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Fahed R, Schulz C, Klaus J, Ellinger S, Walter M, Kroemer NB. Ghrelin is associated with an elevated mood after an overnight fast in depression. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 175:271-279. [PMID: 38759494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises subtypes with distinct symptom profiles. For example, patients with melancholic and atypical MDD differ in the direction of appetite and body weight changes as well as mood reactivity. Despite reported links to altered energy metabolism, the role of circulating neuropeptides from the gut in modulating such symptoms remains largely elusive. METHODS We collected data from 103 participants, including 52 patients with MDD and 51 healthy control participants (HCP). After an overnight fast, we measured plasma levels of (acyl and des-acyl) ghrelin and participants reported their current metabolic and mood states using visual analog scales (VAS). Furthermore, they completed symptom-related questionnaires (i.e., STAI-T). RESULTS Patients with atypical versus melancholic MDD reported less negative affect (p = 0.025). Higher levels of acyl ghrelin (corrected for BMI) were associated with improved mood (p = 0.012), specifically in patients with MDD. These associations of ghrelin were not mood-item specific and exceeded correlations with trait markers of negative affectivity. In contrast to associations with mood state, higher levels of ghrelin were not associated with increased hunger per se or changes in appetite in patients with MDD. LIMITATIONS The study is limited by the cross-sectional design without an intervention. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal potentially mood-enhancing effects of ghrelin in fasting individuals that exceed associations with metabolic state ratings. These associations with circulating neuropeptides might help explain anti-depressive effects of fasting interventions and could complement conventional treatments in patients with melancholic MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauda Fahed
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Schulz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Klaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ellinger
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Human Nutrition, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Section of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Germany.
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Chang L, Niu F, Li B. Ghrelin/GHSR signaling in the lateral septum ameliorates chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110953. [PMID: 38278286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone on feeding and metabolism regulation, and acts through its receptor-growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), which is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested that ghrelin plays an important role in the regulation of depression, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Lateral septum (LS) is a critical brain region in modulating depression. Therefore, we investigated the role of ghrelin/GHSR signaling in the LS on the depressive-like behaviors of mice under conditions of chronic stress by using behavioral tests, neuropharmacology, and molecular biology techniques. We found that infusion of ghrelin into the LS produced antidepressant-like responses in mice. Activation of LS GABAergic neurons was involved in the antidepressant effect of ghrelin. Importantly, GHSR was highly expressed and distributed in the LS neurons. Blockade of GHSR in the LS reversed the ghrelin-induced antidepressant-like effects. Molecular knockdown of GHSR in the LS induced depressive-like symptoms in mice. Furthermore, administration of ghrelin into the LS alleviated depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Consistent with the neuropharmacological results, overexpression of GHSR in the LS reversed CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Our findings clarify a key role for ghrelin/GHSR signaling in the regulation of chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors, which could provide new strategies for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengnan Niu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Women and Children's Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Zhang C, Dong Y, Li S, Li M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhou C, Li J. Ghrelin and depressive symptoms in patients with first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder: The mediating role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2024; 16:e12552. [PMID: 38348641 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the global burdens of disease, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. An increasing amount of research indicates that ghrelin regulates mood in patients with MDD. Still, current results are inconsistent, and the mechanisms underlying how ghrelin modulates depressive symptoms are inconclusive, especially in first-episode drug-naïve MDD patients. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship and potential mechanism between ghrelin and first-episode drug-naïve MDD. METHODS Ninety first-episode drug-naïve MDD patients and 65 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) as a measure of depressive symptoms. Plasma levels of ghrelin and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) hormones were measured in all participants. RESULTS Compared to HCs, the ghrelin levels were higher in the MDD (p < .001) and still showed significance after covarying for sex, age, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Ghrelin was positively related to corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) levels (r = .867, p < .001), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels (r = .830, p < .001), and cortisol levels (r = .902, p < .001) in partial correlation analysis. In addition, there was a positive correlation between HAMD total score and ghrelin levels (r = .240, p = .026). Other than that, the HAMD total score also had a positive correlation with the CRH (r = .333, p = .002) and cortisol (r = .307, p = .004) levels. Further mediation analysis demonstrated that the relationship between ghrelin and HAMD total score was mediated by CRH (ab-path; β = .4457, 95% CI = 0.0780-1.0253, c-path; β = .2447, p = .0260, c'-path; β = -.2009, p = .3427). CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed that plasma ghrelin provides a pivotal link to depressive symptoms in first-episode drug-naive MDD patients. CRH mediated the relationship between ghrelin and HAMD total score. It might provide new insights into understanding the pathogenesis of MDD, contributing to intervention and treatment from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhao Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeqing Dong
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - ShuHua Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin TEDA Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meijuan Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chi Zhou
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Zhao X, Liu M, Yang S, Gong H, Ma J, Li C, Wang K. Performance and microbial community evaluation of full-scale two-phase anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152525. [PMID: 34954158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
"Temperature Staging and Biological Phasing" (TSBP) is an improved two-phase anaerobic digestion (AD) technology. This technology hydrolyzes waste activated sludge (WAS) at 45 °C and converts methane at mesophilic temperature (35-38 °C), with hydraulic retention times of 3-5 d and 14-17 d, respectively. In this study, the performance and microbial community dynamics of full-scale TSBP-based sludge anaerobic digestion system were studied, and the technology was evaluated by energy balance and ecological benefit analysis. The stable operation for 390 d showed that the cumulative biogas yield was about 349,041 m3, the maximum biogas yield rate was 563.68 L/kg VS, and the VS degradation rate of organic matters in the sludge was 47.19%. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were found to be the dominant bacteria in both thermophilic and mesophilic reactors. Methanobacterium and Methanosarcina were the two most abundant methanogenic genera in the AD samples. The aceticlastic methanogenesis was likely the predominant production pathway of methane in AD processes based on metagenomics. The TSBP system operated stably, and the recovered energy could achieve energy self-sufficiency, which provided technical reference for the anaerobic treatment of sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shipeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Gong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinyuan Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Caibin Li
- Beijing Sustainable Green ET. Co., Ltd., Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Chen X, Dong J, Jiao Q, Du X, Bi M, Jiang H. "Sibling" battle or harmony: crosstalk between nesfatin-1 and ghrelin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:169. [PMID: 35239020 PMCID: PMC11072372 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin was first identified as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in 1999, with the function of stimulating the release of growth hormone (GH), while nesfatin-1 was identified in 2006. Both peptides are secreted by the same kind of endocrine cells, X/A-like cells in the stomach. Compared with ghrelin, nesfatin-1 exerts opposite effects on energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal functions and regulation of blood pressure, but exerts similar effects on anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Up to now, nesfatin-1 remains as an orphan ligand because its receptor has not been identified. Several studies have shown the effects of nesfatin-1 are dependent on the receptor of ghrelin. We herein compare the effects of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin in several aspects and explore the possibility of their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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Masule MV, Rathod S, Agrawal Y, Patil CR, Nakhate KT, Ojha S, Goyal SN, Mahajan UB. Ghrelin mediated regulation of neurosynaptic transmitters in depressive disorders. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100113. [PMID: 35782191 PMCID: PMC9240712 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide released by the endocrine cells of the stomach and the neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. It modulates both peripheral and central functions. Although ghrelin has emerged as a potent stimulator of growth hormone release and as an orexigenic neuropeptide, the wealth of literature suggests its involvement in the pathophysiology of affective disorders including depression. Ghrelin exhibits a dual role through the advancement and reduction of depressive behavior with nervousness in the experimental animals. It modulates depression-related signals by forming neuronal networks with various neuropeptides and classical neurotransmitter systems. The present review emphasizes the integration and signaling of ghrelin with other neuromodulatory systems concerning depressive disorders. The role of ghrelin in the regulation of neurosynaptic transmission and depressive illnesses implies that the ghrelin system modulation can yield promising antidepressive therapies. Ghrelin is the orexigenic type of neuropeptide. It binds with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GHSR is ubiquitously present in the various brain regions. Ghrelin is involved in the regulation of depression-related behavior. The review focuses on the neurotransmission and signaling of ghrelin in neuropsychiatric and depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind V. Masule
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Rathod
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogeeta Agrawal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandragouda R. Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kartik T. Nakhate
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Umesh B. Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
- Corresponding author.
