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Kessi M, Duan H, Xiong J, Chen B, He F, Yang L, Ma Y, Bamgbade OA, Peng J, Yin F. Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder updates. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:925049. [PMID: 36211978 PMCID: PMC9532551 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.925049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that commonly occurs in children with a prevalence ranging from 3.4 to 7.2%. It profoundly affects academic achievement, well-being, and social interactions. As a result, this disorder is of high cost to both individuals and society. Despite the availability of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of ADHD, the pathogenesis is not clear, hence, the existence of many challenges especially in making correct early diagnosis and provision of accurate management. Objectives We aimed to review the pathogenic pathways of ADHD in children. The major focus was to provide an update on the reported etiologies in humans, animal models, modulators, therapies, mechanisms, epigenetic changes, and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Methods References for this review were identified through a systematic search in PubMed by using special keywords for all years until January 2022. Results Several genes have been reported to associate with ADHD: DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, DAT1, TPH2, HTR1A, HTR1B, SLC6A4, HTR2A, DBH, NET1, ADRA2A, ADRA2C, CHRNA4, CHRNA7, GAD1, GRM1, GRM5, GRM7, GRM8, TARBP1, ADGRL3, FGF1, MAOA, BDNF, SNAP25, STX1A, ATXN7, and SORCS2. Some of these genes have evidence both from human beings and animal models, while others have evidence in either humans or animal models only. Notably, most of these animal models are knockout and do not generate the genetic alteration of the patients. Besides, some of the gene polymorphisms reported differ according to the ethnic groups. The majority of the available animal models are related to the dopaminergic pathway. Epigenetic changes including SUMOylation, methylation, and acetylation have been reported in genes related to the dopaminergic pathway. Conclusion The dopaminergic pathway remains to be crucial in the pathogenesis of ADHD. It can be affected by environmental factors and other pathways. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how environmental factors relate to all neurotransmitter pathways; thus, more studies are needed. Although several genes have been related to ADHD, there are few animal model studies on the majority of the genes, and they do not generate the genetic alteration of the patients. More animal models and epigenetic studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kessi
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Haolin Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Baiyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Olumuyiwa A. Bamgbade
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Yin,
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TPH gene rs17110747 A allele is significantly enriched in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Transcription Factor CEBPB Inhibits the Expression of the Human HTR1A by Binding to 5' Regulatory Region in Vitro. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100802. [PMID: 31614865 PMCID: PMC6827163 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identified a transcription factor that might bind to the 5′ regulatory region of the HTR1A and explored the potential effect on 5-HT1A receptor expression. Based on JASPAR predictions, the binding of the transcription factor was demonstrated using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Vectors over-expressing the transcription factor were co-transfected into HEK-293 and SK-N-SH cells with the recombinant pGL3 vector, and relative fluorescence intensity was measured to determine regulatory activity. Additionally, the qRT-PCR and Western blot were also used to identify whether the transcription factor modulated the endogenous expression of 5-HT1A receptor. The results suggest that the transcription factor CCAA/T enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB) likely binds to the −1219 to −1209 bp (ATG+1) region of the HTR1A. Two sequences located in the −722 to −372 bp and −119 to +99 bp were also identified. Although the effect of CEBPB on endogenous 5-HT1A receptor expression was not significant, it exhibited the strong inhibition on the relative fluorescence intensity and the mRNA level of HTR1A. CEBPB inhibited the human HTR1A expression by binding to the sequence −1219–−1209 bp. This is useful and informative for ascertaining the regulation of 5-HT1A receptor and mental diseases.
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Hou YW, Xiong P, Gu X, Huang X, Wang M, Wu J. Association of Serotonin Receptors with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:538-551. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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TPH2 polymorphisms across the spectrum of psychiatric morbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:29-42. [PMID: 29775696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in brain serotonin synthesis. The TPH2 gene has frequently been investigated in relation to psychiatric morbidity. The aim of the present review is to integrate results from association studies between TPH2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and various psychiatric disorders, which we furthermore quantified with meta-analysis. We reviewed 166 studies investigating 69 TPH2 SNPs in a broad range of psychiatric disorders, including over 30,000 patients. According to our meta-analysis, TPH2 polymorphisms show strongest associations with mood disorders, suicide (attempt) and schizophrenia. Despite small effect sizes, we conclude that TPH2 SNPs in the coding and non-coding areas (rs4570625, rs11178997, rs11178998, rs10748185, rs1843809, rs4290270, rs17110747) are each associated with one or more psychopathological conditions. Our findings highlight the possible common serotonergic mechanisms of the investigated psychiatric disorders. Yet, the functional relevance of most TPH2 polymorphisms is unclear. Characterizing how exactly the different TPH2 variants influence the serotonergic neurotransmission is a next necessary step in understanding the psychiatric disorders where serotonin is implicated.
