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Spanagel R, Bach P, Banaschewski T, Beck A, Bermpohl F, Bernardi RE, Beste C, Deserno L, Durstewitz D, Ebner‐Priemer U, Endrass T, Ersche KD, Feld G, Gerchen MF, Gerlach B, Goschke T, Hansson AC, Heim C, Kiebel S, Kiefer F, Kirsch P, Kirschbaum C, Koppe G, Lenz B, Liu S, Marxen M, Meinhardt MW, Meyer‐Lindenberg A, Montag C, Müller CP, Nagel WE, Oliveria AMM, Owald D, Pilhatsch M, Priller J, Rapp MA, Reichert M, Ripke S, Ritter K, Romanczuk‐Seiferth N, Schlagenhauf F, Schwarz E, Schwöbel S, Smolka MN, Soekadar SR, Sommer WH, Stock A, Ströhle A, Tost H, Vollstädt‐Klein S, Walter H, Waschke T, Witt SH, Heinz A. The ReCoDe addiction research consortium: Losing and regaining control over drug intake-Findings and future perspectives. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13419. [PMID: 38949209 PMCID: PMC11215792 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are seen as a continuum ranging from goal-directed and hedonic drug use to loss of control over drug intake with aversive consequences for mental and physical health and social functioning. The main goals of our interdisciplinary German collaborative research centre on Losing and Regaining Control over Drug Intake (ReCoDe) are (i) to study triggers (drug cues, stressors, drug priming) and modifying factors (age, gender, physical activity, cognitive functions, childhood adversity, social factors, such as loneliness and social contact/interaction) that longitudinally modulate the trajectories of losing and regaining control over drug consumption under real-life conditions. (ii) To study underlying behavioural, cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of disease trajectories and drug-related behaviours and (iii) to provide non-invasive mechanism-based interventions. These goals are achieved by: (A) using innovative mHealth (mobile health) tools to longitudinally monitor the effects of triggers and modifying factors on drug consumption patterns in real life in a cohort of 900 patients with alcohol use disorder. This approach will be complemented by animal models of addiction with 24/7 automated behavioural monitoring across an entire disease trajectory; i.e. from a naïve state to a drug-taking state to an addiction or resilience-like state. (B) The identification and, if applicable, computational modelling of key molecular, neurobiological and psychological mechanisms (e.g., reduced cognitive flexibility) mediating the effects of such triggers and modifying factors on disease trajectories. (C) Developing and testing non-invasive interventions (e.g., Just-In-Time-Adaptive-Interventions (JITAIs), various non-invasive brain stimulations (NIBS), individualized physical activity) that specifically target the underlying mechanisms for regaining control over drug intake. Here, we will report on the most important results of the first funding period and outline our future research strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction MedicineCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Anne Beck
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of HealthHealth and Medical University PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Felix Bermpohl
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité Campus St. Hedwig HospitalBerlinGermany
| | - Rick E. Bernardi
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive NeurophysiologyDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the University Neuropsychology Center (UNC)DresdenGermany
| | - Lorenz Deserno
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsUniversity Hospital and University WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- Department of Theoretical NeuroscienceCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Ulrich Ebner‐Priemer
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sports and Sports ScienceKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Tanja Endrass
- Faculty of PsychologyTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Karen D. Ersche
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction MedicineCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermany
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Gordon Feld
- Department of Clinical PsychologyCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermany
| | | | - Björn Gerlach
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Faculty of PsychologyTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Anita Christiane Hansson
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Christine Heim
- Institute of Medical PsychologyCharité, Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Stefan Kiebel
- Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, Faculty of PsychologyTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction MedicineCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical PsychologyCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermany
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Georgia Koppe
- Department of Theoretical NeuroscienceCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Hector Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Bernd Lenz
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction MedicineCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurosciencesCampus Charité MitteBerlinGermany
| | - Michael Marxen
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Marcus W. Meinhardt
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Andreas Meyer‐Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Christiane Montag
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité Campus St. Hedwig HospitalBerlinGermany
| | - Christian P. Müller
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University of Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Wolfgang E. Nagel
- Center for Information Services and High Performance ComputingDresdenGermany
| | - Ana M. M. Oliveria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Cognition Research, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - David Owald
- Institute of NeurophysiologyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Maximilian Pilhatsch
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Munich‐AugsburgGermany
| | - Michael A. Rapp
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Research Area Cognitive SciencesUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Berlin‐PotsdamBerlinGermany