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Expression of ghrelin or growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the brain of postpartum stress mice. Neuroreport 2021; 32:678-685. [PMID: 33913930 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression is one of the most common mental diseases that occur in women after childbirth; this disorder is extremely painful for women and represents a major burden on the society. Therefore, we designed this study to explore the possible material basis of the disease, and provide potential novel antidepressants therapy using a mouse model. We established a postpartum immobilization stress model. Maternal body weight changes and food intake were recorded for half a month after delivery, and levels of ghrelin and its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) were measured. The mice in the immobilization stress group showed stress activity as well as low body weight and low feeding status. Ghrelin expression was elevated in blood whereas ghrelin or GHSR expression decreased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the immobilization stress mice, and the number of ghrelin-active and GHSR cells reduced.
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Fritz EM, Singewald N, De Bundel D. The Good, the Bad and the Unknown Aspects of Ghrelin in Stress Coping and Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:594484. [PMID: 33192444 PMCID: PMC7652849 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.594484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released by specialized X/A cells in the stomach and activated by acylation. Following its secretion, it binds to ghrelin receptors in the periphery to regulate energy balance, but it also acts on the central nervous system where it induces a potent orexigenic effect. Several types of stressors have been shown to stimulate ghrelin release in rodents, including nutritional stressors like food deprivation, but also physical and psychological stressors such as foot shocks, social defeat, forced immobilization or chronic unpredictable mild stress. The mechanism through which these stressors drive ghrelin release from the stomach lining remains unknown and, to date, the resulting consequences of ghrelin release for stress coping remain poorly understood. Indeed, ghrelin has been proposed to act as a stress hormone that reduces fear, anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rodents but some studies suggest that ghrelin may - in contrast - promote such behaviors. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the role of the ghrelin system in stress coping. We discuss whether ghrelin release is more than a byproduct of disrupted energy homeostasis following stress exposure. Furthermore, we explore the notion that ghrelin receptor signaling in the brain may have effects independent of circulating ghrelin and in what way this might influence stress coping in rodents. Finally, we examine how the ghrelin system could be utilized as a therapeutic avenue in stress-related psychiatric disorders (with a focus on anxiety- and trauma-related disorders), for example to develop novel biomarkers for a better diagnosis or new interventions to tackle relapse or treatment resistance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Fritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Wu R, Xiao D, Shan X, Dong Y, Tao WW. Rapid and Prolonged Antidepressant-like Effect of Crocin Is Associated with GHSR-Mediated Hippocampal Plasticity-related Proteins in Mice Exposed to Prenatal Stress. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1159-1170. [PMID: 32203651 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PNS) has a prolonged and adverse effect on offspring, leading to a significantly increased vulnerability to developing depression in their later life. Traditional therapies have delayed onset and limited efficacy; thus, it remains an urgent need to find novel medications with fast-onset and high-efficacy potentials. Crocin, with its structure clearly examined, has shown antidepressant-like effects. However, few studies extensively investigated its effect especially in mice exposed to PNS. Using an established PNS model, we tested whether crocin could have a rapid and persistent antidepressant-like effect in PNS mice. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors were used to test their effects in antidepressant-like effect of crocin. Hippocampal GHSR-PI3K signaling was examined both in PNS mice treated with a single dose of crocin and in combination of GHSR inhibitor. PNS mice showed depression-like behaviors at juvenile and adulthood, and crocin induced an instant and persistent antidepressant-like response in PNS mice in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, crocin increased the expression of hippocampal synaptic plasticity-associated proteins through the restoration of GHSR-PI3K signaling. Inhibitions of both GHSR and PI3K abolished the effect of crocin in alleviating depressive-like behaviors. More importantly, GHSR inhibitor JMV2959 blocked the enhanced expression of hippocampal plasticity-related proteins induced by crocin. The present study demonstrated that crocin induced a fast-onset and prolonged antidepressant effect in PNS mice and suggested that GHSR-PI3K signaling may play a key role in crocin's effect at least partially by a restoration of hippocampal synaptic plasticity-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Wu
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo 14203, New York, United States
| | - Dong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Shan
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Ozmen S, Şeker A, Demirci E. Ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:1043-1047. [PMID: 31472067 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders in childhood and an important health problem that is associated with the risk of serious mental, educational and economical problems. Researchers have mentioned many different mechanisms in the etiopathology of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders and thus to contribute to the clarification of anxiety in children. Methods Forty-three children aged 6-12 years with a diagnosis of the Anxiety Disorder according to DSM 5 and 21 healthy children age- and gender-matched to the study group were included. All the subjects were assessed with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C) scale. Blood samples were obtained in the morning and serum ghrelin and leptin levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results In the anxiety group the ghrelin levels were higher than the control group (p = 0.037) but there was no significant difference between the leptin levels (p = 0.430). Also, when the girls in the anxiety group and the girls in the control group were compared, ghrelin levels were higher in the anxiety group (p < 0.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that ghrelin may play a significant role in the etiologic mechanisms of anxiety disorders. However, more detailed studies are needed to explain the linkage between anxiety disorders and neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Ozmen
- Erciyes University Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Asilay Şeker
- Erciyes University Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Demirci
- Erciyes University Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
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Han QQ, Huang HJ, Wang YL, Yang L, Pilot A, Zhu XC, Yu R, Wang J, Chen XR, Liu Q, Li B, Wu GC, Yu J. Ghrelin exhibited antidepressant and anxiolytic effect via the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:11-20. [PMID: 30853341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide derived from stomach, is an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). So far, the exact role of ghrelin in depression and anxiety is still being debated. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) is known to be activated in response to various stress stimuli. Thus, we hypothesize that ghrelin has an antidepressant effect, to which the p38-MAPK signaling pathway significantly contributes. To test this hypothesis, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) was used as a model of depression. We employed the adeno-associated virus-mediated siRNA approach to down-regulate GHSR expression in the hippocampus of mice in vivo. Both ghrelin and the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, were administered to identify the effect of ghrelin on depressive-like behavior of stressed mice and to better assess the role of the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in this process. We found that CSDS activated the endogenous ghrelin-GHSR in hippocampal neurons, which possibly resulted in opposing the formation of depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Furthermore, the p38-MAPK signaling pathway had an important role in the antidepressant effect of ghrelin. Therefore, we conclude that ghrelin may reduce CSDS-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors via inhibiting the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Qin Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China; Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Jie Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Lin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Adam Pilot
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Cang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Li
- Center Laboratories, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Huang HJ, Chen XR, Han QQ, Wang J, Pilot A, Yu R, Liu Q, Li B, Wu GC, Wang YQ, Yu J. The protective effects of Ghrelin/GHSR on hippocampal neurogenesis in CUMS mice. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:31-43. [PMID: 31103617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone that also plays an important role in mood disorders. Our previous studies demonstrated that ghrelin administration could protect against depression-like behaviors of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in rodents. However, the mechanism related to the effect of ghrelin on CUMS mice has yet to be revealed. This article shows that ghrelin (5 nmol/kg/day for 2 weeks, i.p.) decreased depression-like behaviors induced by CUMS and increased hippocampal integrity (neurogenesis and spine density) measured via Ki67, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), doublecortin (DCX) labeling and Golgi-cox staining, which were decreased under CUMS. The behavioral phenotypes of Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (Ghsr)-null and wild type (WT) mice were evaluated under no stress condition and after CUMS exposure to determine the effect of Ghsr knockout on the behavioral phenotypes and stress susceptibility of mice. Ghsr-null mice exhibited depression-like behaviors under no stress condition. CUMS induced similar depression- and anxiety-like behavioral manifestations in both Ghsr-null and WT mice. A similar pattern of behavioral changes was observed after hippocampal GHSR knockdown. Additionally, both Ghsr knockout as well as CUMS exhibited deleterious effects on neurogenesis and spine density in the dentate gyrus (DG). Besides, CCK8 assay and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay showed that ghrelin has a proliferative effect on primary cultured hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) and this proliferation was blocked by D-Lys3-GHRP-6 (DLS, the antagonist of GHSR, 100 μM) pretreatment. Ghrelin-induced proliferation is associated with the inhibition of G1 arrest, and this inhibition was blocked by LY294002 (specific inhibitor of PI3K, 20 μM). Furthermore, the in vivo data displayed that LY294002 (50 nmol, i.c.v.) can significantly block the antidepressant-like action of exogenous ghrelin treatment. All these results suggest that ghrelin/GHSR signaling maintains the integrity of hippocampus and has an inherent neuroprotective effect whether facing stress or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiu-Qin Han
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Adam Pilot
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bing Li
- Center Laboratories, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Algul S, Ozcelik O. Evaluating the Levels of Nesfatin-1 and Ghrelin Hormones in Patients with Moderate and Severe Major Depressive Disorders. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:214-218. [PMID: 29475222 PMCID: PMC5900400 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2017.05.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the importance of nesfatin-1, acylated and des-acylated ghrelin, which are known as energy regulatory hormones, in patients with moderate and severe major depression disorders (MDD). METHODS Thirty patients with a moderate degree of MDD and, 30 with a severe degree of MDD were used as participants in this study. Thirty subjects without depression were enrolled as a control group. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to classify the patients with MDD. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting. The plasma nesfatin-1, acylated ghrelin and des-acylated ghrelin levels were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS The nesfatin-1, the acylated ghrelin and the des-acylated ghrelin levels were found to be significantly higher in severe MDD (3.92±0.4 ng/mL; 88.56±4.1 pg/mL; 962.76±67 pg/mL) as compared to moderate MDD (2.91±0.5 ng/mL; 77.63±4.19 pg/mL; 631.16±35 pg/mL), or the control (1.01±0.3 ng/mL; 58.60±9.00 pg/mL; 543.13±62 pg/mL), respectively. CONCLUSION Although nesfatin-1 and ghrelin are known as adversely affecting the hormones involving the regulation of appetite and food intake, they all increase in depressive patients and are even associated with the severity of the disease. In clinical medicine, the evaluation of the role of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin in endocrine and neu-roendocrine regulation of major metabolic functions is an important key mechanism in solving numerous diseases associated with endocrine and neuroendocrine disturbance. Increased levels of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin may also be important criteria in describing the prognoses of the patients and the effectiveness of the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermin Algul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Oguz Ozcelik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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14
