, Lee SJ. Retina-to-brain spreading of α-synuclein after intravitreal injection of preformed fibrils. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:83. [PMID: 37210559 PMCID: PMC10199563 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein and progressive spreading of the aggregates from a few discrete regions to wider brain regions. Although PD has been classically considered a movement disorder, a large body of clinical evidence has revealed the progressive occurrence of non-motor symptoms. Patients present visual symptoms in the initial stages of the disease, and accumulation of phospho-α-synuclein, dopaminergic neuronal loss, and retinal thinning has been observed in the retinas of PD patients. Based on such human data, we hypothesized that α-synuclein aggregation can initiate in the retina and spread to the brain through the visual pathway. Here, we demonstrate accumulation of α-synuclein in the retinas and brains of naive mice after intravitreal injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs). Histological analyses showed deposition of phospho-α-synuclein inclusions within the retina 2 months after injection, with increased oxidative stress leading to loss of retinal ganglion cells and dopaminergic dysfunction. In addition, we found accumulation of phospho-α-synuclein in cortical areas with accompanying neuroinflammation after 5 months. Collectively, our findings suggest that retinal synucleinopathy lesions initiated by intravitreal injection of α-synuclein PFFs spread to various brain regions through the visual pathway in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Pérez-Acuña
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ka Hyun Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Soo Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Neuramedy, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Balbi M, Bonanno G, Bonifacino T, Milanese M. The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5240. [PMID: 36982315 PMCID: PMC10048889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as the first-line immune guardians of nervous tissue and central drivers of neuroinflammation. Any homeostatic alteration that can compromise neuron and tissue integrity could activate microglia. Once activated, microglia exhibit highly diverse phenotypes and functions related to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglia activation is associated with the release of protective or deleterious cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can in turn determine defensive or pathological outcomes. This scenario is complicated by the pathology-related specific phenotypes that microglia can assume, thus leading to the so-called disease-associated microglia phenotypes. Microglia express several receptors that regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory features, sometimes exerting opposite actions on microglial functions according to specific conditions. In this context, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are molecular structures that may contribute to the modulation of the reactive phenotype of microglia cells, and this is worthy of exploration. Here, we summarize the role of group I mGluRs in shaping microglia cells' phenotype in specific physio-pathological conditions, including some neurodegenerative disorders. A significant section of the review is specifically focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) since it represents an entirely unexplored topic of research in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy (M.M.)
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy (M.M.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu Y, Li Y, Wang C, Han T, Liu H, Sun L, Hong J, Hashimoto M, Wei J. The reciprocal interactions between microglia and T cells in Parkinson's disease: a double-edged sword. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:33. [PMID: 36774485 PMCID: PMC9922470 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurotoxic microglia, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells are overactivated. Overactivation of these immune cells exacerbates the disease process and leads to the pathological development of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and contact-killing compounds, causing the loss of dopaminergic neurons. So far, we have mainly focused on the role of the specific class of immune cells in PD while neglecting the impact of interactions among immune cells on the disease. Therefore, this review demonstrates the reciprocal interplays between microglia and T cells and the associated subpopulations through cytokine and chemokine production that impair and/or protect the pathological process of PD. Furthermore, potential targets and models of PD neuroinflammation are highlighted to provide the new ideas/directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Xu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China ,grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XHenan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Yongjie Li
- grid.414360.40000 0004 0605 7104Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Orthopedics Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Changqing Wang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Tingting Han
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Haixuan Liu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Lin Sun
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XHenan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Jun Hong