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Klein M, Onnink M, van Donkelaar M, Wolfers T, Harich B, Shi Y, Dammers J, Arias-Vásquez A, Hoogman M, Franke B. Brain imaging genetics in ADHD and beyond - Mapping pathways from gene to disorder at different levels of complexity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:115-155. [PMID: 28159610 PMCID: PMC6947924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and often persistent neurodevelopmental disorder. Beyond gene-finding, neurobiological parameters, such as brain structure, connectivity, and function, have been used to link genetic variation to ADHD symptomatology. We performed a systematic review of brain imaging genetics studies involving 62 ADHD candidate genes in childhood and adult ADHD cohorts. Fifty-one eligible research articles described studies of 13 ADHD candidate genes. Almost exclusively, single genetic variants were studied, mostly focussing on dopamine-related genes. While promising results have been reported, imaging genetics studies are thus far hampered by methodological differences in study design and analysis methodology, as well as limited sample sizes. Beyond reviewing imaging genetics studies, we also discuss the need for complementary approaches at multiple levels of biological complexity and emphasize the importance of combining and integrating findings across levels for a better understanding of biological pathways from gene to disease. These may include multi-modal imaging genetics studies, bioinformatic analyses, and functional analyses of cell and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Onnink
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Harich
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Dammers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Wang CH, Liu C, Cong EZ, Xu GL, Lv TT, Zhang YL, Ning QF, Wang JK, Nie HY, Li Y. Association of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 polymorphisms with oppositional defiant disorder in a Chinese Han population. Behav Brain Funct 2016; 12:30. [PMID: 27871272 PMCID: PMC5117514 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-016-0113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a behavioral disorder of school-age population. It is well known that 5-HT dysfunction is correlated with impulsivity, which is one of the common characteristics of ODD. The enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH-2) synthesizes 5-HT in serotonergic neurons of the midbrain raphe. The purposes of this study were to investigate the potential association of TPH-2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to ODD in a Han Chinese school population. Methods Four polymorphisms (rs4570625, rs11178997, rs1386494 and rs7305115) of the TPH-2 gene were analyzed by using polymerase chain reaction and DNA microarray hybridization in a case–control study of 276 Han Chinese individuals (124 ODD and 152 controls). Results In single marker analyses,there was a significant difference in the genotype (χ2 = 4.163, P = 0.041) and allele frequency (χ2 = 3.930, P = 0.047) of rs1386494 between ODD and control groups. Haplotype analyses revealed higher frequencies of haplotypes TA (rs4570625-rs11178997), TAG (rs4570625-rs11178997-rs1386494), TAA (rs4570625-rs11178997-rs7305115) and TAGA (rs4570625-rs11178997-rs1386494-rs7305115), but lower frequencies of haplotypes GA (rs4570625-rs11178997) and GAG (rs4570625-rs11178997-rs1386494) in ODD compared to control groups. Conclusions These findings suggest the role of these TPH-2 gene variants in susceptibility to ODD. Some haplotypes might be the risk factors for Chinese Han children with ODD, while others might be preventable factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Psychiatric hospital of Henan province, China), Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Psychiatric hospital of Henan province, China), Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - En-Zhao Cong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Psychiatric hospital of Henan province, China), Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Gai-Ling Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Psychiatric hospital of Henan province, China), Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Psychiatric hospital of Henan province, China), Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Ying-Li Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Psychiatric hospital of Henan province, China), Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Qiu-Fen Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Psychiatric hospital of Henan province, China), Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Ji-Kang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Psychiatric hospital of Henan province, China), Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Hui-Yao Nie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Psychiatric hospital of Henan province, China), Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent, Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Does serotonin deficit mediate susceptibility to ADHD? Neurochem Int 2015; 82:52-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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GAO Q, LIU L, QIAN Q, WANG Y. Advances in molecular genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in China. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 26:194-206. [PMID: 25317006 PMCID: PMC4194002 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric condition in children worldwide that typically includes a combination of symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Genetic factors are believed to be important in the development and course of ADHD so many candidate genes studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted in search of the genetic mechanisms that cause or influence the condition. This review provides an overview of gene association and pharmacogenetic studies of ADHD from mainland China and elsewhere that use Han Chinese samples. To date, studies from China and elsewhere remain inconclusive so future studies need to consider alternative analytic techniques and test new biological hypotheses about the relationship of neurotransmission and neurodevelopment to the onset and course of this disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian GAO
- Peking University Sixth Hospital Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu LIU
- Peking University Sixth Hospital Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin QIAN
- Peking University Sixth Hospital Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng WANG