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Fan J, Li BJ, Wang XF, Zhong LL, Cui RJ. Ghrelin produces antidepressant-like effect in the estrogen deficient mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58964-58973. [PMID: 28938610 PMCID: PMC5601706 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that ghrelin plays an important role in depression. However, it was little known whether ghrelin produces antidepressant-like effect in the ovariectomized mice. The present study was aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of the ghrelin in ovariectomized mice. In the forced swim test, ghrelin significantly decreased immobility time, reversing the “depressive-like” effect observed in ovariectomized mice, and this effect was reversed by the tamoxifen. In addition, immunohistochemical study indicated that ghrelin treatment reversed the reductions in c-Fos expression induced by ovariectomy. An estrogen antagonist tamoxifen also antagonized the effect of ghrelin on the c-Fos expression. Furthermore, the western blotting indicated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus, but not phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB)/CREB in the frontal cortex, were affected by ghrelin treatment. Ghrelin treatment significantly increased BrdU expression. Therefore, these findings suggest that ghrelin produces antidepressant-like effects in ovariectomized mice, and estrogen receptor may be involved in the antidepressant-like effects of the ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Bing Jin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xue Feng Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Li Li Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Ran Ji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Ricken R, Bopp S, Schlattmann P, Himmerich H, Bschor T, Richter C, Elstner S, Stamm TJ, Schulz-Ratei B, Lingesleben A, Reischies FM, Sterzer P, Borgwardt S, Bauer M, Heinz A, Hellweg R, Lang UE, Adli M. Ghrelin Serum Concentrations Are Associated with Treatment Response During Lithium Augmentation of Antidepressants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:692-697. [PMID: 28911006 PMCID: PMC5581484 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium augmentation of antidepressants is an effective strategy in treatment-resistant depression. The proteohormone ghrelin is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of treatment response with the course of ghrelin levels during lithium augmentation. METHOD Ghrelin serum concentrations and severity of depression were measured in 85 acute depressive patients before and after 4 weeks of lithium augmentation. RESULTS In a linear mixed model analysis, we found a significant effect of response*time interaction (F1.81=9.48; P=.0028): under treatment, ghrelin levels increased in nonresponders and slightly decreased in responders to lithium augmentation. The covariate female gender had a significant positive effect (F1.83=4.69; P=.033), whereas time, response, appetite, and body mass index (kg/m2) did not show any significant effect on ghrelin levels (P>.05). CONCLUSION This is the first study showing that the course of ghrelin levels separates responders and nonresponders to lithium augmentation. Present results support the hypothesis that ghrelin serum concentrations might be involved in response to pharmacological treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ricken
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor).,Correspondence: Roland Ricken, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany ()
| | - Sandra Bopp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Tom Bschor
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Christoph Richter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Samuel Elstner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Thomas J Stamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Brigitte Schulz-Ratei
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Alexandra Lingesleben
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Friedel M Reischies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Mazda Adli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
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Longitudinal changes of associations between the preproghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism with depression in Chinese Han adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychiatr Genet 2017; 27:161-168. [PMID: 28570394 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to investigate longitudinal associations of preproghrelin Leu72Met with depression in Chinese Han adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 709 volunteers were enrolled from a high school near the epicenter of the earthquake and 662, 643, and 510 students were finally included at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively, after the earthquake. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The genotypes were identified by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses and verified by DNA sequencing. RESULTS Females had a higher prevalence of depression than males at 6 months after the earthquake in 72Leu/Leu homozygotes (χ-test, P=0.007), but not in 72Met allele carriers. 72Met allele carriers had lower prevalence (χ-test, P=0.025) and BDI scores (Kruskal-Wallis test, P=0.034) than 72Leu/Leu homozygotes only among males at 18 months, but not at 6 or 12 months. The prevalence was consecutively decreased in male 72Met allele carriers (χ-test, P=0.010), but not in male 72Leu/Leu homozygotes, female 72Met allele carriers, or female 72Leu/Leu homozygotes during follow-up. Potential factors of depression prevalence and predictors of BDI scores were different between 72Leu/Leu homozygotes and 72Met allele carriers at different time points during follow-up. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the 72Met allele of the preproghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism may be associated with rehabilitation of depression in male Chinese Han adolescents after the natural disaster.
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Huang HJ, Zhu XC, Han QQ, Wang YL, Yue N, Wang J, Yu R, Li B, Wu GC, Liu Q, Yu J. Ghrelin alleviates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rodents. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:33-43. [PMID: 28245976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a regulator of food intake, ghrelin also plays a key role in mood disorders. Previous studies reported that acute ghrelin administration defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress. However, the effects of long-term ghrelin on rodents under chronic stress hasn't been revealed. In this study, we found chronic peripheral administration of ghrelin (5nmol/kg/day for 2 weeks, i.p.) could alleviate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The depression-like behaviors were assessed by the forced swimming test (FST), and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus maze test (EPM). Meanwhile, we observed that peripheral acylated ghrelin, together with gastral and hippocampal ghrelin prepropeptide mRNA level, were significantly up-regulated in CUMS mice. Besides, the increased protein level of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in hippocampus were also detected. These results suggested that the endogenous ghrelin/GHSR pathway activated by CUMS plays a role in homeostasis. Further results showed that central treatment of ghrelin (10μg/rat/day for 2 weeks, i.c.v.) or GHRP-6 (the agonist of GHSR, 10μg/rat/day for 2 weeks, i.c.v.) significantly alleviated the depression-like behaviors induced by CUMS in FST and sucrose preference test (SPT). Based on these results, we concluded that central GHSR is involved in the antidepressant-like effect of exogenous ghrelin treatment, and ghrelin/GHSR may have the inherent neuromodulatory properties against depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Cang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiu-Qin Han
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Lin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Na Yue
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Li
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Landrigan J, Shawaf F, Dwyer Z, Abizaid A, Hayley S. Interactive effects of ghrelin and ketamine on forced swim performance: Implications for novel antidepressant strategies. Neurosci Lett 2016; 669:55-58. [PMID: 27524676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of ketamine to alleviate depressive symptoms has promoted a wealth of research exploring alternate therapeutic targets for depression. Given the caveats of ketamine treatment taken together with the increasingly greater emphasis on combinatorial therapeutic approaches to depression, we sought to asses whether the hypothalamic "hunger hormone", ghrelin, would augment the effects of ketamine. Indeed, ghrelin has recently been found to possess antidepressant potential and may be especially effective against the metabolic and feeding deficits observed with depression. Two studies were performed: 1. mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of ghrelin (80μg/kg) or saline, followed by a saline or a low or high dose of ketamine (5 or 10mg/kg) and 2. mice received 10mg/kg of ketamine together with saline or the ghrelin receptor antagonist JMV2959 (3 or 6mg/kg) and Forced Swim Test (FST) performance was assessed. In both studies, ketamine alone reduced FST immobility. Similarly, ghrelin alone reduced swim immobility suggesting an antidepressant-like response. However, ghrelin did not augment the impact of ketamine when co-administered and in fact, it appeared to antagonize its actions at the lower dose. As well, JMV2959 did not significantly influence FST performance. These data confirm the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and further suggest that ghrelin might have similar properties. Yet, our results caution against combinatorial treatment with these agents, probably owing to unexpected allosteric or other antagonist actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Landrigan
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Farah Shawaf
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Zach Dwyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Brockway ET, Krater KR, Selva JA, Wauson SER, Currie PJ. Impact of [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6 and feeding status on hypothalamic ghrelin-induced stress activation. Peptides 2016; 79:95-102. [PMID: 27020248 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin administration directly into hypothalamic nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus (ArcN) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), alters the expression of stress-related behaviors. In the present study we investigated the effect of feeding status on the ability of ghrelin to induce stress and anxiogenesis. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with guide cannula targeting either the ArcN or PVN. In the first experiment we confirmed that ArcN and PVN ghrelin treatment produced anxiety-like behavior as measured using the elevated plus maze (EPM) paradigm. Ghrelin was administered during the early dark cycle. Immediately after microinjections rats were placed in the EPM for 5min. Both ArcN and PVN treatment reduced open arm exploration. The effect was attenuated by pretreatment with the ghrelin 1a receptor antagonist [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6. In a separate group of animals ghrelin was injected into either nucleus and rats were returned to their home cages for 60min with free access to food. An additional group of rats was returned to home cages with no food access. After 60min with or without food access all rats were tested in the EPM. Results indicated that food consumption just prior to EPM testing reversed the avoidance of the open arms of the EPM. In contrast, rats injected with ghrelin, placed in their home cage for 60min without food, and subsequently tested in the EPM, exhibited an increased avoidance of the open arms, consistent with stress activation. Overall, our findings demonstrate that ghrelin 1a receptor blockade and feeding status appear to impact the ability of ArcN and PVN ghrelin to elicit stress and anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Brockway
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States
| | - Katherine R Krater
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States
| | - Joaquín A Selva
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States
| | - Shelby E R Wauson
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States
| | - Paul J Currie
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, United States.