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- grid.272456.00000 0000 9343 3630Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China. .,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stellon D, Talbot J, Hewitt AW, King AE, Cook AL. Seeing Neurodegeneration in a New Light Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors and iPSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1766. [PMID: 36675282 PMCID: PMC9861453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases present a progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, leading to cell death and irrecoverable brain atrophy. Most have disease-modifying therapies, in part because the mechanisms of neurodegeneration are yet to be defined, preventing the development of targeted therapies. To overcome this, there is a need for tools that enable a quantitative assessment of how cellular mechanisms and diverse environmental conditions contribute to disease. One such tool is genetically encodable fluorescent biosensors (GEFBs), engineered constructs encoding proteins with novel functions capable of sensing spatiotemporal changes in specific pathways, enzyme functions, or metabolite levels. GEFB technology therefore presents a plethora of unique sensing capabilities that, when coupled with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), present a powerful tool for exploring disease mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss different GEFBs relevant to neurodegenerative disease and how they can be used with iPSCs to illuminate unresolved questions about causes and risks for neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Stellon
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Jana Talbot
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Anna E. King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Sun Z, Du S, Wei H, Li X, Li X, Shen J, Chen X, Cai Z. The increase of α-synuclein and alterations of dynein in A53T transgenic and aging mouse. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 96:154-162. [PMID: 34810061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dynein protein plays a key role in the degradation pathway by attaching to targeted molecules and transporting the autophagosome to the centrosome. Aging plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but its effect on dynein is not clear. In this study we analyzed behavioral characteristics using the rod endurance test and climbing rod time test in different aged mice (3 months, 12 months, 20 months), and measured protein expression of dynein, α-synuclein, Tctex-1, and LC3 in the substantianigra of the mice by Western blot. The mRNA levels of dynein, α-synuclein, LC3 and Tctex-1 were measured by quantitative real time reverse transcription PCR, and detecting expression of dynein and α-synuclein by immunofluorescence. We found the motor functions of A53T mutant mice, in 12 months and 20 months, decreased more significantly compared with normal mice (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression of dynein, LC3-Ⅱ and Tctex-1 proteins in the substantia nigra of the two groups decreased with age. However, α-synuclein protein increased gradually with age, with significantly higher levels in the PD groups compared with age matched controls (p < 0.05). These results were confirmed by immunofluorescence. Our data demonstrates that dynein and other autophagy proteins change with age, and this is associated with increased α-synuclein. Therefore, therapeutics that prevent dynein dysfunction may offer novel treatments for PD and other autophagy related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenjie Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shouyun Du
- Department of Neurology, Guanyun People's Hospital, Guanyun, China
| | - Hongyu Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinya Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zenglin Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
MacMahon Copas AN, McComish SF, Fletcher JM, Caldwell MA. The Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: A Complex Interplay Between Astrocytes, Microglia, and T Lymphocytes? Front Neurol 2021; 12:666737. [PMID: 34122308 PMCID: PMC8189423 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.666737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is characterised by the motor symptoms of bradykinesia, rigidity and resting tremor and non-motor symptoms of sleep disturbances, constipation, and depression. Pathological hallmarks include neuroinflammation, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein proteins as intra-cytoplasmic Lewy bodies and neurites. Microglia and astrocytes are essential to maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS), including providing protection through the process of gliosis. However, dysregulation of glial cells results in disruption of homeostasis leading to a chronic pro-inflammatory, deleterious environment, implicated in numerous CNS diseases. Recent evidence has demonstrated a role for peripheral immune cells, in particular T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of PD. These cells infiltrate the CNS, and accumulate in the substantia nigra, where they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, stimulate surrounding immune cells, and induce dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Indeed, a greater understanding of the integrated network of communication that exists between glial cells and peripheral immune cells may increase our understanding of disease pathogenesis and hence provide novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adina N MacMahon Copas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah F McComish
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean M Fletcher
