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Differential biochemical-inflammatory patterns in the astrocyte-neuron axis of the hippocampus and frontal cortex in Wistar rats with metabolic syndrome induced by high fat or carbohydrate diets. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 126:102186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mahnashi MH, Alshahrani MA, Nahari MH, Hassan SSU, Jan MS, Ayaz M, Ullah F, Alshehri OM, Alshehri MA, Rashid U, Sadiq A. In-Vitro, In-Vivo, Molecular Docking and ADMET Studies of 2-Substituted 3,7-Dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one for Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Alzheimer's Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:1055. [PMID: 36355138 PMCID: PMC9694897 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants' bioactives are well-known safe drugs for vital diseases. Flavones and Flavonoid-rich dietary supplements are known to exhibit neuroprotective potential. In this study, we isolated a flavone 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one from Notholirion thomsonianum and it was evaluated against various targets of the oxidative stress-related neurological disorders. The compound showed excellent acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitions in its profile, giving IC50 values of 1.37 and 0.95 μM, respectively. Similarly, in in-vitro MAO-B assay, our flavone exhibited an IC50 value of 0.14 μM in comparison to the standard safinamide (IC50 0.025 μM). In in-vitro anti-inflammatory assay, our isolated compound exhibited IC50 values of 7.09, 0.38 and 0.84 μM against COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX, respectively. The COX-2 selectivity (SI) of the compound was 18.70. The compound was found safe in animals and was very effective in carrageenan-induced inflammation. Due to the polar groups in the structure, a very excellent antioxidant profile was observed in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. The compound was docked into the target proteins of the respective activities and the binding energies confirmed the potency of our compound. Furthermore, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) results showed that the isolated flavone has a good GIT absorption ability and comes with no hepatic and cardiotoxicity. In addition, the skin sensitization test, in-vitro human cell line activation test (h-CLAT) and KeratinoSens have revealed that isolated flavone is not skin sensitive with a confidence score of 59.6% and 91.6%. Herein, we have isolated a natural flavone with an effective profile against Alzheimer's, inflammation and oxidative stress. The exploration of this natural flavone will provide a baseline for future research in the field of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdulrahman Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Nahari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, KP, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), Chakdara 18000, KP, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), Chakdara 18000, KP, Pakistan
| | - Osama M. Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali Alshehri
- Medical Genetics Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, KP, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), Chakdara 18000, KP, Pakistan
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Said ES, Elsayed AM, Rashed LA, Nadwa EH, Alsuhaibani NA, Alfuraih BS, Mahmoud RH. Evaluation of nootropic activity of telmisartan and metformin on diazepam-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice through AMPK pathway and amelioration of hippocampal morphological alterations. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174511. [PMID: 34547248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments such as dementia are considered the biggest challenges for public health. Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for treatment of anxiety disorder but they are associated with elevated risk of dementia. The present study has been designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of telmisartan and metformin on diazepam-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. Piracetam was used as an established nootropic agent. Mice were divided into 8 groups, group1; control group which received normal saline. groups 2, 3 and 4 were received telmisartan 0.3 mg/kg/day, metformin 100 mg/kg/day and piracetam 200 mg/kg/day respectively. group 5; DZP group that injected with diazepam 2.5 mg/kg, groups 6, 7 and 8 were received diazepam 2.5 mg/kg + telmisartan 0.3 mg/kg/day, metformin 100 mg/kg/day and piracetam 200 mg/kg/day respectively. All drugs were administrated for 15 successive days. Cognitive skills of the animals were examined with Elevated plus maze and Passive Shock Avoidance tests. Investigations of oxidative stress markers were performed. Gene expression levels of TNF-α, NFκB, Caspase 3 and AMPK were analyzed using RT-PCR. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were performed in hippocampus using H&E, cresyl violet stain, anti GFAP and anti COX-2 immunostain. The study revealed that administration of diazepam increased initial and retention transfer latency as well as it decreased step down latency that means it caused memory impairment. There was a significant increase in hippocampal expression levels of TNF-α, NFκB, and Caspase 3 and downregulation of AMPK expression levels associated with increased neurodegeneration, astrocytes activation and COX-2 immunohistochemical staining. This study indicates that diazepam caused a decline in cognitive function depending on hippocampal activity. Telmisartan, a common antihypertensive agent and metformin, a traditional antidiabetic drug improved this cognitive dysfunction through their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect as they decreased initial and retention transfer latency as well as it increased step down latency. Also they decreased TNF-α, NFκB, and Caspase 3 and upregulated AMPK expression, moreover they ameliorated the hippocampal morphological alterations, GFAP and COX-2 immunoexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman S Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63511, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asmaa M Elsayed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Eman H Nadwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Rania H Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
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Hyperlipidemia May Synergize with Hypomethylation in Establishing Trained Immunity and Promoting Inflammation in NASH and NAFLD. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:3928323. [PMID: 34859106 PMCID: PMC8632388 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3928323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a panoramic analysis on both human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) microarray data and microarray/RNA-seq data from various mouse models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NASH/NAFLD with total 4249 genes examined and made the following findings: (i) human NASH and NAFLD mouse models upregulate both cytokines and chemokines; (ii) pathway analysis indicated that human NASH can be classified into metabolic and immune NASH; methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD)+high-fat diet (HFD), glycine N-methyltransferase deficient (GNMT-KO), methionine adenosyltransferase 1A deficient (MAT1A-KO), and HFCD (high-fat-cholesterol diet) can be classified into inflammatory, SAM accumulation, cholesterol/mevalonate, and LXR/RXR-fatty acid β-oxidation NAFLD, respectively; (iii) canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes play differential roles in the pathogenesis of NASH/NAFLD; (iv) trained immunity (TI) enzymes are significantly upregulated in NASH/NAFLD; HFCD upregulates TI enzymes more than cytokines, chemokines, and inflammasome regulators; (v) the MCD+HFD is a model with the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes; however, the HFCD is a model with upregulation of TI enzymes and lipid peroxidation enzymes; and (vi) caspase-11 and caspase-1 act as upstream master regulators, which partially upregulate the expressions of cytokines, chemokines, canonical and noncanonical inflammasome pathway regulators, TI enzymes, and lipid peroxidation enzymes. Our findings provide novel insights on the synergies between hyperlipidemia and hypomethylation in establishing TI and promoting inflammation in NASH and NAFLD progression and novel targets for future therapeutic interventions for NASH and NAFLD, metabolic diseases, transplantation, and cancers.