- Peking University Sixth Hospital Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Loss of neuronal 3D chromatin organization causes transcriptional and behavioural deficits related to serotonergic dysfunction. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4450. [PMID: 25034090 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interior of the neuronal cell nucleus is a highly organized three-dimensional (3D) structure where regions of the genome that are linearly millions of bases apart establish sub-structures with specialized functions. To investigate neuronal chromatin organization and dynamics in vivo, we generated bitransgenic mice expressing GFP-tagged histone H2B in principal neurons of the forebrain. Surprisingly, the expression of this chimeric histone in mature neurons caused chromocenter declustering and disrupted the association of heterochromatin with the nuclear lamina. The loss of these structures did not affect neuronal viability but was associated with specific transcriptional and behavioural deficits related to serotonergic dysfunction. Overall, our results demonstrate that the 3D organization of chromatin within neuronal cells provides an additional level of epigenetic regulation of gene expression that critically impacts neuronal function. This in turn suggests that some loci associated with neuropsychiatric disorders may be particularly sensitive to changes in chromatin architecture.
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Park TW, Park YH, Kwon HJ, Lim MH. Association between TPH2 gene polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean children. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:301-6. [PMID: 23461725 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder of the school-age population. ADHD is a familial disorder and genetic studies estimate heritability at 80%-90%. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the genetic type and alleles for the TPH2 gene in Korean children with ADHD. The sample consisted of 142 ADHD children and 139 control children. We diagnosed ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). ADHD symptoms were evaluated with Conners' Parent Rating Scales and Dupaul Parent ADHD Rating Scales. Blood samples were taken from the 281 subjects, DNA was extracted from blood lymphocytes, and polymerase chain reaction was performed for TPH2 polymorphism. Alleles and genotype frequencies were compared using the chi-square test. We compared the allele and genotype frequencies of TPH2 gene polymorphism in the ADHD and control groups. This study showed that there was a significant correlation among the frequencies of the rs11179027 (odd ratio [OR]=2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.13-3.97, p=0.020) and rs1843809 (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.24-0.97, p=0.040) of alleles of TPH2, but the final conclusions are not definite. Follow-up studies with larger patient or pure subgroups are expected. These results suggested that TPH2 might be related to ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Won Park
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, South Korea
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Park YH, Lee KK, Kwon HJ, Ha M, Kim EJ, Yoo SJ, Paik KC, Lim MH. Association Between HTR1A Gene Polymorphisms and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Korean Children. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:178-82. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hyun Park
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Hospital, Cheonan City, South Korea
- Eumseong Somang Hospital, Eumseong, South Korea
| | - Kyung Kyu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan City, South Korea
| | - Ho Jang Kwon
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Hospital, Cheonan City, South Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan City, South Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Hospital, Cheonan City, South Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan City, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Hospital, Cheonan City, South Korea
| | - Seung Jin Yoo
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Hospital, Cheonan City, South Korea
| | - Ki Chung Paik
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Hospital, Cheonan City, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan City, South Korea
| | - Myung Ho Lim
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Hospital, Cheonan City, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan City, South Korea
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Family-based association study of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and serotonin 1A receptor genes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2013; 23:38. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283586378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Albert PR. Transcriptional regulation of the 5-HT1A receptor: implications for mental illness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:2402-15. [PMID: 22826341 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonin-1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor is an abundant post-synaptic 5-HT receptor (heteroreceptor) implicated in regulation of mood, emotion and stress responses and is the major somatodendritic autoreceptor that negatively regulates 5-HT neuronal activity. Based on animal models, an integrated model for opposing roles of pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors in anxiety and depression phenotypes and response to antidepressants is proposed. Understanding differential transcriptional regulation of pre- versus post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors could provide better tools for their selective regulation. This review examines the transcription factors that regulate brain region-specific basal and stress-induced expression of the 5-HT(1A) receptor gene (Htr1a). A functional polymorphism, rs6295 in the Htr1a promoter region, blocks the function of specific repressors Hes1, Hes5 and Deaf1, resulting in increased 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor expression in animal models and humans. Its association with altered 5-HT(1A) expression, depression, anxiety and antidepressant response are related to genotype frequency in different populations, sample homogeneity, disease outcome measures and severity. Preliminary evidence from gene × environment studies suggests the potential for synergistic interaction of stress-mediated repression of 5-HT(1A) heteroreceptors, and rs6295-induced upregulation of 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors. Targeted therapeutics to inhibit 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor expression and induce 5-HT(1A) heteroreceptor expression may ameliorate treatment of anxiety and major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, , 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada , K1H 8M5.