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Ghrelin's Role in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Stress Response: Implications for Mood Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:19-27. [PMID: 25534754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach hormone normally associated with feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Recent studies highlight that ghrelin targets the brain to regulate a diverse number of functions, including learning, memory, motivation, stress responses, anxiety, and mood. In this review, we discuss recent animal and human studies showing that ghrelin regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and affects anxiety and mood disorders, such as depression and fear. We address the neural sites of action through which ghrelin regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and associated stress-induced behaviors, including the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the hippocampus, amygdala, locus coeruleus, and the ventral tegmental area. Stressors modulate many behaviors associated with motivation, fear, anxiety, depression, and appetite; therefore, we assess the potential role for ghrelin as a stress feedback signal that regulates these associated behaviors. Finally, we briefly discuss important areas for future research that will help us move closer to potential ghrelin-based therapies to treat stress responses and related disorders.
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21
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Wauson SER, Sarkodie K, Schuette LM, Currie PJ. Midbrain raphe 5-HT1A receptor activation alters the effects of ghrelin on appetite and performance in the elevated plus maze. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:836-44. [PMID: 25922422 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115581981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that midbrain serotonergic signaling and hypothalamic ghrelinergic signaling both play critical roles in appetitive and emotional behaviors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of median raphe nucleus (MRN) somatodentritic 5-HT1A receptor activation on the feeding-stimulant and anxiogenic action of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) ghrelin. In an initial experiment, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with either ghrelin (200-800 pmol) into the PVN or 8-OH-DPAT (2.5-10 nmol), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, into the MRN. Performance on the elevated plus maze (EPM) was then assessed. In separate rats, MRN 8-OH-DPAT (2.5-5 nmol) was administered 5 min prior to PVN injection of ghrelin (400 pmol) followed by EPM testing. The orexigenic effects of MRN 8-OH-DPAT (0.1-1.6 nmol) paired with PVN ghrelin (50 pmol) were also examined. When administered alone into the PVN, ghrelin significantly decreased the number of entries and time spent in the open arms of the EPM. This anxiogenic effect was blocked if rats were allowed to eat immediately after ghrelin administration and then tested in the plus maze. MRN injections of 8-OH-DPAT were anxiolytic, and when rats were pretreated with 8-OH-DPAT prior to ghrelin, the anxiogenic action of the peptide was attenuated. In contrast, MRN administration of 8-OH-DPAT potentiated the eating-stimulant effect of PVN ghrelin. Overall, our findings demonstrate that ghrelinergic and serotonergic circuits interact in the neural control of eating and anxiety-like behaviors, with 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms potentiating the orexigenic action of ghrelin while inhibiting ghrelin-induced anxiogenesis as measured via the EPM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwaku Sarkodie
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Paul J Currie
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
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François M, Schaefer JM, Bole-Feysot C, Déchelotte P, Verhulst FC, Fetissov SO. Ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulins and anxiety, depression and stress-induced cortisol response in adolescents. The TRAILS study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 59:1-7. [PMID: 25562566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin, a hunger hormone, has been implicated in the regulation of stress-response, anxiety and depression. Ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulins (Ig) were recently identified in healthy and obese humans showing abilities to increase ghrelin's stability and orexigenic effects. Here we studied if ghrelin-reactive Ig are associated with anxiety and depression and with the stress-induced cortisol response in a general population of adolescents. Furthermore, to test the possible infectious origin of ghrelin-reactive Ig, their levels were compared with serum IgG against common viruses. METHODS We measured ghrelin-reactive IgM, IgG and IgA in serum samples of 1199 adolescents from the Dutch TRAILS study and tested their associations with 1) anxiety and depression symptoms assessed with the Youth Self-Report, 2) stress-induced salivary cortisol levels and 3) IgG against human herpesvirus 1, 2, 4 and 6 and Influenza A and B viruses. RESULTS Ghrelin-reactive IgM and IgG correlated positively with levels of antibodies against Influenza A virus. Ghrelin-reactive IgM correlated negatively with antibodies against Influenza B virus. Ghrelin-reactive IgM correlated positively with anxiety scores in girls and ghrelin-reactive IgG correlated with stress-induced cortisol secretion, but these associations were weak and not significant after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSION These data indicate that production of ghrelin-reactive autoantibodies could be influenced by viral infections. Serum levels of ghrelin-reactive autoantibodies probably do not play a role in regulating anxiety, depression and the stress-response in adolescents from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie François
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France
| | - Johanna M Schaefer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France.
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Wittekind DA, Kluge M. Ghrelin in psychiatric disorders - A review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 52:176-94. [PMID: 25459900 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide hormone, first described in 1999 and broadly expressed in the organism. As the only known orexigenic hormone secreted in the periphery, it increases hunger and appetite, promoting food intake. Ghrelin has also been shown to be involved in various physiological processes being regulated in the central nervous system such as sleep, mood, memory and reward. Accordingly, it has been implicated in a series of psychiatric disorders, making it subject of increasing investigation, with knowledge rapidly accumulating. This review aims at providing a concise yet comprehensive overview of the role of ghrelin in psychiatric disorders. Ghrelin was consistently shown to exert neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects and alleviated psychopathology in animal models of dementia. Few human studies show a disruption of the ghrelin system in dementia. It was also shown to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of addictive disorders, promoting drug reward, enhancing drug seeking behavior and increasing craving in both animals and humans. Ghrelin's exact role in depression and anxiety is still being debated, as it was shown to both promote and alleviate depressive and anxiety-behavior in animal studies, with an overweight of evidence suggesting antidepressant effects. Not surprisingly, the ghrelin system is also implicated in eating disorders, however its exact role remains to be elucidated. Its widespread involvement has made the ghrelin system a promising target for future therapies, with encouraging findings in recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Potential ghrelin-mediated benefits and risks of hydrogen water. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:350-5. [PMID: 25649854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) can scavenge hydroxyl radical and diminish the toxicity of peroxynitrite; hence, it has interesting potential for antioxidant protection. Recently, a number of studies have explored the utility of inhaled hydrogen gas, or of hydrogen-saturated water, administered parenterally or orally, in rodent models of pathology and in clinical trials, oftentimes with very positive outcomes. The efficacy of orally ingested hydrogen-rich water (HW) has been particularly surprising, given that only transient and rather small increments in plasma hydrogen can be achieved by this method. A recent study in mice has discovered that orally administered HW provokes increased gastric production of the orexic hormone ghrelin, and that this ghrelin mediates the favorable impact of HW on a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The possibility that most of the benefits observed with HW in experimental studies are mediated by ghrelin merits consideration. Ghrelin is well known to function as an appetite stimulant and secretagogue for growth hormone, but it influences physiological function throughout the body via interaction with the widely express GHS-R1a receptor. Rodent and, to a more limited extent, clinical studies establish that ghrelin has versatile neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing activity, favorably impacts vascular health, exerts anti-inflammatory activity useful in autoimmune disorders, and is markedly hepatoprotective. The stimulatory impact of ghrelin on GH-IGF-I activity, while potentially beneficial in sarcopenia or cachectic disorders, does raise concerns regarding the long-term impact of ghrelin up-regulation on cancer risk. The impact of ingesting HW water on ghrelin production in humans needs to be evaluated; if HW does up-regulate ghrelin in humans, it may have versatile potential for prevention and control of a number of health disorders.