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Yan Y, Gao Y, Fang Q, Zhang N, Kumar G, Yan H, Song L, Li J, Zhang Y, Sun J, Wang J, Zhao L, Skaggs K, Zhang HT, Ma CG. Inhibition of Rho Kinase by Fasudil Ameliorates Cognition Impairment in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:755164. [PMID: 34721000 PMCID: PMC8551711 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.755164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor, exerts therapeutic effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease with progressive loss of memory. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. In addition, the gut microbiota and its metabolites have been implicated in AD. Methods: We examined the effect of fasudil on learning and memory using the Morris water-maze (MWM) test in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1) mice (8 months old) treated (i.p.) with fasudil (25 mg/kg/day; ADF) or saline (ADNS) and in age- and gender-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Fecal metagenomics and metabolites were performed to identify novel biomarkers of AD and elucidate the mechanisms of fasudil induced beneficial effects in AD mice. Results: The MWM test showed significant improvement of spatial memory in APP/PS1 mice treated with fasudil as compared to ADNS. The metagenomic analysis revealed the abundance of the dominant phyla in all the three groups, including Bacteroidetes (23.7–44%) and Firmicutes (6.4–26.6%), and the increased relative abundance ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in ADNS (59.1%) compared to WT (31.7%). In contrast, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was decreased to the WT level in ADF (32.8%). Lefse analysis of metagenomics identified s_Prevotella_sp_CAG873 as an ADF potential biomarker, while s_Helicobacter_typhlonius and s_Helicobacter_sp_MIT_03-1616 as ADNS potential biomarkers. Metabolite analysis revealed the increment of various metabolites, including glutamate, hypoxanthine, thymine, hexanoyl-CoA, and leukotriene, which were relative to ADNS or ADF microbiota potential biomarkers and mainly involved in the metabolism of nucleotide, lipids and sugars, and the inflammatory pathway. Conclusions: Memory deficit in APP/PS1 mice was correlated with the gut microbiome and metabolite status. Fasudil reversed the abnormal gut microbiota and subsequently regulated the related metabolisms to normal in the AD mice. It is believed that fasudil can be a novel strategy for the treatment of AD via remodeling of the gut microbiota and metabolites. The novel results also provide valuable references for the use of gut microbiota and metabolites as diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in clinical studies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.,The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Qingli Fang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Nianping Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Hailong Yan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiehui Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yuna Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jingxian Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Linhu Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Keith Skaggs
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.,The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
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Ayola-Serrano NC, Roy N, Fathah Z, Anwar MM, Singh B, Ammar N, Sah R, Elba A, Utt RS, Pecho-Silva S, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Dhama K, Quraishi S. The role of 5-lipoxygenase in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and its therapeutic implications. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:877-889. [PMID: 34086061 PMCID: PMC8176665 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes cytokine release syndrome (CRS), leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney and cardiac injury, liver dysfunction, and multiorgan failure. Although several studies have discussed the role of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in viral infections, such as influenzae and SARS, it remains unexplored in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. 5-LOX acts on free arachidonic acid (AA) to form proinflammatory leukotrienes (LTs). Of note, numerous cells involved with COVID-19 (e.g., inflammatory and smooth muscle cells, platelets, and vascular endothelium) widely express leukotriene receptors. Moreover, 5-LOX metabolites induce the release of cytokines (e.g., tumour necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-1α [IL-1α], and interleukin-1β [IL-1β]) and express tissue factor on cell membranes and activate plasmin. Since macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils can express lipoxygenases, activation of 5-LOX and the subsequent release of LTs may contribute to the severity of COVID-19. This review sheds light on the potential implications of 5-LOX in SARS-CoV-2-mediated infection and the anticipated therapeutic role of 5-LOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namrata Roy
- SRM University, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | | | - Mohammed Moustapha Anwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Nour Ammar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Areej Elba
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rawan Sobhi Utt
- Faculty of Medicine, Al Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Samuel Pecho-Silva
- Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru
- Latin American Network of COVID-19 Research, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.
- Latin American Network of COVID-19 Research, Pereira, Colombia.
- Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de Las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
- School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Sadeq Quraishi
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine - Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Ziskind 6038, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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Singh RK. Recent Trends in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Therapeutic Options and Drug Repurposing Approaches. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:868-882. [PMID: 31989900 PMCID: PMC7569317 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200128121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most progressive forms of dementia, ultimately leading to death in aged populations. The major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease include deposition of extracellular amyloid senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in brain neuronal cells. Although there are classical therapeutic options available for the treatment of the diseases, however, they provide only a symptomatic relief and do not modify the molecular pathophysiological course of the disease. Recent research advances in Alzheimer's disease have highlighted the potential role of anti-amyloid, anti-tau, and anti-inflammatory therapies. However, these therapies are still in different phases of pre-clinical/clinical development. In addition, drug repositioning/repurposing is another interesting and promising approach to explore rationalized options for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the different aspects of the pathophysiological mechanism involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease along with the limitations of current therapies. Furthermore, this review also highlights emerging investigational drugs along with recent drug repurposing approaches for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Manesar, Gurgaon-122413, Haryana, India,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Raebareli. Transit Campus, Bijnour-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow-226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Przybyłowska M, Dzierzbicka K, Kowalski S, Chmielewska K, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Therapeutic Potential of Multifunctional Derivatives of Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1323-1344. [PMID: 33342413 PMCID: PMC8719290 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666201218103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review tacrine analogues from the last three years, which were not included in the latest review work, donepezil and galantamine hybrids from 2015 and rivastigmine derivatives from 2014. In this account, we summarize the efforts toward the development and characterization of non-toxic inhibitors of cholinesterases based on mentioned drugs with various interesting additional properties such as antioxidant, decreasing β-amyloid plaque aggregation, nitric oxide production, pro-inflammatory cytokines release, monoamine oxidase-B activity, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in vitro and in animal model that classify these hybrids as potential multifunctional therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, herein, we have described the cholinergic hypothesis, mechanisms of neurodegeneration and current pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease based on the restoration of cholinergic function through blocking enzymes that break down acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Przybyłowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Chmielewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Kumar A, Behl T, Jamwal S, Kaur I, Sood A, Kumar P. Exploring the molecular approach of COX and LOX in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disorder. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9895-9912. [PMID: 33263931 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is well established biomarker for the major neurodegenerative like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Cytokines/chemokines excite phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenases (COX), facilitating the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from membrane glycerophospholipids, in which the former is oxidized to produce pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane's), which intensify the neuroinflammatory events in the brain. Similarly, resolvins and neuroprotectins are the metabolized products of docosahexaenoic acid, which exert an inhibitory effect on the production of eicosanoids. Furthermore, an oxidized product of arachidonic acid, lipoxin, is generated via 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway, and contributes to the resolution of inflammation, along with anti-inflammatory actions. Moreover, DHA and its lipid mediators inhibit neuroinflammatory responses by blocking NF-κB, inhibiting eicosanoid production, preventing cytokine secretion and regulating leukocyte trafficking. Various epidemiological studies reported, elevated levels of COX-2 enzyme in patients with AD and PD, indicating its role in progression of the disease. Similarly, enhanced levels of 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX in PD models represent their role brain disorders, where the former is expressed in AD patients and the latter exhibits it involvement in PD. The present review elaborates the role of AA, DHA, eicosanoids and docosanoids, along with COX and LOX pathway which provides an opportunity to the researchers to understand the role of these lipid mediators in neurological disorders (AD and PD). The information gathered from the review will aid in facilitating the development of appropriate therapeutic options targeting COX and LOX pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Archit Sood
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO), Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
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Sadeghmousavi S, Eskian M, Rahmani F, Rezaei N. The effect of insomnia on development of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:289. [PMID: 33023629 PMCID: PMC7542374 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory deficits especially forgetting recent information, recall ability impairment, and loss of time tracking, problem-solving, language, and recognition difficulties. AD is also a globally important health issue but despite all scientific efforts, the treatment of AD is still a challenge. Sleep has important roles in learning and memory consolidation. Studies have shown that sleep deprivation (SD) and insomnia are associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and may have an impact on the symptoms and development. Thus, sleep disorders have decisive effects on AD; this association deserves more attention in research, diagnostics, and treatment, and knowing this relation also can help to prevent AD through screening and proper management of sleep disorders. This study aimed to show the potential role of SD and insomnia in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Sadeghmousavi
- Neuroimaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Eskian
- Neuroimaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Neuroimaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Neuroimaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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He Z, Tao D, Xiong J, Lou F, Zhang J, Chen J, Dai W, Sun J, Wang Y. Phosphorylation of 5-LOX: The Potential Set-point of Inflammation. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2245-2257. [PMID: 32671628 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation secondary to tissue injuries serves as a double-edged sword that determines the prognosis of tissue repair. As one of the most important enzymes controlling the inflammation process by producing leukotrienes, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX, also called 5-LO) has been one of the therapeutic targets in regulating inflammation for a long time. Although a large number of 5-LOX inhibitors have been explored, only a few of them can be applied clinically. Surprisingly, phosphorylation of 5-LOX reveals great significance in regulating the subcellular localization of 5-LOX, which has proven to be an important mechanism underlying the enzymatic activities of 5-LOX. There are at least three phosphorylation sites in 5-LOX jointly to determine the final inflammatory outcomes, and adjustment of phosphorylation of 5-LOX at different phosphorylation sites brings hope to provide an unrecognized means to regulate inflammation. The present review intends to shed more lights into the set-point-like mechanisms of phosphorylation of 5-LOX and its possible clinical application by summarizing the biological properties of 5-LOX, the relationship of 5-LOX with neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries, the phosphorylation of 5-LOX at different sites, the regulatory effects and mechanisms of phosphorylated 5-LOX upon inflammation, as well as the potential anti-inflammatory application through balancing the phosphorylation-depended set-point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin He