| | - Markus Reichert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of eHealth and Sports Analytics, Faculty of Sport ScienceRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurosciencesCampus Charité MitteBerlinGermany
| | - Kerstin Ritter
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurosciencesCampus Charité MitteBerlinGermany
| | - Nina Romanczuk‐Seiferth
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of PsychologyMSB Medical School BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Hector Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Sarah Schwöbel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Surjo R. Soekadar
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurosciencesCampus Charité MitteBerlinGermany
| | - Wolfgang H. Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Bethanien Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Ann‐Kathrin Stock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurosciencesCampus Charité MitteBerlinGermany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim‐Heidelberg‐UlmGermany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt‐Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction MedicineCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty of MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurosciencesCampus Charité MitteBerlinGermany
| | - Tina Waschke
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Stephanie H. Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, ZIPP BiobankCentral Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurosciencesCampus Charité MitteBerlinGermany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Berlin‐PotsdamBerlinGermany
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Jourde HR, Merlo R, Brooks M, Rowe M, Coffey EBJ. The neurophysiology of closed-loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:613-640. [PMID: 37675803 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Closed-loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) is a brain modulation technique in which sounds are timed to enhance or disrupt endogenous neurophysiological events. CLAS of slow oscillation up-states in sleep is becoming a popular tool to study and enhance sleep's functions, as it increases slow oscillations, evokes sleep spindles and enhances memory consolidation of certain tasks. However, few studies have examined the specific neurophysiological mechanisms involved in CLAS, in part because of practical limitations to available tools. To evaluate evidence for possible models of how sound stimulation during brain up-states alters brain activity, we simultaneously recorded electro- and magnetoencephalography in human participants who received auditory stimulation across sleep stages. We conducted a series of analyses that test different models of pathways through which CLAS of slow oscillations may affect widespread neural activity that have been suggested in literature, using spatial information, timing and phase relationships in the source-localized magnetoencephalography data. The results suggest that auditory information reaches ventral frontal lobe areas via non-lemniscal pathways. From there, a slow oscillation is created and propagated. We demonstrate that while the state of excitability of tissue in auditory cortex and frontal ventral regions shows some synchrony with the electroencephalography (EEG)-recorded up-states that are commonly used for CLAS, it is the state of ventral frontal regions that is most critical for slow oscillation generation. Our findings advance models of how CLAS leads to enhancement of slow oscillations, sleep spindles and associated cognitive benefits and offer insight into how the effectiveness of brain stimulation techniques can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Jourde
- Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Bio-Imaging Network (QBIN), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mary Brooks
- Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Bio-Imaging Network (QBIN), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Emily B J Coffey
- Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Bio-Imaging Network (QBIN), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Agboada D, Osnabruegge M, Rethwilm R, Kanig C, Schwitzgebel F, Mack W, Schecklmann M, Seiberl W, Schoisswohl S. Semi-automated motor hotspot search (SAMHS): a framework toward an optimised approach for motor hotspot identification. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1228859. [PMID: 38164193 PMCID: PMC10757939 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1228859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Motor hotspot identification represents the first step in the determination of the motor threshold and is the basis for the specification of stimulation intensity used for various Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) applications. The level of experimenters' experience and the methodology of motor hotspot identification differ between laboratories. The need for an optimized and time-efficient technique for motor hotspot identification is therefore substantial. Objective With the current work, we present a framework for an optimized and time-efficient semi-automated motor hotspot search (SAMHS) technique utilizing a neuronavigated robot-assisted TMS system (TMS-cobot). Furthermore, we aim to test its practicality and accuracy by a comparison with a manual motor hotspot identification method. Method A total of 32 participants took part in this dual-center study. At both study centers, participants underwent manual hotspot search (MHS) with an experienced TMS researcher, and the novel SAMHS procedure with a TMS-cobot (hereafter, called cobot hotspot search, CHS) in a randomized order. Resting motor threshold (RMT), and stimulus intensity to produce 1 mV (SI1mV) peak-to-peak of motor-evoked potential (MEP), as well as MEPs with 120% RMT and SI1mV were recorded as outcome measures for comparison. Results Compared to the MHS method, the CHS produced lower RMT, lower SI1mV and a trend-wise higher peak-to-peak MEP amplitude in stimulations with SI1mV. The duration of the CHS procedure was longer than that of the MHS (15.60 vs. 2.43 min on average). However, accuracy of the hotspot was higher for the CHS compared to the MHS. Conclusions The SAMHS procedure introduces an optimized motor hotspot determination system that is easy to use, and strikes a fairly good balance between accuracy and speed. This new procedure can thus be deplored by experienced as well as beginner-level TMS researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Agboada