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Yamawaki H, Futagami S, Shimpuku M, Shindo T, Maruki Y, Nagoya H, Kodaka Y, Sato H, Gudis K, Kawagoe T, Sakamoto C. Leu72Met408 Polymorphism of the Ghrelin Gene Is Associated With Early Phase of Gastric Emptying in the Patients With Functional Dyspepsia in Japan. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:93-102. [PMID: 25540946 PMCID: PMC4288091 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims There are no available data about the relationship between ghrelin gene genotypes and early phase of gastric emptying in functional dyspepsia (FD) as defined by Rome III classification. Methods We enrolled 74 patients presenting with typical symptoms of FD and 64 healthy volunteers. Gastric motility was evaluated using the 13C-acetate breath test. We used Rome III criteria to evaluate upper abdominal symptoms and self-rating questionnaires for depression (SRQ-D) scores to determine status of depression. The Arg51Gln (346G>A), preproghrelin (3056T>C), Leu72Met (408C>A), Gln90Leu (3412T>A) and G-protein β3 (825C>T) polymorphisms were analyzed in the DNA from blood samples of enrolled subjects. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Results There was a significant relationship between the Gln90Leu3412 genotype and SRQ-D score in FD patients (P = 0.009). Area under the curve at 15 minutes (AUC15) value was significantly associated with the Leu72Met408 genotype (P = 0.015) but not with entire gastric emptying. Conclusions The Leu72Met (408C>A) single nucleotide polymorphism was significantly associated with early phase of gastric emptying in FD patients. Further studies will be necessary to clarify the association between ghrelin gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and early phase of gastric emptying in FD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamawaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Futagami
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shimpuku
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Shindo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuta Maruki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagoya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katya Gudis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kawagoe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Choitsu Sakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
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Ghrelin effects expression of several genes associated with depression-like behavior. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:227-34. [PMID: 25286107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin (Ghr) is an orexigenic peptide that is being investigated for its potential role in development of anxiety-like behavior and modulation of depressive-like symptoms induced by bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OB) in rodents. Olfactory bulbectomy is an animal model useful to study of depression and Ghr could be an alternative therapeutic tool in depression therapy. We studied the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) Ghr administration on the expression of hypothalamic genes related to depression and mood (delta opioid receptor (DOR), mu opioid receptor (MOR) and kappa opioid receptor (KOR), lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor (LHCGR), serotonin transporter (SERT), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b), vasopressin (AVP) and corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)) in OB animals, as well as changes in plasma levels of AVP, CRH and adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). We found that acute Ghr 0.3 nmol/μl administration increases gene expression of DOR, SERT and LHCGR in OB mice and decreased expression of IL-1b, suggesting that these genes could be involved in the antidepressant-like effects of Ghr. In addition, OB animals exhibit high AVP gene expression and elevated plasma concentrations of AVP and ACTH and acute Ghr 0.3 nmol/μl administration reduces AVP gene expression and the concentration of these hormones, suggesting that peptide-effects on depressive-like behavior could be mediated at least in part via AVP. In conclusion, this study provides new evidence about genes, receptors and hormones involved in the antidepressant mechanism/s induced by Ghr in OB animals.
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Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on anxiety, depression and ghrelin level in male rats. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:688-93. [PMID: 27605768 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection on anxiety, depression and ghrelin level in male rats. Twenty four male rats were assessed in two equal groups. T. gondii tachyzoite (ip) were injected in infected group and control group received (2 ml) physiological serum (ip). Elevated plus Maze and swimming tests were used to assess anxiety and depression in rats respectively. The ghrelin and T. gondii IgG serum levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay kits. The Student's t test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. The ghrelin serum level was significantly lower in the infected rats than control (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in the depression and anxiety behavior between two groups. However, here were no significant correlations between ghrelin level and anxiety or depression in rats. It seems that latent T. gondii infection decreases the ghrelin serum level but does not change anxiety and depression like behaviors.
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Kent BA. Synchronizing an aging brain: can entraining circadian clocks by food slow Alzheimer's disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:234. [PMID: 25225484 PMCID: PMC4150207 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global epidemic. Unfortunately, we are still without effective treatments or a cure for this disease, which is having devastating consequences for patients, their families, and societies around the world. Until effective treatments are developed, promoting overall health may hold potential for delaying the onset or preventing neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In particular, chronobiological concepts may provide a useful framework for identifying the earliest signs of age-related disease as well as inexpensive and noninvasive methods for promoting health. It is well reported that AD is associated with disrupted circadian functioning to a greater extent than normal aging. However, it is unclear if the central circadian clock (i.e., the suprachiasmatic nucleus) is dysfunctioning, or whether the synchrony between the central and peripheral clocks that control behavior and metabolic processes are becoming uncoupled. Desynchrony of rhythms can negatively affect health, increasing morbidity and mortality in both animal models and humans. If the uncoupling of rhythms is contributing to AD progression or exacerbating symptoms, then it may be possible to draw from the food-entrainment literature to identify mechanisms for re-synchronizing rhythms to improve overall health and reduce the severity of symptoms. The following review will briefly summarize the circadian system, its potential role in AD, and propose using a feeding-related neuropeptide, such as ghrelin, to synchronize uncoupled rhythms. Synchronizing rhythms may be an inexpensive way to promote healthy aging and delay the onset of neurodegenerative disease such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A. Kent
- Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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Ulrich-Lai YM, Ryan KK. Neuroendocrine circuits governing energy balance and stress regulation: functional overlap and therapeutic implications. Cell Metab 2014; 19:910-25. [PMID: 24630812 PMCID: PMC4047143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significant comorbidities between obesity-related metabolic disease and stress-related psychological disorders suggest important functional interactions between energy balance and brain stress integration. Largely overlapping neural circuits control these systems, and this anatomical arrangement optimizes opportunities for mutual influence. Here we first review the current literature identifying effects of metabolic neuroendocrine signals on stress regulation, and vice versa. Next, the contributions of reward-driven food intake to these metabolic and stress interactions are discussed. Lastly, we consider the interrelationships between metabolism, stress, and reward in light of their important implications in the development of therapies for metabolism- or stress-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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Paslakis G, Westphal S, Hamann B, Gilles M, Lederbogen F, Deuschle M. Unstimulated and glucose-stimulated ghrelin in depressed patients and controls. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:582-6. [PMID: 24671339 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114527655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neuropeptide ghrelin stimulates hunger and weight gain. Ghrelin actions have been associated with depression in a number of preclinical and clinical studies, although some studies comparing basal peripheral ghrelin levels between depressed patients and controls found no differences between the groups. METHODS Twenty patients with a melancholic depressive episode and 15 controls received a 75 g glucose load and ghrelin levels were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 90 min after the beginning of the test. The patients were then either treated with mirtazapine (n=10) or venlafaxine (n=10) and underwent the same procedure (glucose load and ghrelin assessment) after four weeks of treatment. RESULTS Basal ghrelin concentrations did not differ between patients and controls, although the ghrelin responses following the glucose load were lower in patients and differed significantly to the controls' responses. After treatment, the patients' ghrelin responses to the glucose load increased by trend and approximated those in the control group. CONCLUSION Ghrelin is involved in appetite-regulating pathways during depression. For the first time we show that a functional test procedure using a standardised glucose load is more suitable than the assessment of basal peripheral ghrelin levels to detect differences between diagnostic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Paslakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Westphal