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Faculty of Medicine, International school, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Di Tao
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Faculty of Medicine, International school, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaming Xiong
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fangfang Lou
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinxia Chen
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weixi Dai
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Faculty of Medicine, International school, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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12
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Flores E, Muñoz-Osses M, Torrent C, Vásquez-Martínez Y, Gómez A, Cortez-San Martin M, Vega A, Martí AA, Godoy F, Mascayano C. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Ferrocenyl Thiazole and Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole Catechols as Inhibitors of 5-hLOX and as Antibacterials against Staphylococcus aureus. Structural Relationship and Computational Studies. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez
- Programa-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Aplicadas (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Andrés Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, República 275, Santiago Chile
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Bioengineering and Materials Science & Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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13
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Antagonism of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors as a neuroinflammatory target in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2081-2093. [PMID: 32281039 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles leading to progressive dementia and death in aged adult population. Recent emerging research has highlighted a potential pharmacological role of 5-lipoxyenase-cysteinyl leukotriene pathway in molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE Although cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors have a major clinical role in chronic respiratory inflammation, their roles in chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease need a detailed and careful exploration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This review article highlights a novel role of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors in pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease in order to understand the underlying molecular mechanism. In addition, it summarizes the recent advances in various pre-clinical and clinical strategies used to modulate this pathway for therapeutic targeting of Alzheimer's disease.
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14
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Moosavi Sohroforouzani A, Shakerian S, Ghanbarzadeh M, Alaei H. Treadmill exercise improves LPS-induced memory impairments via endocannabinoid receptors and cyclooxygenase enzymes. Behav Brain Res 2020; 380:112440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Hinz C, Liggi S, Mocciaro G, Jung S, Induruwa I, Pereira M, Bryant CE, Meckelmann SW, O'Donnell VB, Farndale RW, Fjeldsted J, Griffin JL. A Comprehensive UHPLC Ion Mobility Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Method for Profiling and Quantification of Eicosanoids, Other Oxylipins, and Fatty Acids. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8025-8035. [PMID: 31074960 PMCID: PMC7613057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of oxylipins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is challenging because of the small mass range occupied by this diverse lipid class, the presence of numerous structural isomers, and their low abundance in biological samples. Although highly sensitive LC/MS/MS methods are commonly used, further separation is achievable by using drift tube ion mobility coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (DTIM-MS). Herein, we present a combined analytical and computational method for the identification of oxylipins and fatty acids. We use a reversed-phase LC/DTIM-MS workflow able to profile and quantify (based on chromatographic peak area) the oxylipin and fatty acid content of biological samples while simultaneously acquiring full scan and product ion spectra. The information regarding accurate mass, collision-cross-section values in nitrogen (DTCCSN2), and retention times of the species found are compared to an internal library of lipid standards as well as the LIPID MAPS Structure Database by using specifically developed processing tools. Features detected within the DTCCSN2 and m/ z ranges of the analyzed standards are flagged as oxylipin-like species, which can be further characterized using drift-time alignment of product and precursor ions distinctive of DTIM-MS. This not only helps identification by reducing the number of annotations from LIPID MAPS but also guides discovery studies of potentially novel species. Testing the methodology on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-infected murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages and thrombin activated human platelets yields results in agreement with literature. This workflow has also annotated features as potentially novel oxylipins, confirming its ability in providing further insights into lipid analysis of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hinz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Liggi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Mocciaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Jung
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW , United Kingdom
| | - Isuru Induruwa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 0QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Milton Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0ES , United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0ES , United Kingdom
| | - Sven W Meckelmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Applied Analytical Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute , Cardiff University , Cardiff CF14 4XN , United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Farndale
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW , United Kingdom
| | - John Fjeldsted
- Agilent Technologies , Santa Clara , California 95051 , United States
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
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16