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim C, Kwon S, Iba M, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Adame A, Shin SJ, Fields JA, Rissman RA, Lee SJ, Masliah E. Effects of innate immune receptor stimulation on extracellular α-synuclein uptake and degradation by brain resident cells. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:281-290. [PMID: 33594256 PMCID: PMC8080790 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are age-related neurological disorders characterized by the progressive deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates and include Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Although cell-to-cell α-syn transmission is thought to play a key role in the spread of α-syn pathology, the detailed mechanism is still unknown. Neuroinflammation is another key pathological feature of synucleinopathies. Previous studies have identified several immune receptors that mediate neuroinflammation in synucleinopathies, such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). However, the species of α-syn aggregates varies from study to study, and how different α-syn aggregate species interact with innate immune receptors has yet to be addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether innate immune receptors can facilitate the uptake of different species of α-syn aggregates. Here, we examined whether stimulation of TLRs could modulate the cellular uptake and degradation of α-syn fibrils despite a lack of direct interaction. We observed that stimulation of TLR2 in vitro accelerated α-syn fibril uptake in neurons and glia while delaying the degradation of α-syn in neurons and astrocytes. Internalized α-syn was rapidly degraded in microglia regardless of whether TLR2 was stimulated. However, cellular α-syn uptake and degradation kinetics were not altered by TLR4 stimulation. In addition, upregulation of TLR2 expression in a synucleinopathy mouse model increased the density of Lewy-body-like inclusions and induced morphological changes in microglia. Together, these results suggest that cell type-specific modulation of TLR2 may be a multifaceted and promising therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies; inhibition of neuronal and astroglial TLR2 decreases pathogenic α-syn transmission, but activation of microglial TLR2 enhances microglial extracellular α-syn clearance. New treatments for neurological disorders could target immune receptors associated with the build-up of protein aggregates in neurons. Synucleinopathies are characterized by abnormal deposition of α-synuclein, but the mechanism how α-synuclein spreads between cells is still elusive. Changyoun Kim and Eliezer Masliah at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, USA, and co-workers investigated indirect role of TLR2 in α-synuclein spreading. TLR2 has been known to interact with β-sheet-enriched oligomeric forms of α-synuclein, but not with fibrilar forms of α-synuclein (fibril). Herein, the authors found that TLR2 stimulation accelerated the uptake of fibrils in both neurons and glial cells, delayed degradation of internalized fibrils and worsen α-synuclein pathology in mouse brains. The study provides indirect modulation of α-synuclein spearding via innate immune receptor which might be a potential therapy for synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Somin Kwon
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Soo Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jerel A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Forloni G, La Vitola P, Cerovic M, Balducci C. Inflammation and Parkinson's disease pathogenesis: Mechanisms and therapeutic insight. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 177:175-202. [PMID: 33453941 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Although numerous treatments have been developed to control the disease symptomatology, with some successes, an efficacious therapy affecting the causes of PD is still a goal to pursue. The genetic evidence and the identification of α-synuclein as the main component of intracellular Lewy bodies, the neuropathological hallmark of PD and related disorders, have changed the approach to these disorders. More recently, the detrimental role of α-synuclein has been further extended to explain the wide spread of cerebral pathology through its oligomers. To emphasize the central pathogenic role of these soluble aggregates, we have defined synucleinopathies and other neurodegenerative disorders associated with protein misfolding as oligomeropathies. Another common element in the pathogenesis of oligomeropathies is the role played by inflammation, both at the peripheral and cerebral levels. In the brain parenchyma, inflammatory reaction has been considered an obvious consequence of neuronal degeneration, but recent observations indicate a direct contribution of glial alteration in the early phase of the disease. Furthermore, systemic inflammation also influences the development of neuronal dysfunction caused by specific elements, β amyloid, α-synuclein, tau or prion. However, each disorder has its own specific pathological process and within the same pathological condition, it is possible to find inter-individual differences. This heterogeneity might explain the difficulties developing efficacious therapeutic approaches, even though the possibility of intervention is supported by robust biological evidence. We have recently demonstrated that peripheral inflammation can amplify the neuronal dysfunction induced by α-synuclein oligomers and the neuropathological consequences observed in a Parkinson's disease model. In both cases, activation of microglia was incremented by the "double hit" process, compared to the single treatment. In contrast, astrocyte activation was attenuated and these cells appeared damaged when chronic inflammation was combined with α-synuclein exposure. This evidence might indicate a more specific anti-inflammatory strategy rather than the generic anti-inflammatory treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
| | - Pietro La Vitola
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Milica Cerovic