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Magdeburg University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Hamann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maria Gilles
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Florian Lederbogen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Deuschle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Hansson C, Alvarez-Crespo M, Taube M, Skibicka KP, Schmidt L, Karlsson-Lindahl L, Egecioglu E, Nissbrandt H, Dickson SL. Influence of ghrelin on the central serotonergic signaling system in mice. Neuropharmacology 2014; 79:498-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Labarthe A, Fiquet O, Hassouna R, Zizzari P, Lanfumey L, Ramoz N, Grouselle D, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. Ghrelin-Derived Peptides: A Link between Appetite/Reward, GH Axis, and Psychiatric Disorders? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:163. [PMID: 25386163 PMCID: PMC4209873 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are often associated with metabolic and hormonal alterations, including obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome as well as modifications in several biological rhythms including appetite, stress, sleep-wake cycles, and secretion of their corresponding endocrine regulators. Among the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate appetite and adapt the metabolism in response to nutritional, hedonic, and emotional dysfunctions, at the interface between endocrine, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders, ghrelin plays a unique role as the only one increasing appetite. The secretion of ghrelin is altered in several psychiatric disorders (anorexia, schizophrenia) as well as in metabolic disorders (obesity) and in animal models in response to emotional triggers (psychological stress …) but the relationship between these modifications and the physiopathology of psychiatric disorders remains unclear. Recently, a large literature showed that this key metabolic/endocrine regulator is involved in stress and reward-oriented behaviors and regulates anxiety and mood. In addition, preproghrelin is a complex prohormone but the roles of the other ghrelin-derived peptides, thought to act as functional ghrelin antagonists, are largely unknown. Altered ghrelin secretion and/or signaling in psychiatric diseases are thought to participate in altered appetite, hedonic response and reward. Whether this can contribute to the mechanism responsible for the development of the disease or can help to minimize some symptoms associated with these psychiatric disorders is discussed in the present review. We will thus describe (1) the biological actions of ghrelin and ghrelin-derived peptides on food and drugs reward, anxiety and depression, and the physiological consequences of ghrelin invalidation on these parameters, (2) how ghrelin and ghrelin-derived peptides are regulated in animal models of psychiatric diseases and in human psychiatric disorders in relation with the GH axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Labarthe
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Rim Hassouna
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Virginie Tolle, UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 2 ter rue d’Alésia, Paris 75014, France e-mail:
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Ghrelin but not nesfatin-1 affects certain forms of learning and memory in both rats and mice. Brain Res 2013; 1541:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sarker MR, Franks S, Caffrey J. Direction of post-prandial ghrelin response associated with cortisol response, perceived stress and anxiety, and self-reported coping and hunger in obese women. Behav Brain Res 2013; 257:197-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Homan P, Grob S, Milos G, Schnyder U, Hasler G. Reduction in total plasma ghrelin levels following catecholamine depletion: relation to bulimic and depressive symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1545-52. [PMID: 23333252 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing preclinical and clinical evidence of the important role played by the gastric peptide hormone ghrelin in the pathogenesis of symptoms of depression and eating disorders. To investigate the role of ghrelin and its considered counterpart, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), in the development of bulimic and depressive symptoms induced by catecholamine depletion, we administered the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl-paratyrosine (AMPT) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover, single-site experimental trial to 29 healthy controls and 20 subjects with fully recovered bulimia nervosa (rBN). We found a decrease between preprandial and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels (p<0.0001) and a postprandial rise in plasma PYY levels (p<0.0001) in both conditions in the entire study population. Plasma ghrelin levels decreased in the entire study population after treatment with AMPT compared to placebo (p<0.006). AMPT-induced changes in plasma ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with AMPT-induced depressive symptoms (p<0.004). Plasma ghrelin and plasma PYY levels were also negatively correlated (p<0.05). We did not observe a difference in ghrelin or PYY response to catecholamine depletion between rBN subjects and healthy controls, and there was no correlation between plasma ghrelin and PYY levels and bulimic symptoms induced by catecholamine depletion. These findings suggest a relationship between catecholamines and ghrelin with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Homan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Clinical Nutrition, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Taking two to tango: a role for ghrelin receptor heterodimerization in stress and reward. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:148. [PMID: 24009547 PMCID: PMC3757321 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut hormone, ghrelin, is the only known peripherally derived orexigenic signal. It activates its centrally expressed receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), to stimulate food intake. The ghrelin signaling system has recently been suggested to play a key role at the interface of homeostatic control of appetite and the hedonic aspects of food intake, as a critical role for ghrelin in dopaminergic mesolimbic circuits involved in reward signaling has emerged. Moreover, enhanced plasma ghrelin levels are associated with conditions of physiological stress, which may underline the drive to eat calorie-dense "comfort-foods" and signifies a role for ghrelin in stress-induced food reward behaviors. These complex and diverse functionalities of the ghrelinergic system are not yet fully elucidated and likely involve crosstalk with additional signaling systems. Interestingly, accumulating data over the last few years has shown the GHS-R1a receptor to dimerize with several additional G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in appetite signaling and reward, including the GHS-R1b receptor, the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3), dopamine receptors (D1 and D2), and more recently, the serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2C). GHS-R1a dimerization was shown to affect downstream signaling and receptor trafficking suggesting a potential novel mechanism for fine-tuning GHS-R1a receptor mediated activity. This review summarizes ghrelin's role in food reward and stress and outlines the GHS-R1a dimer pairs identified to date. In addition, the downstream signaling and potential functional consequences of dimerization of the GHS-R1a receptor in appetite and stress-induced food reward behavior are discussed. The existence of multiple GHS-R1a heterodimers has important consequences for future pharmacotherapies as it significantly increases the pharmacological diversity of the GHS-R1a receptor and has the potential to enhance specificity of novel ghrelin-targeted drugs.
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A possible association between panic disorder and a polymorphism in the preproghrelingene. Psychiatry Res 2013; 206:22-5. [PMID: 23084284 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in the preproghrelin gene are associated with anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, in humans. Panic disorder is a severe anxiety disorder, characterized by sudden attacks of intense fear or anxiety in combination with somatic symptoms. The preproghrelin gene codes for two gut-derived circulating peptides that have been linked to anxiety-like behaviour in rodents: ghrelin (an orexigenic, pro-obesity hormone) and obestatin. In the present study, we genotyped three missense mutations in the preproghrelin gene in 215 patients suffering from panic disorder and in 451 controls. The A allele of the rs4684677 polymorphism was significantly associated with panic disorder, while there were no significant associations with the two other polymorphisms studied. We conclude that the rs4684677 (Gln90Leu) polymorphism in the preproghrelin gene may be associated with increased risk of panic disorder. It will be important to confirm these findings in additional panic disorder patient groups.