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Chianese R, Coccurello R, Viggiano A, Scafuro M, Fiore M, Coppola G, Operto FF, Fasano S, Laye S, Pierantoni R, Meccariello R. Impact of Dietary Fats on Brain Functions. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1059-1085. [PMID: 29046155 PMCID: PMC6120115 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171017102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate dietary intake and nutritional status have important effects on brain functions and on brain health. Energy intake and specific nutrients excess or deficiency from diet differently affect cognitive processes, emotions, behaviour, neuroendocrine functions and synaptic plasticity with possible protective or detrimental effects on neuronal physiology. Lipids, in particular, play structural and functional roles in neurons. Here the importance of dietary fats and the need to understand the brain mechanisms activated by peripheral and central metabolic sensors. Thus, the manipulation of lifestyle factors such as dietary interventions may represent a successful therapeutic approach to maintain and preserve brain health along lifespan. METHODS This review aims at summarizing the impact of dietary fats on brain functions. RESULTS Starting from fat consumption, nutrient sensing and food-related reward, the impact of gut-brain communications will be discussed in brain health and disease. A specific focus will be on the impact of fats on the molecular pathways within the hypothalamus involved in the control of reproduction via the expression and the release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone. Lastly, the effects of specific lipid classes such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and of the "fattest" of all diets, commonly known as "ketogenic diets", on brain functions will also be discussed. CONCLUSION Despite the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms is still a work in progress, the clinical relevance of the manipulation of dietary fats is well acknowledged and such manipulations are in fact currently in use for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy.,Fondazione S. Lucia (FSL) IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Marika Scafuro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (C.N.R.), Rome, Italy.,Fondazione S. Lucia (FSL) IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Giangennaro Coppola
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,UO Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Fasano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sophie Laye
- INRA, Bordeaux University, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR, Bordeaux, France
| | - Riccardo Pierantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meccariello
- Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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17
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Rangaraju S, Dammer EB, Raza SA, Gao T, Xiao H, Betarbet R, Duong DM, Webster JA, Hales CM, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Seyfried NT. Quantitative proteomics of acutely-isolated mouse microglia identifies novel immune Alzheimer's disease-related proteins. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:34. [PMID: 29954413 PMCID: PMC6025801 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are innate immune cells of the brain that perform phagocytic and inflammatory functions in disease conditions. Transcriptomic studies of acutely-isolated microglia have provided novel insights into their molecular and functional diversity in homeostatic and neurodegenerative disease states. State-of-the-art mass spectrometry methods can comprehensively characterize proteomic alterations in microglia in neurodegenerative disorders, potentially providing novel functionally relevant molecular insights that are not provided by transcriptomics. However, comprehensive proteomic profiling of adult primary microglia in neurodegenerative disease conditions has not been performed. METHODS We performed quantitative mass spectrometry based proteomic analyses of purified CD11b+ acutely-isolated microglia from adult (6 mo) mice in normal, acute neuroinflammatory (LPS-treatment) and chronic neurodegenerative states (5xFAD model of Alzheimer's disease [AD]). Differential expression analyses were performed to characterize specific microglial proteomic changes in 5xFAD mice and identify overlap with LPS-induced pro-inflammatory changes. Our results were also contrasted with existing proteomic data from wild-type mouse microglia and from existing microglial transcriptomic data from wild-type and 5xFAD mice. Neuropathological validation studies of select proteins were performed in human AD and 5xFAD brains. RESULTS Of 4133 proteins identified, 187 microglial proteins were differentially expressed in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD pathology, including proteins with previously known (Apoe, Clu and Htra1) as well as previously unreported relevance to AD biology (Cotl1 and Hexb). Proteins upregulated in 5xFAD microglia shared significant overlap with pro-inflammatory changes observed in LPS-treated mice. Several proteins increased in human AD brain were also upregulated by 5xFAD microglia (Aβ peptide, Apoe, Htra1, Cotl1 and Clu). Cotl1 was identified as a novel microglia-specific marker with increased expression and strong association with AD neuropathology. Apoe protein was also detected within plaque-associated microglia in which Apoe and Aβ were highly co-localized, suggesting a role for Apoe in phagocytic clearance of Aβ. CONCLUSIONS We report a comprehensive proteomic study of adult mouse microglia derived from acute neuroinflammation and AD models, representing a valuable resource to the neuroscience research community. We highlight shared and unique microglial proteomic changes in acute neuroinflammation aging and AD mouse models and identify novel roles for microglial proteins in human neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ranjita Betarbet
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James A Webster
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chadwick M Hales
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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18
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Guo Y, Lei W, Wang J, Hu X, Wei Y, Ji C, Yang J. Misoprostol Reverse Hippocampal Neuron Cyclooxygenase-2 Downstream Signaling Imbalance in Aluminum-Overload Rats. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 13:1006-16. [PMID: 27033056 PMCID: PMC4997938 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666160401114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although COX-2 inhibition in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases has shown neuroprotection, recent studies have revealed some serious side effects (ulcers, bleeding, fatal cerebrovascular diseases etc.) and the limited benefits of COX-2 inhibitors. A more focused approach is necessary to explore the therapeutic effect of the COX downstream signaling pathway in neurological research. The aim of this study was to explore the alterations of the PGES-PGE2-EP signal pathway and the effect of misoprostol on neurodegeneration by chronic aluminum-overload in rats. Adult rats were treated by intragastric administration of aluminum gluconate. The PGE2 content and expression of PGES and EPs in the hippocampi of rats were detected using ELISA, q-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the rat hippocampi were also detected. The misoprostol treatment dose-dependently improved spatial learning and memory function as well as healing after hippocampal neuron damage induced by chronic aluminum-overload in rats. Meanwhile, the administration of misoprostol resulted in a decrease in the PGE2 level and down-regulation of the mPGES-1, EP2 and EP4 expression levels, while there was a dosedependent up-regulation of EP3 expression. These results suggest that misoprostol possesses a neuroprotective property, and the mechanism involves affecting the EP3 level and reducing the endogenous production of PGE2 through a negative feedback mechanism, increasing the EP3 expression level, decreasing the EP2 and EP4 expression levels, and rebuilding the mPGES-1-PGE2-EP1-4 signal pathway balance. In this way, misoprostol has a counteractive effect on oxidant stress and inflammation in the central nervous system. The PGES-PGE2-EPs signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegeneration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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19
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Synthesis and neuroprotective activity of novel 1,2,4-triazine derivatives with ethyl acetate moiety against H 2 O2 and Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Inhibit Migration, Invasion, and Expression of MMP-2/9 in Human Glioblastoma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:559-573. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Cornec AS, Monti L, Kovalevich J, Makani V, James MJ, Vijayendran KG, Oukoloff K, Yao Y, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Smith AB, Brunden KR, Ballatore C. Multitargeted Imidazoles: Potential Therapeutic Leads for Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5120-5145. [PMID: 28530811 PMCID: PMC5483893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disease in which different
neuropathological mechanisms are likely involved, including those
associated with pathological tau and Aβ species as well as neuroinflammation.