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zeng H, Liu N, Liu XX, Yang YY, Zhou MW. α-Synuclein in traumatic and vascular diseases of the central nervous system. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22313-22334. [PMID: 33188159 PMCID: PMC7695413 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a small, soluble, disordered protein that is widely expressed in the nervous system. Although its physiological functions are not yet fully understood, it is mainly involved in synaptic vesicle transport, neurotransmitter synthesis and release, cell membrane homeostasis, lipid synthesis, mitochondrial and lysosomal activities, and heavy metal removal. The complex and inconsistent pathological manifestations of α-Syn are attributed to its structural instability, mutational complexity, misfolding, and diverse posttranslational modifications. These effects trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory responses, resulting in neuronal death and neurodegeneration. Several recent studies have discovered the pathogenic roles of α-Syn in traumatic and vascular central nervous system diseases, such as traumatic spinal cord injury, brain injury, and stroke, and in aggravating the processes of neurodegeneration. This review aims to highlight the structural and pathophysiological changes in α-Syn and its mechanism of action in traumatic and vascular diseases of the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Xie Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mou-Wang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim C, Beilina A, Smith N, Li Y, Kim M, Kumaran R, Kaganovich A, Mamais A, Adame A, Iba M, Kwon S, Lee WJ, Shin SJ, Rissman RA, You S, Lee SJ, Singleton AB, Cookson MR, Masliah E. LRRK2 mediates microglial neurotoxicity via NFATc2 in rodent models of synucleinopathies. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay0399. [PMID: 33055242 PMCID: PMC8100991 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal α-synuclein deposition that include Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. The pathology of these conditions also includes neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. Neuron-released α-synuclein has been shown to induce neurotoxic, proinflammatory microglial responses through Toll-like receptor 2, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here, we show that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) plays a critical role in the activation of microglia by extracellular α-synuclein. Exposure to α-synuclein was found to enhance LRRK2 phosphorylation and activity in mouse primary microglia. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 markedly diminished α-synuclein-mediated microglial neurotoxicity via lowering of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression in mouse cultures. We determined that LRRK2 promoted a neuroinflammatory cascade by selectively phosphorylating and inducing nuclear translocation of the immune transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 2 (NFATc2). NFATc2 activation was seen in patients with synucleinopathies and in a mouse model of synucleinopathy, where administration of an LRRK2 pharmacological inhibitor restored motor behavioral deficits. Our results suggest that modulation of LRRK2 and its downstream signaling mediator NFATc2 might be therapeutic targets for treating synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Alexandria Beilina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Somin Kwon
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Soo-Jean Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Finkbeiner S. Functional genomics, genetic risk profiling and cell phenotypes in neurodegenerative disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105088. [PMID: 32977020 PMCID: PMC7686089 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetics provides unbiased insights into the causes of human disease, which can be used to create a foundation for effective ways to more accurately diagnose patients, stratify patients for more successful clinical trials, discover and develop new therapies, and ultimately help patients choose the safest and most promising therapeutic option based on their risk profile. But the process for translating basic observations from human genetics studies into pathogenic disease mechanisms and treatments is laborious and complex, and this challenge has particularly slowed the development of interventions for neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we discuss the many steps in the process, the important considerations at each stage, and some of the latest tools and technologies that are available to help investigators translate insights from human genetics into diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that will lead to the sort of advances in clinical care that make a difference for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, USA; Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of Califorina, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
C. elegans Models to Study the Propagation of Prions and Prion-Like Proteins. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081188. [PMID: 32824215 PMCID: PMC7464663 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark common to many age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is that patients develop proteinaceous deposits in their central nervous system (CNS). The progressive spreading of these inclusions from initially affected sites to interconnected brain areas is reminiscent of the behavior of bona fide prions in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), hence the term prion-like proteins has been coined. Despite intensive research, the exact mechanisms that facilitate the spreading of protein aggregation between cells, and the associated loss of neurons, remain poorly understood. As population demographics in many countries continue to shift to higher life expectancy, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is also rising. This represents a major challenge for healthcare systems and patients’ families, since patients require extensive support over several years and there is still no therapy to cure or stop these diseases. The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans offers unique opportunities to accelerate research and drug development due to its genetic amenability, its transparency, and the high degree of conservation of molecular pathways. Here, we will review how recent studies that utilize this soil dwelling nematode have proceeded to investigate the propagation and intercellular transmission of prions and prion-like proteins and discuss their relevance by comparing their findings to observations in other model systems and patients.