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Patterson ZR, Khazall R, Mackay H, Anisman H, Abizaid A. Central ghrelin signaling mediates the metabolic response of C57BL/6 male mice to chronic social defeat stress. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1080-91. [PMID: 23341196 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stressors promote metabolic disturbances, including obesity and metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin, a peptide that promotes appetite and the accumulation of adipose tissue, is also secreted in response to stressors to protect the brain and peripheral tissues from the effects of these stressors. Here we demonstrate that elevated ghrelin levels produced by chronic exposure to social stress are associated with increased caloric intake and body weight gain in male C57BL mice. In contrast, stressed mice lacking ghrelin receptors (GHSR KO mice) or C57BL mice receiving chronic intracerebroventricular delivery of the ghrelin receptor antagonist [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6 show attenuated weight gain and feeding responses under the same social stress paradigm. Interestingly, stressed GHSR KO mice showed depleted sc and intrascapular brown fat depots, whereas stressed young wild-type mice did not. In old wild-type mice, chronic social defeat increased visceral and intrascapular brown fat depots in association with increases in obesity markers like hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia along with increased hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y and Agouti related peptide. Importantly, the elevated expression of these peptides persisted least for 2 weeks after cessation of the stressor regimen. In contrast, old GHSR KO mice did not show these alterations after chronic social defeat. These results suggest that ghrelin plays an important role in the metabolic adaptations necessary to meet the energetic demands posed by stressors, but chronic exposure to stress-induced ghrelin elevations ultimately could lead to long lasting metabolic dysfunctions.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Aging/pathology
- Aging/physiology
- Aging/psychology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Energy Intake/physiology
- Ghrelin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ghrelin/blood
- Ghrelin/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Obesity/pathology
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Obesity/psychology
- Receptors, Ghrelin/deficiency
- Receptors, Ghrelin/genetics
- Receptors, Ghrelin/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Social Behavior
- Stress, Physiological
- Stress, Psychological
- Weight Gain/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Z R Patterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
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Ishitobi Y, Kohno K, Kanehisa M, Inoue A, Imanaga J, Maruyama Y, Ninomiya T, Higuma H, Okamoto S, Tanaka Y, Tsuru J, Hanada H, Isogawa K, Akiyoshi J. Serum ghrelin levels and the effects of antidepressants in major depressive disorder and panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2013; 66:185-92. [PMID: 22948519 DOI: 10.1159/000339948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two opposing models for the action of ghrelin in the behavioral responses to stress were recently proposed. Some studies suggest that an increase in ghrelin contributes to the mechanisms responsible for the development of stress-induced depression and anxiety, while others suggest that it helps minimize what otherwise would be more severe manifestations of depression and anxiety following stress. METHODS We measured serum ghrelin levels, Profile of Mood States (POMS) scores and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores in nonresponders (treatment-resistant patients; 30) and responders (38) with major depressive disorder (MDD), nonresponders (29) and responders (51) with panic disorder and 97 healthy controls. RESULTS The ghrelin concentration in nonresponders with MDD was higher than that of responders with MDD and normal controls. The ghrelin concentration in nonresponders with panic disorder was higher than that of normal controls. POMS vigor scores in patients with MDD and panic disorder were significantly decreased compared with those in healthy controls. Other POMS scores in patients with MDD and panic disorder were significantly increased compared with those of healthy controls. Trait and state anxiety of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in MDD and panic disorder patients were higher than those in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that decreased serum ghrelin levels might be associated with antidepressant treatment to confer the maximum therapeutic effect in patients with MDD and panic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Ishitobi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
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Alvarez-Crespo M, Skibicka KP, Farkas I, Molnár CS, Egecioglu E, Hrabovszky E, Liposits Z, Dickson SL. The amygdala as a neurobiological target for ghrelin in rats: neuroanatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral evidence. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46321. [PMID: 23071554 PMCID: PMC3468604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we sought to demonstrate that the orexigenic circulating hormone, ghrelin, is able to exert neurobiological effects (including those linked to feeding control) at the level of the amygdala, involving neuroanatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural studies. We found that ghrelin receptors (GHS-R) are densely expressed in several subnuclei of the amygdala, notably in ventrolateral (LaVL) and ventromedial (LaVM) parts of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus. Using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology to record from cells in the lateral amygdaloid nucleus, we found that ghrelin reduced the frequency of mEPSCs recorded from large pyramidal-like neurons, an effect that could be blocked by co-application of a ghrelin receptor antagonist. In ad libitum fed rats, intra-amygdala administration of ghrelin produced a large orexigenic response that lasted throughout the 4 hr of testing. Conversely, in hungry, fasted rats ghrelin receptor blockade in the amygdala significantly reduced food intake. Finally, we investigated a possible interaction between ghrelin's effects on feeding control and emotional reactivity exerted at the level of the amygdala. In rats allowed to feed during a 1-hour period between ghrelin injection and anxiety testing (elevated plus maze and open field), intra-amygdala ghrelin had no effect on anxiety-like behavior. By contrast, if the rats were not given access to food during this 1-hour period, a decrease in anxiety-like behavior was observed in both tests. Collectively, these data indicate that the amygdala is a valid target brain area for ghrelin where its neurobiological effects are important for food intake and for the suppression of emotional (anxiety-like) behaviors if food is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayte Alvarez-Crespo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karolina P. Skibicka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla S. Molnár
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emil Egecioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Suzanne L. Dickson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kocełak P, Chudek J, Naworska B, Bąk-Sosnowska M, Kotlarz B, Mazurek M, Madej P, Skrzypulec-Plinta V, Skałba P, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M. Psychological disturbances and quality of life in obese and infertile women and men. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:236217. [PMID: 22844280 PMCID: PMC3403244 DOI: 10.1155/2012/236217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anovulatory cycles and endometriosis are the main causes of female infertility. The most frequently anovulatory cycles are related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) commonly associated with obesity and hormonal disturbances in the course of obesity. Recently published studies revealed that infertility affects about one in six couples during their lifetime and is more frequent in obese. Obesity is also associated with male infertility related to erectile dysfunction, hormonal disturbances and lower semen quality. Any of these above mentioned disorder is the important risk factor of psychological disturbances and poor quality of life among women and men in the reproductive age. On the other hand the mood disorders may exacerbate the hormonal disturbances and worsen the effectiveness of infertility management. Infertility, its therapy with accompanying psychological disturbances may also significantly affect the partners relationships. The review summarize the results described in the current literature on the association between obesity and infertility and psychological disturbances as well as their impact on quality of life and sexual functioning in women and men. Moreover, the impact of infertility and psychological disturbances on partners relationships is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kocełak
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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42
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Schellekens H, Finger BC, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Ghrelin signalling and obesity: at the interface of stress, mood and food reward. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:316-26. [PMID: 22749794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal circuitry underlying the complex relationship between stress, mood and food intake are slowly being unravelled and several studies suggest a key role herein for the peripherally derived hormone, ghrelin. Evidence is accumulating linking obesity as an environmental risk factor to psychiatric disorders such as stress, anxiety and depression. Ghrelin is the only known orexigenic hormone from the periphery to stimulate food intake. Plasma ghrelin levels are enhanced under conditions of physiological stress and ghrelin has recently been suggested to play an important role in stress-induced food reward behaviour. In addition, chronic stress or atypical depression has often demonstrated to correlate with an increase in ingestion of caloric dense 'comfort foods' and have been implicated as one of the major contributor to the increased prevalence of obesity. Recent evidence suggests ghrelin as a critical factor at the interface of homeostatic control of appetite and reward circuitries, modulating the hedonic aspects of food intake. Therefore, the reward-related feeding of ghrelin may reveal itself as an important factor in the development of addiction to certain foods, similar to its involvement in the dependence to drugs of abuse, including alcohol. This review will highlight the accumulating evidence demonstrating the close interaction between food, mood and stress and the development of obesity. We consider the ghrelinergic system as an effective target for the development of successful anti-obesity pharmacotherapies, which not only affects appetite but also selectively modulates the rewarding properties of food and impact on psychological well-being in conditions of stress, anxiety and depression.