In this context, the development of single multitargeted therapeutics
directed against two or more disease mechanisms could be advantageous.
Starting from a series of 1,5-diarylimidazoles with microtubule (MT)-stabilizing
activity and structural similarities with known NSAIDs, we conducted
structure–activity relationship studies that led to the identification
of multitargeted prototypes with activities as MT-stabilizing agents
and/or inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)
pathways. Several examples are brain-penetrant and exhibit balanced
multitargeted in vitro activity in the low μM range. As brain-penetrant
MT-stabilizing agents have proven effective against tau-mediated neurodegeneration
in animal models, and because COX- and 5-LOX-derived eicosanoids are
thought to contribute to Aβ plaque deposition, these 1,5-diarylimidazoles
provide tools to explore novel multitargeted strategies for AD and
other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Cornec
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ludovica Monti
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jane Kovalevich
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Vishruti Makani
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Michael J James
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Krishna G Vijayendran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Killian Oukoloff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yuemang Yao
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Kurt R Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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22
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Effects of task-specific rehabilitation training on tau modification in rat with photothrombotic cortical ischemic damage. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:309-317. [PMID: 28499951 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although stroke elicits progressive cognitive decline and is a leading cause of dementia, molecular interplay between stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology has not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, studies on the effects of post-stroke rehabilitation on AD pathology are limited. We evaluated the acute effect of stroke on tau modification, and the molecular effects of task-specific training (TST) on tau modification using a model of photochemically-induced thrombosis (PIT)-induced cortical infarction. Following PIT in the dominant side of sensorimotor cortex, the rehabilitation group received 4-weeks of TST rehabilitation once daily by single pellet reaching training, whereas the sedentary control group did not received any type of training. Cortical expression levels of proteins related to tau modification were evaluated on post-stroke day 1 (PSD1) and 28; functional tests were also evaluated performed every week. The expression levels of acetyl-tau, phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), cyclooxygenase-2 and Akt-mTORC1-p70S6K pathway in infarcted cortices on PSD1 were significantly greater, whereas the expression levels of p-AMPK were significantly lower than in the paired contralateral sides. TST rehabilitation for 4 weeks greatly improved functional motor performance but not memory, which concurred with the down-regulations of ipsilateral p-AMPK, cyclooxygenase-2, Akt-mTORC1-p70S6K pathway, and p-tau in rehabilitation group. PIT-induced cortical infarction was found to induce cortical tau modification through the Akt-mTORC1-p70S6K activation, and to suppress the expression of AMPK-related proteins. TST rehabilitation greatly improved motor function, but not memory, and suppressed p-tau expression and neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the role of TST-mediated regulation of tau hyperphosphorylation required further clarification.
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23
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Unsal-Tan O, Ozadali-Sari K, Ayazgok B, Küçükkılınç TT, Balkan A. Novel 2-Arylbenzimidazole derivatives as multi-targeting agents to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Herbst-Robinson KJ, Liu L, James M, Yao Y, Xie SX, Brunden KR. Inflammatory Eicosanoids Increase Amyloid Precursor Protein Expression via Activation of Multiple Neuronal Receptors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18286. [PMID: 26672557 PMCID: PMC4682150 DOI: 10.1038/srep18286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques comprised of Aβ peptides are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, as are activated glia that release inflammatory molecules, including eicosanoids. Previous studies have demonstrated that amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ levels can be increased through activation of thromboxane A2-prostanoid (TP) receptors on neurons. We demonstrate that TP receptor regulation of APP expression depends on Gαq-signaling and conventional protein kinase C isoforms. Importantly, we discovered that Gαq-linked prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene D4 receptors also regulate APP expression. Prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2, as well as total APP levels, were found to be elevated in the brains of aged 5XFAD transgenic mice harboring Aβ plaques and activated glia, suggesting that increased APP expression resulted from eicosanoid binding to Gαq-linked neuronal receptors. Notably, inhibition of eicosanoid synthesis significantly lowered brain APP protein levels in aged 5XFAD mice. These results provide new insights into potential AD therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J. Herbst-Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Michael James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yuemang Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Sharon X. Xie
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Kurt R. Brunden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce lipoxygenase-mediated apoptosis and necrosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:204-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Lamraoui A, Adi-Bessalem S, Laraba-Djebari F. Immunopathologic effects of scorpion venom on hepato-renal tissues: Involvement of lipid derived inflammatory mediators. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:286-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Metabolomics reveals significant impairments in the immune system of the APP/PS1 transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:577-87. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Prakash A, Kalra J, Mani V, Ramasamy K, Majeed ABA. Pharmacological approaches for Alzheimer’s disease: neurotransmitter as drug targets. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 15:53-71. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.988709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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29