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Computational exploration of polymorphisms in 5-Hydoxytryptamine 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors associated with psychiatric disease. Gene 2012; 502:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Patient phenotypes in pharmacological pain treatment varies between individuals, which could be partly assigned to their genotypes regarding the targets of classical analgesics (OPRM1, PTGS2) or associated signalling pathways (KCNJ6). Translational and genetic research have identified new targets, for which new analgesics are being developed. This addresses voltage-gated sodium, calcium and potassium channels, for which SCN9A, CACNA1B, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, respectively, are primary gene candidates because they code for the subunits of the respective channels targeted by analgesics currently in clinical development. Mutations in voltage gated transient receptor potential (TRPV) channels are known from genetic pain research and may modulate the effects of analgesics under development targeting TRPV1 or TRPV3. To this add ligand-gated ion channels including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors and ATP-gated purinergic P2X receptors with most important subunits coded by CHRNA4, GRIN2B and P2RX7. Among G protein coupled receptors, δ-opioid receptors (coded by OPRD1), cannabinoid receptors (CNR1 and CNR2), metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5 coded by GRM5), bradykinin B(1) (BDKRB1) and 5-HT(1A) (HTR1A) receptors are targeted by new analgesic substances. Finally, nerve growth factor (NGFB), its tyrosine kinase receptor (NTRK1) and the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) have become targets of interest. For most of these genes, functional variants have been associated with neuro-psychiatric disorders and not yet with analgesia. However, research on the genetic modulation of pain has already identified variants in these genes, relative to pain, which may facilitate the pharmacogenetic assessments of new analgesics. The increased number of candidate pharmacogenetic modulators of analgesic actions may open opportunities for the broader clinical implementation of genotyping information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Lötsch
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Archer T, Kostrzewa RM. Physical Exercise Alleviates ADHD Symptoms: Regional Deficits and Development Trajectory. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:195-209. [PMID: 21850535 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Electrophysiological markers of genetic risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Mol Med 2011; 13:e9. [PMID: 21426626 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399411001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with complex genetic aetiology. The identification of candidate intermediate phenotypes may facilitate the detection of susceptibility genes and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the disorder. Electroencephalography (EEG) is an ideal neuroscientific approach, providing a direct measurement of neural activity that demonstrates reliability, developmental stability and high heritability. This systematic review evaluates the utility of a subset of electrophysiological measures as potential intermediate phenotypes for ADHD: quantitative EEG indices of arousal and intraindividual variability, and functional investigations of attention, inhibition and performance monitoring using the event-related potential (ERP) technique. Each measure demonstrates consistent and meaningful associations with ADHD, a degree of genetic overlap with ADHD and potential links to specific genetic variants. Investigations of the genetic and environmental contributions to EEG/ERP and shared genetic overlap with ADHD might enhance molecular genetic studies and provide novel insights into aetiology. Such research will aid in the precise characterisation of the clinical deficits seen in ADHD and guide the development of novel intervention and prevention strategies for those at risk.
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