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Mirja Osnabruegge
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roman Rethwilm
- Institute of Sport Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Carolina Kanig
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schwitzgebel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Mack
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schecklmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Seiberl
- Institute of Sport Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schoisswohl
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Ochoa JÁ, Gonzalez-Burgos I, Nicolás MJ, Valencia M. Open Hardware Implementation of Real-Time Phase and Amplitude Estimation for Neurophysiologic Signals. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1350. [PMID: 38135941 PMCID: PMC10740741 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) is a promising concept in the field of DBS that consists of delivering electrical stimulation in response to specific events. Dynamic adaptivity arises when stimulation targets dynamically changing states, which often calls for a reliable and fast causal estimation of the phase and amplitude of the signals. Here, we present an open-hardware implementation that exploits the concepts of resonators and Hilbert filters embedded in an open-hardware platform. To emulate real-world scenarios, we built a hardware setup that included a system to replay and process different types of physiological signals and test the accuracy of the instantaneous phase and amplitude estimates. The results show that the system can provide a precise and reliable estimation of the phase even in the challenging scenario of dealing with high-frequency oscillations (~250 Hz) in real-time. The framework might be adopted in neuromodulation studies to quickly test biomarkers in clinical and preclinical settings, supporting the advancement of aDBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel Ochoa
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Physiological Monitoring and Control Laboratory, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Avda Pio XII 55, 31080 Pamplona, Spain; (J.Á.O.); (I.G.-B.); (M.J.N.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, C/Irunlarrea, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Burgos
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Physiological Monitoring and Control Laboratory, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Avda Pio XII 55, 31080 Pamplona, Spain; (J.Á.O.); (I.G.-B.); (M.J.N.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, C/Irunlarrea, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Jesús Nicolás
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Physiological Monitoring and Control Laboratory, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Avda Pio XII 55, 31080 Pamplona, Spain; (J.Á.O.); (I.G.-B.); (M.J.N.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, C/Irunlarrea, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Valencia
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Physiological Monitoring and Control Laboratory, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Avda Pio XII 55, 31080 Pamplona, Spain; (J.Á.O.); (I.G.-B.); (M.J.N.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, C/Irunlarrea, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
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Shirota Y, Fushimi M, Sekino M, Yumoto M. Investigating the technical feasibility of magnetoencephalography during transcranial direct current stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1270605. [PMID: 37771350 PMCID: PMC10525331 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1270605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Magnetoencephalography (MEG) can measure weak magnetic fields produced by electrical brain activity. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can affect such brain activities. The concurrent application of both, however, is challenging because tDCS presents artifacts on the MEG signal. If brain activity during tDCS can be elucidated by MEG, mechanisms of plasticity-inducing and other effects of tDCS would be more comprehensively understood. We tested the technical feasibility of MEG during tDCS using a phantom that produces an artificial current dipole simulating focal brain activity. An earlier study investigated estimation of a single oscillating phantom dipole during tDCS, and we systematically tested multiple dipole locations with a different MEG device. Methods A phantom provided by the manufacturer was used to produce current dipoles from 32 locations. For the 32 dipoles, MEG was recorded with and without tDCS. Temporally extended signal space separation (tSSS) was applied for artifact rejection. Current dipole sources were estimated as equivalent current dipoles (ECDs). The ECD modeling quality was assessed using localization error, amplitude error, and goodness of fit (GOF). The ECD modeling performance with and without tDCS, and with and without tSSS was assessed. Results Mean localization errors of the 32 dipoles were 1.70 ± 0.72 mm (tDCS off, tSSS off, mean ± standard deviation), 6.13 ± 3.32 mm (tDCS on, tSSS off), 1.78 ± 0.83 mm (tDCS off, tSSS on), and 5.73 ± 1.60 mm (tDCS on, tSSS on). Mean GOF findings were, respectively, 92.3, 87.4, 97.5, and 96.7%. Modeling was affected by tDCS and restored by tSSS, but improvement of the localization error was marginal, even with tSSS. Also, the quality was dependent on the dipole location. Discussion Concurrent tDCS-MEG recording is feasible, especially when tSSS is applied for artifact rejection and when the assumed location of the source of activity is favorable for modeling. More technical studies must be conducted to confirm its feasibility with different source modeling methods and stimulation protocols. Recovery of single-trial activity under tDCS warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Shirota
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motofumi Fushimi
- Department of Bioengineering, The Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Sekino