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Yu L, Yang B, Wang J, Zhao L, Luo W, Jiang Q, Yang J. Time course change of COX2-PGI2/TXA2 following global cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rat hippocampus. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:42. [PMID: 25388440 PMCID: PMC4240876 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays pivotal roles in the progression of cerebral ischemia injury. Prostaglandins (PGs) as the major inflammatory mediators in the brain participate in the pathophysiological processes of cerebral ischemia injury. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) is the rate-limiting enzyme of PGs, and thus it is necessary to characterize of the expression patterns of COX2 and its downstream products at the same time in a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. METHODS The levels of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TXA2) and the expression of COX2 were detected in the rat hippocampus at different time points after reperfusion (30 min, 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 7 d, and 15 d). RESULTS The COX2 mRNA and protein expressions in hippocampus both remarkably increased at 30 min, and peaked at 7 d after global cerebral I/R compared with the sham-operated group. The level of PGI2 significantly increased at 2 h after reperfusion, with a peak at 48 h, but was still significantly higher than the sham-operated animals at 15 d. TXA2 level decreased at 30 min and 2 h after reperfusion, but significantly increased at 6 h and peaked at 48 h. PGI2/TXA2 ratio increased at 30 min after reperfusion, and peaked at 48 h compared with the sham-operated animals. CONCLUSIONS I/R injury significantly increased the COX2 expression, PGI2 and TXA2 levels, and the PGI2/TXA2 ratio in rat hippocampus in a time-dependent manner. As a consequence, the increased PGI2 level and PGI2/TXA2 ratio may represent a physiological mechanism to protect the brain against the neuronal damage produced by I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Rd, No 1, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Barbosa M, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Bioactive compounds from macroalgae in the new millennium: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4934-72. [PMID: 25257784 PMCID: PMC4178484 DOI: 10.3390/md12094934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine environment has proven to be a rich source of structurally diverse and complex compounds exhibiting numerous interesting biological effects. Macroalgae are currently being explored as novel and sustainable sources of bioactive compounds for both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Given the increasing prevalence of different forms of dementia, researchers have been focusing their attention on the discovery and development of new compounds from macroalgae for potential application in neuroprotection. Neuroprotection involves multiple and complex mechanisms, which are deeply related. Therefore, compounds exerting neuroprotective effects through different pathways could present viable approaches in the management of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. In fact, several studies had already provided promising insights into the neuroprotective effects of a series of compounds isolated from different macroalgae species. This review will focus on compounds from macroalgae that exhibit neuroprotective effects and their potential application to treat and/or prevent neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Barbosa
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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31
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Petta T, Secatto A, Faccioli LH, Moraes LAB. Inhibition of inflammatory response in LPS-induced macrophages by 9-KOTE and 13-KOTE produced by biotransformation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 58-59:36-43. [PMID: 24731823 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediators such as the leukotrienes, resolvins and protectins have been considered excellent models for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs, due to their high potentiality. Nevertheless, only tiny amounts are available from natural sources and they have to be prepared by total synthesis. It is known that besides chemical reagents, microorganisms can also promote fatty acid oxygenation, via enzymatic reactions. In this context, the aim of this work was to produce oxylipids analogues in structure to lipid mediators employing microbial biotransformation. To this end, α-linolenic acid (ALA) was biotransformed by the fungi Aspergillus niger into oxylipids with different levels of oxygenation within 24h or 48h. The anti-inflammatory potential of products were evaluated by means of NO and TNF-α quantification in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cell line which guided the isolation of the regioisomers at m/z [M-H](-) 291, 9-keto-10E,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid (9-KOTE) and 13-keto-9Z,11E,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid (13-KOTE). We showed that biotransformation represents a powerful strategy for the production of potentially interesting candidates for development of anti-inflammation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Petta
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040-901, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Secatto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Alberto Beraldo Moraes
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040-901, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Protective effect of pranlukast on Aβ₁₋₄₂-induced cognitive deficits associated with downregulation of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:581-92. [PMID: 24229499 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulation of Aβ is thought to associate with cognition deficits, neuroinflammation and apoptosis observed in AD. However, effective neuroprotective approaches against Aβ neurotoxicity are unavailable. In the present study, we analysed the effects of pranlukast, a selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT₁R) antagonist, on the impairment of learning and memory formation induced by Aβ and the probable underlying electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms. We found that bilateral intrahippocampal injection of Aβ₁₋₄₂ resulted in a significant decline of spatial learning and memory of mice in the Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze tests, together with a serious depression of in vivo hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the mice. Importantly, this treatment caused significant increases in CysLT₁R expression and subsequent NF-κB signaling, caspase-3 activation and Bcl-2 downregulation in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Oral administration of pranlukast at 0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg for 4 wk significantly reversed Aβ₁₋₄₂-induced impairments of cognitive function and hippocampal LTP in mice. Furthermore, pranlukast reversed Aβ₁₋₄₂-induced CysLT₁R upregulation, and markedly suppressed the Aβ₁₋₄₂-triggered NF-κB pathway, caspase-3 activation and Bcl-2 downregulation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in mice. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay confirmed its presence in the brain after oral administration of pranlukast in mice. These data disclose novel findings about the therapeutic potential of pranlukast, revealing a previously unknown therapeutic possibility to treat memory deficits associated with AD.