Collapse
|
15
|
O'Hara DM, Pawar G, Kalia SK, Kalia LV. LRRK2 and α-Synuclein: Distinct or Synergistic Players in Parkinson's Disease? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:577. [PMID: 32625052 PMCID: PMC7311858 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized by prominent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and aggregation of the protein α-synuclein within intraneuronal inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Ninety percent of PD cases are idiopathic while the remaining 10% are associated with gene mutations that affect cellular functions ranging from kinase activity to mitochondrial quality control, hinting at a multifactorial disease process. Mutations in LRRK2 and SNCA (the gene coding for α-synuclein) cause monogenic forms of autosomal dominant PD, and polymorphisms in either gene are also associated with increased risk of idiopathic PD. Although Lewy bodies are a defining neuropathological feature of PD, an appreciable subset of patients with LRRK2 mutations present with a clinical phenotype indistinguishable from idiopathic PD but lack Lewy pathology at autopsy, suggesting that LRRK2-mediated PD may occur independently of α-synuclein aggregation. Here, we examine whether LRRK2 and α-synuclein, as mediators of neurodegeneration in PD, exist in common or distinct pathways. Specifically, we review evidence from preclinical models and human neuropathological studies examining interactions between the two proteins. Elucidating the degree of interplay between LRRK2 and α-synuclein will be necessary for treatment stratification once effective targeted disease-modifying therapies are developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren M O'Hara
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grishma Pawar
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Neuroinflammatory Responses and Parkinson' Disease: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:830-837. [PMID: 32529463 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, which mainly impairs the motor system. However, the pathogenic mechanisms are still unclear. Gene-environment complex interaction leads to selective dopaminergic neuron death in PD. Growing evidences supports that neuroinflammatory responses are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. This review critically discusses current studies on the inflammatory response of the pathological process of PD. The mechanisms and strategies of modifying inflammatory responses would be potential treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Graphical abstract Activated microglia canpromote the damage ofdopaminergic neurons, which inturn aggravates the activation ofmicroglia in the process of PD. Atthe same time, microglia canactivate astrocytes throughproliferation and secretion ofinflammatory factors. The role ofastrocytes on the loss ofdopaminergic neurons is stillcontroversial in PD. (Nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs. adiposed-derived stemcells, ADSCs.nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate,NADPH. signal transducers andactivators of transcription,STAT.DJ-1,Aliases forPARK7.mesencephalic astrocytederivedneurotrophic factor,MANF.Ciliary neurotrophicfactor,CNTF.glial cell linederivedneurotrophic factor,GDNF.Wnt Family Member1,Wnt1). Graphical abstract Mitochondrial dysfunction causes neuroinflammation throughDAMPs and a series of factors such as oxidative stress andinflammatory bodies in PD. (Damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs. reactive oxygen species, ROS). Graphical abstract Various mechanismsparticipate in NLRP3 activation,causing microglia activation inPD. ( -synuclein, -syn.) TolllikeReceptor 2, TLR2. Toll-likeReceptor 4, TLR4. TumorNecrosis Factor, TNF.Apoptosisassociated speck like proteincontaining a CARD, ASC).
Collapse
|
17
|
Sandhof CA, Hoppe SO, Druffel-Augustin S, Gallrein C, Kirstein J, Voisine C, Nussbaum-Krammer C. Reducing INS-IGF1 signaling protects against non-cell autonomous vesicle rupture caused by SNCA spreading. Autophagy 2020; 16:878-899. [PMID: 31354022 PMCID: PMC7144869 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1643657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a gradual decline of cellular proteostasis, giving rise to devastating protein misfolding diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD) or Parkinson disease (PD). These diseases often exhibit a complex pathology involving non-cell autonomous proteotoxic effects, which are still poorly understood. Using Caenorhabditis elegans we investigated how local protein misfolding is affecting neighboring cells and tissues showing that misfolded PD-associated SNCA/α-synuclein is accumulating in highly dynamic endo-lysosomal vesicles. Irrespective of whether being expressed in muscle cells or dopaminergic neurons, accumulated proteins were transmitted into the hypodermis with increasing age, indicating that epithelial cells might play a role in remote degradation when the local endo-lysosomal degradation capacity is overloaded. Cell biological and genetic approaches revealed that inter-tissue dissemination of SNCA was regulated by endo- and exocytosis (neuron/muscle to hypodermis) and basement membrane remodeling (muscle to hypodermis). Transferred SNCA conformers were, however, inefficiently cleared and induced endo-lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Remarkably, reducing INS (insulin)-IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) signaling provided protection by maintaining endo-lysosomal integrity. This study suggests that the degradation of lysosomal substrates is coordinated across different tissues in metazoan organisms. Because the chronic dissemination of poorly degradable disease proteins into neighboring tissues exerts a non-cell autonomous toxicity, this implies that restoring endo-lysosomal function not only in cells with pathological inclusions, but also in apparently unaffected cell types might help to halt disease progression.Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer disease; BM: basement membrane; BWM: body wall muscle; CEP: cephalic sensilla; CLEM: correlative light and electron microscopy; CTNS-1: cystinosin (lysosomal protein) homolog; DA: dopaminergic; DAF-2: abnormal dauer formation; ECM: extracellular matrix; FLIM: fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy; fps: frames per second; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HPF: high pressure freezing; IGF1: insulin-like growth factor 1; INS: insulin; KD: knockdown; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; MVB: multivesicular body; NOC: nocodazole; PD: Parkinson disease; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RNAi: RNA interference; sfGFP: superfolder GFP; SNCA: synuclein alpha; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TNTs: tunneling nanotubes; TCSPC: time correlated single photon counting; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Alexander Sandhof
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Oliver Hoppe
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Druffel-Augustin
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gallrein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Kirstein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cindy Voisine
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carmen Nussbaum-Krammer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kery R, Chen APF, Kirschen GW. Genetic targeting of astrocytes to combat neurodegenerative disease. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:199-211. [PMID: 31552885 PMCID: PMC6905329 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, glial cells that interact extensively with neurons and other support cells throughout the central nervous system, have recently come under the spotlight for their potential contribution to, or potential regenerative role in a host of neurodegenerative disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that astrocytes, in concert with microglial cells, activate intrinsic immunological pathways in the setting of neurodegenerative injury, although the direct and indirect consequences of such activation are still largely unknown. We review the current literature on the astrocyte’s role in several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as highlighting recent advances in genetic manipulation of astrocytes that may prove critical to modulating their response to neurological injury, potentially combatting neurodegenerative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kery
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook Medicine; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Allen P F Chen
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook Medicine; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Gregory W Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Triptolide Inhibits Preformed Fibril-Induced Microglial Activation by Targeting the MicroRNA155-5p/SHIP1 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6527638. [PMID: 31182996 PMCID: PMC6512043 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6527638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that various forms of α-synuclein- (αSyn-) mediated microglial activation are associated with the progression of Parkinson's disease. MicroRNA-155-5p (miR155-5p) is one of the most important microRNAs and enables a robust inflammatory response. Triptolide (T10) is a natural anti-inflammatory component, isolated from a traditional Chinese herb. The objective of the current study was to identify the role and potential regulatory mechanism of T10 in αSyn-induced microglial activation via the miR155-5p mediated SHIP1 signaling pathway. Mouse primary microglia were exposed to monomers, oligomers, and preformed fibrils (PFFs) of human wild-type αSyn, respectively. The expressions of TNFα and IL-1β, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qPCR, demonstrated that PFFs initiated the strongest immunogenicity in microglia. Application of inhibitors of toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2, TLR4, and TLR9 indicated that PFFs activated microglia mainly via the NF-κB pathway by binding TLR1/2 and TLR4. Treatment with T10 significantly suppressed PFF-induced microglial activation and attenuated the release of proinflammatory cytokines including TNFα and IL-1β. Levels of IRAK1, TRAF6, IKKα/β, p-IKKα/β, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, PI3K, p-PI3K, t-Akt, p-Akt and SHIP1 were measured via Western blot. Levels of miR155-5p were measured by qPCR. The results demonstrated that SHIP1 acted as a downstream target molecule of miR155-5p. Treatment with T10 did not alter the expression of IRAK1 and TRAF6, but significantly decreased the expression of miR155-5p, resulting in upregulation of SHIP1 and repression of NF-κB activity, suggesting inhibition of inflammation and microglial activation. The protective effects of T10 were abolished by the use of SHIP1 siRNA and its inhibitor, 3AC, and miR155-5p mimics. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that treatment with T10 suppressed microglial activation and attenuated the release of proinflammatory cytokines by suppressing NF-κB activity via targeting the miR155-5p/SHIP1 pathway in PFFs-induced microglial activation.
Collapse
|