- Department of Bioengineering, The Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
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Sun W, Wu Q, Gao L, Zheng Z, Xiang H, Yang K, Yu B, Yao J. Advancements in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Research and the Path to Precision. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:1841-1851. [PMID: 37641588 PMCID: PMC10460597 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s414782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become increasingly popular in clinical practice in recent years, and there have been significant advances in the principles and stimulation modes of TMS. With the development of multi-mode and precise stimulation technology, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of TMS. The neuroregulatory effects of TMS can vary depending on the specific mode of stimulation, highlighting the importance of exploring these effects through multimodal application. Additionally, the use of precise TMS therapy can help enhance our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying these effects, providing us with a more comprehensive perspective. This article aims to review the mechanism of action, stimulation mode, multimodal application, and precision of TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu Institute of Neurological Diseases, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Neurobiological Detection Center, West China Hospital Affiliated to Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hu Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Wahl T, Riedinger J, Duprez M, Hutt A. Delayed closed-loop neurostimulation for the treatment of pathological brain rhythms in mental disorders: a computational study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1183670. [PMID: 37476837 PMCID: PMC10354341 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1183670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders are among the top most demanding challenges in world-wide health. A large number of mental disorders exhibit pathological rhythms, which serve as the disorders characteristic biomarkers. These rhythms are the targets for neurostimulation techniques. Open-loop neurostimulation employs stimulation protocols, which are rather independent of the patients health and brain state in the moment of treatment. Most alternative closed-loop stimulation protocols consider real-time brain activity observations but appear as adaptive open-loop protocols, where e.g., pre-defined stimulation sets in if observations fulfil pre-defined criteria. The present theoretical work proposes a fully-adaptive closed-loop neurostimulation setup, that tunes the brain activities power spectral density (PSD) according to a user-defined PSD. The utilized brain model is non-parametric and estimated from the observations via magnitude fitting in a pre-stimulus setup phase. Moreover, the algorithm takes into account possible conduction delays in the feedback connection between observation and stimulation electrode. All involved features are illustrated on pathological α- and γ-rhythms known from psychosis. To this end, we simulate numerically a linear neural population brain model and a non-linear cortico-thalamic feedback loop model recently derived to explain brain activity in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wahl
- ICube, MLMS, MIMESIS Team, Inria Nancy - Grand Est, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joséphine Riedinger
- ICube, MLMS, MIMESIS Team, Inria Nancy - Grand Est, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM U1114, Neuropsychologie Cognitive et Physiopathologie de la Schizophrénie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Duprez
- ICube, MLMS, MIMESIS Team, Inria Nancy - Grand Est, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Axel Hutt
- ICube, MLMS, MIMESIS Team, Inria Nancy - Grand Est, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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8
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Haslacher D, Narang A, Sokoliuk R, Cavallo A, Reber P, Nasr K, Santarnecchi E, Soekadar SR. In vivo phase-dependent enhancement and suppression of human brain oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Neuroimage 2023:120187. [PMID: 37230205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can influence perception and behavior, with recent evidence also highlighting its potential impact in clinical settings, but its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Behavioral and indirect physiological evidence indicates that phase-dependent constructive and destructive interference between the applied electric field and brain oscillations at the stimulation frequency may play an important role, but in vivo validation during stimulation was unfeasible because stimulation artifacts impede single-trial assessment of brain oscillations during tACS. Here, we attenuated stimulation artifacts to provide evidence for phase-dependent enhancement and suppression of visually evoked steady state responses (SSR) during amplitude-modulated tACS (AM-tACS). We found that AM-tACS enhanced and suppressed SSR by 5.77 ± 2.95 %, while it enhanced and suppressed corresponding visual perception by 7.99 ± 5.15 %. While not designed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this effect, our study suggests feasibility and superiority of phase-locked (closed-loop) AM-tACS over conventional (open-loop) AM-tACS to purposefully enhance or suppress brain oscillations at specific frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Haslacher
- Clinical Neurotechnology Lab, Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Asmita Narang
- Clinical Neurotechnology Lab, Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rodika Sokoliuk
- Clinical Neurotechnology Lab, Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessia Cavallo
- Clinical Neurotechnology Lab, Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Reber
- Clinical Neurotechnology Lab, Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Khaled Nasr
- Clinical Neurotechnology Lab, Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program & Network Control Laboratory, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Surjo R Soekadar
- Clinical Neurotechnology Lab, Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany..