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Currie PJ, Khelemsky R, Rigsbee EM, Dono LM, Coiro CD, Chapman CD, Hinchcliff K. Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide and elicits anxiety-like behaviors following administration into discrete regions of the hypothalamus. Behav Brain Res 2012; 226:96-105. [PMID: 21907737 PMCID: PMC4104180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence indicates that peripherally administered ghrelin significantly increases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA and serum corticosterone. In addition, intraventricular administration of ghrelin has been reported to elicit anxiety-like behaviors suggesting that the peptide plays a role in mediating neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress. In the present study, we characterized the orexigenic, metabolic, and anxiogenic actions of ghrelin following microinjection into the arcuate nucleus (ARN), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), and ventromedial nucleus (VMN). To assess ghrelin's role in anxiogenic behavior, rats were injected with vehicle or 50-800pmol of ghrelin and then placed in an elevated plus maze (EPM) for 10min. Each test was performed as a single trial per animal. In separate behavioral testing we measured the induction of stereotypic behaviors. Doses of 200pmol or higher administered into the ARN and PVN elicited anxiety-like behaviors, including an increased avoidance of the open arms of the EPM. However, in the PFH and VMN, higher doses of ghrelin (400-800pmol) were required to induce anxiety. Ghrelin doses as low as 50pmol stimulated eating and altered energy substrate oxidation (respiratory quotient; RQ) when injected into the ARN and PVN. Injections into the PFH and VMN elicited more modest effects on eating and RQ at doses of 400pmol or greater. Our findings indicate that regions of the hypothalamus appear to be differentially sensitive and responsive to the feeding-stimulant, metabolic, and anxiogenic actions of ghrelin and that the ARN and PVN, in particular, exert a primary role in mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Currie
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97202
| | - Renata Khelemsky
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97202
| | - Elizabeth M. Rigsbee
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97202
| | - Lindsey M. Dono
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97202
| | - Christina D. Coiro
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97202
| | - Colin D. Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97202
| | - Kate Hinchcliff
- Department of Psychology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97202
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44
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Menzies JRW, Skibicka KP, Dickson SL, Leng G. Neural substrates underlying interactions between appetite stress and reward. Obes Facts 2012; 5:208-20. [PMID: 22647303 DOI: 10.1159/000338237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobiological mechanisms that normally control food intake and energy expenditure can be overcome by environmental cues and by stress. Of particular importance is the influence of the mesolimbic reward pathway. In genetically susceptible individuals, problematic over-eating likely reflects a changing balance in the control exerted by homeostatic versus reward circuits that are strongly influenced by environmental factors such as stress. Both stress and activation of the reward pathway have been shown to increase food intake and promote a preference for palatable, high-energy foods. Recent research has focused on the important role of circulating and central neuropeptides that powerfully regulate the brain response to food cues. For example, ghrelin has a potent positive effect on the motivational aspects of food intake, and central oxytocin may be involved in satiety. Thus, the decision to eat, or indeed to over-eat, involves a complex integrated neurobiology that includes brain centres involved in energy balance, reward and stress and their regulation by metabolic and endocrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R W Menzies
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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45
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Ishitobi Y, Akiyoshi J, Honda S, Ninomiya T, Kanehisa M, Tanaka Y, Tsuru J, Isogawa K, Kitamura H, Fujikura Y. Administration of antisense DNA for GPR39-1b causes anxiolytic-like responses and appetite loss in rats. Neurosci Res 2011; 72:257-62. [PMID: 22192464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 39-b (GPR39-1b) is a splice variant of which is expressed in the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Previously, GPR39-1b was proposed to be the receptor for obestatin, but current evidence does not support this hypothesis. The purpose of the present work was to identify the role of GPR39-1b in anxiety and eating behaviors. Antisense oligonucleotides were infused at a constant rate into the cerebral lateral ventricles of rats and their effect on anxiety-like behavior and food intake was monitored. GPR39-1b antisense oligonucleotides produced anxiolytic-like effects in the elevated-plus maze test and in the black and white box test. Antisense oligonucleotides also decreased food intake. These results indicate that inhibition of GPR39-1b induces a decrease in anxiety-related behaviors and disturbs appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Ishitobi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Hasama-Machi, Yufu-Shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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Steiger A, Dresler M, Schüssler P, Kluge M. Ghrelin in mental health, sleep, memory. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:88-96. [PMID: 21349316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin acts as a neuropeptide. It participates in sleep-wake regulation. After systemic ghrelin treatment nonREM sleep is promoted in male humans and mice. This effect is influenced by gender, time of administration and depression. Ghrelin does not modulate sleep in healthy women and during the early morning in male subjects. In depressed women REM sleep is diminished after ghrelin. In elderly men and depressed men sleep promotion by ghrelin was preserved. In rats after central ghrelin feeding and wakefulness increased. The nocturnal secretion pattern of cortisol, GH, LH, FSH and hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid hormones are influenced by ghrelin. Furthermore ghrelin appears to be related to memory and to be involved in the pathophysiology of CNS disorders, particularly depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Adams CE, Greenway FL, Brantley PJ. Lifestyle factors and ghrelin: critical review and implications for weight loss maintenance. Obes Rev 2011; 12:e211-8. [PMID: 20604869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, the only known appetite-stimulating hormone in humans, may be one factor involved in increased appetite, cravings and food intake following weight loss. Innovative strategies for suppressing ghrelin and decreasing appetite during weight loss maintenance are needed. Recent research has highlighted relationships between ghrelin, stress and lifestyle factors. The purposes of the current review are to (i) describe the current status of knowledge about ghrelin and lifestyle factors; (ii) critically examine research in this area, highlighting inconsistencies and methodological issues and (iii) discuss future directions and implications for obesity treatment. Based on Literature search using PsycINFO and Medline databases, we reviewed experimental studies on relationships between ghrelin, stress, exercise and sleep. Ghrelin levels are positively related to stress hormones, and stress management interventions including exercise and sleep may help to reduce acylated ghrelin and corresponding appetite. Behavioural interventions may offer a practical, cost-effective alternative for reducing or stabilizing ghrelin levels after initial weight loss. Adding behavioural techniques designed to reduce ghrelin to traditional weight loss maintenance protocols may help individuals to maintain weight loss. Future directions for investigating relationships between ghrelin and behavioural factors, examining the efficacy of behavioural programmes in reducing ghrelin and improving weight loss maintenance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Adams
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Salomé N, Taube M, Egecioglu E, Hansson C, Stenström B, Chen D, Andersson DR, Georg Kuhn H, Ohlsson C, Dickson SL. Gastrectomy alters emotional reactivity in rats: neurobiological mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1685-95. [PMID: 21535247 PMCID: PMC3110309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastrectomy (Gsx) is associated with altered emotional function and a predisposition to depression/anxiety disorders. Here we investigated the effects of Gsx on emotional reactivity in rats and explored the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Gsx- and sham-operated rats were exposed to behavioural tests that explore anxiety- and depression-like behaviour (open field, black and white box, elevated plus maze, social interaction, forced swim) as well as memory (object recognition). The potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying these differences were explored by measuring (i) turnover of candidate neurotransmitter systems in the nucleus accumbens, (ii) hippocampal neurogenesis by BrdU labelling or by analysis of candidate genes involved in neuronal growth and (iii) changes in mRNA expression of candidate genes in dissected hippocampal and amygdala tissue. Data from individual behavioural tests as well as from multivariate analysis revealed differing emotional reactivity between Gsx- and sham-operated rats. Gsx rats showed reduced emotional reactivity in a new environment and decreased depression-like behaviour. Accumbal serotonin and dopamine turnover were both reduced in Gsx rats. Gsx also led to a memory deficit, although hippocampal neurogenesis was unaffected. Of the many candidate genes studied by real-time RT-PCR, we highlight a Gsx-associated decrease in expression of Egr-1, a transcription factor linked to neural plasticity and cognition, in the hippocampus and amygdala. Thus, Gsx induces an alteration of emotional reactivity and a memory/cognitive deficit that is associated with reduced turnover of serotonin and dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and decreased expression of Egr-1 in the hippocampus and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salomé
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hansson C, Haage D, Taube M, Egecioglu E, Salomé N, Dickson SL. Central administration of ghrelin alters emotional responses in rats: behavioural, electrophysiological and molecular evidence. Neuroscience 2011; 180:201-11. [PMID: 21303683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The orexigenic and pro-obesity hormone ghrelin targets key hypothalamic and mesolimbic circuits involved in energy balance, appetite and reward. Given that such circuits are closely integrated with those regulating mood and cognition, we sought to determine whether chronic (>2 weeks) CNS exposure to ghrelin alters anxiety- and depression-like behaviour in rats as well as some physiological correlates. Rats bearing chronically implanted i.c.v. catheters were treated with ghrelin (10 μg/d) or vehicle for 4 weeks. Tests used to assess anxiety- and depression-like behaviour were undertaken during weeks 3-4 of the infusion. These revealed an increase in anxiety- and depression-like behaviour in the ghrelin-treated rats relative to controls. At the end of the 4-week infusion, brains were removed and the amygdala dissected for subsequent qPCR analysis that revealed changes in expression of a number of genes representing key systems implicated in these behavioural changes. Finally, given the key role of the dorsal raphe serotonin system in emotional reactivity, we examined the electrophysiological response of dorsal raphe neurons after a ghrelin challenge, and found mainly inhibitory responses in this region. We demonstrate that the central ghrelin signalling system is involved in emotional reactivity in rats, eliciting pro-anxiety and pro-depression effects and have begun to explore novel target systems for ghrelin that may be of importance for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hansson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Andrews ZB. The extra-hypothalamic actions of ghrelin on neuronal function. Trends Neurosci 2010; 34:31-40. [PMID: 21035199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced and secreted in the stomach. Numerous studies over the past decade demonstrate its importance in food intake, body-weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. These effects are driven largely by the high expression of the ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a) in the hypothalamus. However, GHSR1a is also expressed in numerous extra-hypothalamic neuronal populations, suggesting that ghrelin has physiological functions besides those involved in metabolic functions. In this review, I focus on increasing evidence that ghrelin has important roles in extra-hypothalamic functions, including learning and memory, reward and motivation, anxiety and depression, and neuroprotection. Furthermore, I discuss how the recently demonstrated role of ghrelin in promoting survival during periods of caloric restriction could contribute to its inherent neuroprotective and neuromodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3183, Australia.
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