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9
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Beisteiner R, Hallett M, Lozano AM. Ultrasound Neuromodulation as a New Brain Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205634. [PMID: 36961104 PMCID: PMC10190662 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade, ultrasound has been "rediscovered" as a technique for brain therapies. Modern technologies allow focusing ultrasound through the human skull for highly focal tissue ablation, clinical neuromodulatory brain stimulation, and targeted focal blood-brain-barrier opening. This article gives an overview on the state-of-the-art of the most recent application: ultrasound neuromodulation as a new brain therapy. Although research centers have existed for decades, the first treatment centers were not established until 2020, and clinical applications are spreading rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Beisteiner
- Department of NeurologyFunctional Brain Diagnostics and TherapyHigh Field MR CenterMedical University of ViennaSpitalgasse 23Vienna1090Austria
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of Health10 Center DriveBethesdaMD20892–1428USA
| | - Andres M. Lozano
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5T 2S8Canada
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10
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He Y, Liu S, Chen L, Ke Y, Ming D. Neurophysiological mechanisms of transcranial alternating current stimulation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1091925. [PMID: 37090788 PMCID: PMC10117687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1091925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal oscillations are the primary basis for precise temporal coordination of neuronal processing and are linked to different brain functions. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has demonstrated promising potential in improving cognition by entraining neural oscillations. Despite positive findings in recent decades, the results obtained are sometimes rife with variance and replicability problems, and the findings translation to humans is quite challenging. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying tACS is necessitated for accurate interpretation of experimental results. Animal models are useful for understanding tACS mechanisms, optimizing parameter administration, and improving rational design for broad horizons of tACS. Here, we review recent electrophysiological advances in tACS from animal models, as well as discuss some critical issues for results coordination and translation. We hope to provide an overview of neurophysiological mechanisms and recommendations for future consideration to improve its validity, specificity, and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen He
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yufeng Ke
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Neural Engineering, Tianjin, China
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11
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Karwowski W, Soekadar SR, Kawala-Sterniuk A. Editorial: Brain imaging relations through simultaneous recordings. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1139336. [PMID: 36824216 PMCID: PMC9941736 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1139336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Karwowski
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Waldemar Karwowski ✉
| | - Surjo R. Soekadar
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Surjo R. Soekadar ✉
| | - Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland,Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk ✉
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12
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Gebodh N, Miskovic V, Laszlo S, Datta A, Bikson M. A Scalable Framework for Closed-Loop Neuromodulation with Deep Learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524615. [PMID: 36712027 PMCID: PMC9882307 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Closed-loop neuromodulation measures dynamic neural or physiological activity to optimize interventions for clinical and nonclinical behavioral, cognitive, wellness, attentional, or general task performance enhancement. Conventional closed-loop stimulation approaches can contain biased biomarker detection (decoders and error-based triggering) and stimulation-type application. We present and verify a novel deep learning framework for designing and deploying flexible, data-driven, automated closed-loop neuromodulation that is scalable using diverse datasets, agnostic to stimulation technology (supporting multi-modal stimulation: tACS, tDCS, tFUS, TMS), and without the need for personalized ground-truth performance data. Our approach is based on identified periods of responsiveness - detected states that result in a change in performance when stimulation is applied compared to no stimulation. To demonstrate our framework, we acquire, analyze, and apply a data-driven approach to our open sourced GX dataset, which includes concurrent physiological (ECG, EOG) and neuronal (EEG) measures, paired with continuous vigilance/attention-fatigue tracking, and High-Definition transcranial electrical stimulation (HD-tES). Our framework's decision process for intervention application identified 88.26% of trials as correct applications, showed potential improvement with varying stimulation types, or missed opportunities to stimulate, whereas 11.25% of trials were predicted to stimulate at inopportune times. With emerging datasets and stimulation technologies, our unifying and integrative framework; leveraging deep learning (Convolutional Neural Networks - CNNs); demonstrates the adaptability and feasibility of automated multimodal neuromodulation for both clinical and nonclinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Gebodh
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York USA
| | | | | | | | - Marom Bikson
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York USA
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13
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Concerns with the promotion of deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Med 2023; 29:18. [PMID: 36604537 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Colucci A, Vermehren M, Cavallo A, Angerhöfer C, Peekhaus N, Zollo L, Kim WS, Paik NJ, Soekadar SR. Brain-Computer Interface-Controlled Exoskeletons in Clinical Neurorehabilitation: Ready or Not? Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022; 36:747-756. [PMID: 36426541 PMCID: PMC9720703 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221138751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of brain-computer interface-controlled exoskeletons promises new treatment strategies for neurorehabilitation after stroke or spinal cord injury. By converting brain/neural activity into control signals of wearable actuators, brain/neural exoskeletons (B/NEs) enable the execution of movements despite impaired motor function. Beyond the use as assistive devices, it was shown that-upon repeated use over several weeks-B/NEs can trigger motor recovery, even in chronic paralysis. Recent development of lightweight robotic actuators, comfortable and portable real-world brain recordings, as well as reliable brain/neural control strategies have paved the way for B/NEs to enter clinical care. Although B/NEs are now technically ready for broader clinical use, their promotion will critically depend on early adopters, for example, research-oriented physiotherapists or clinicians who are open for innovation. Data collected by early adopters will further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of B/NE-triggered motor recovery and play a key role in increasing efficacy of personalized treatment strategies. Moreover, early adopters will provide indispensable feedback to the manufacturers necessary to further improve robustness, applicability, and adoption of B/NEs into existing therapy plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Colucci
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareike Vermehren
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessia Cavallo
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Angerhöfer
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Peekhaus
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Loredana Zollo
- Unit of Advanced Robotics and Human-Centred Technologies (CREO Lab), University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Roma RM, Italy
| | - Won-Seok Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Jong Paik
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Surjo R. Soekadar
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany,Surjo R. Soekadar, Charité Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
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15
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Chen ZS, Kulkarni P(P, Galatzer-Levy IR, Bigio B, Nasca C, Zhang Y. Modern views of machine learning for precision psychiatry. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 3:100602. [PMID: 36419447 PMCID: PMC9676543 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In light of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)'s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), the advent of functional neuroimaging, novel technologies and methods provide new opportunities to develop precise and personalized prognosis and diagnosis of mental disorders. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are playing an increasingly critical role in the new era of precision psychiatry. Combining ML/AI with neuromodulation technologies can potentially provide explainable solutions in clinical practice and effective therapeutic treatment. Advanced wearable and mobile technologies also call for the new role of ML/AI for digital phenotyping in mobile mental health. In this review, we provide a comprehensive review of ML methodologies and applications by combining neuroimaging, neuromodulation, and advanced mobile technologies in psychiatry practice. We further review the role of ML in molecular phenotyping and cross-species biomarker identification in precision psychiatry. We also discuss explainable AI (XAI) and neuromodulation in a closed human-in-the-loop manner and highlight the ML potential in multi-media information extraction and multi-modal data fusion. Finally, we discuss conceptual and practical challenges in precision psychiatry and highlight ML opportunities in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sage Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- The Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | | | - Isaac R. Galatzer-Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Meta Reality Lab, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Carla Nasca
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- The Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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