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Involvement of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 in Aβ1–42-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:590-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jiang B, Huang X, Yao H, Jiang J, Wu X, Jiang S, Wang Q, Lu T, Xu J. Discovery of potential anti-inflammatory drugs: diaryl-1,2,4-triazoles bearing N-hydroxyurea moiety as dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2114-27. [PMID: 24562695 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41936c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of hybrids from diaryl-1,2,4-triazole and hydroxamic acid or N-hydroxyurea were synthesized and evaluated as novel anti-inflammatory agents. The biological data showed that (i) all the compounds showed dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitory activities in vitro, and 15e showed optimal inhibitory activities (COX-2: IC50 = 0.15 μM, 5-LOX: IC50 = 0.85 μM), (ii) 15e selectively inhibited COX-2 relative to COX-1 with selectivity index (SI = 0.012) comparable to celecoxib (SI = 0.015), (iii) 15e exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition: 54.1%) which was comparable to the reference drug celecoxib (inhibition: 46.7%) in a xylene-induced ear edema assay, and (iv) 15e displayed promising analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing response and hot-plate assay. Finally, a molecular modeling study revealed the binding interactions of 15e with COX-2 and 5-LOX. Our findings suggest that 15e may be a promising anti-inflammatory agent for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
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Fattahi MJ, Mirshafiey A. Positive and negative effects of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:50-60. [PMID: 23992456 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to clarify the role of prostaglandins and prostaglandin receptors in the immunopathology of Alzheimer's disease. A PubMed search was done using the key word, 'Alzheimer's disease' in combination with the term 'prostaglandins'. Articles from the past 10 years were preferentially selected but important ones from the past 20 years were also included according to the authors' judgment. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathological hallmarks such as extracellular deposition of the amyloid β-peptide, the appearance of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extensive neuronal loss and synaptic changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These processes induce inflammatory pathways by activating microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating leukocytes that produce inflammatory mediators including cytokines and prostaglandins.Prostaglandins are small lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid by multi-enzymatic pathways in which cyclooxygenases and phospholipases are the rate-limiting enzymes. In the central nervous system, prostaglandins exhibit either neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects by acting on specific G-protein-coupled receptors that have different subfamilies and differences in their selective agonists, tissue distribution and signal transduction cascades. Further studies on the role of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease may contribute to clarification of their neuroprotective actions, which may lead to the development of successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Fattahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Horn T, Ivanov I, Di Venere A, Kakularam KR, Reddanna P, Conrad ML, Richter C, Scheerer P, Kuhn H. Molecular basis for the catalytic inactivity of a naturally occurring near-null variant of human ALOX15. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1702-13. [PMID: 23958500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian lipoxygenases belong to a family of lipid-peroxidizing enzymes, which have been implicated in cardiovascular, hyperproliferative and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report that a naturally occurring mutation in the hALOX15 gene leads to expression of a catalytically near-null enzyme variant (hGly422Glu). The inactivity may be related to severe misfolding of the enzyme protein, which was concluded from CD-spectra as well as from thermal and chemical stability assays. In silico mutagenesis experiments suggest that most mutations at hGly422 have the potential to induce sterical clash, which might be considered a reason for protein misfolding. hGly422 is conserved among ALOX5, ALOX12 and ALOX15 isoforms and corresponding hALOX12 and hALOX5 mutants also exhibited a reduced catalytic activity. Interestingly, in the hALOX5 Gly429Glu mutants the reaction specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation was shifted from 5S- to 8S- and 12R-H(p)ETE formation. Taken together, our data indicate that the conserved glycine is of functional importance for these enzyme variants and most mutants at this position lose catalytic activity.
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Key Words
- (5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-12-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid
- (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-15-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoic acid
- (5Z,9E,11Z,14Z)-8-hydroperoxyicosa-5,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid
- (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid
- 12-H(p)ETE
- 13-H(p)ODE
- 15-H(p)ETE
- 8-H(p)ETE
- ALOX
- ALOX15
- ALOX15 gene variation
- HETE
- HpETE
- IPTG
- Isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside
- LOXs
- Lipid peroxidation
- Lipoxygenase
- Misfolding
- UTR
- arachidonate lipoxygenase
- hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- lipoxygenases
- untranslated region
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Horn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Evaluation of the antioxidative properties of lipoxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:1179-88. [PMID: 23238474 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is a component of many pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases and inflammation. An important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are lipoxygenases (LOX) - enzymes responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids. LOX inhibitors have a protective effect in inflammatory diseases and in neurodegenerative disorders because of their anti-inflammatory activity. However, the molecular mechanism of the protective action of LOX inhibitors has not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidative potential of widely used LOX inhibitors: BWB70C, AA-861, zileuton, baicalein and NDGA. The antioxidative properties were evaluated in cell-free systems. We measured the effect of the tested compounds on iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation and on carbonyl group formation in the rat brain homogenate. Direct free radical scavenging was analyzed by using DPPH assay. RESULTS Our data showed that the inhibitor of all LOXs, i.e., NDGA, 5-LOX inhibitor BWB70C and the inhibitor of 12/15-LOX, baicalein, significantly decreased the level of lipid and protein oxidation. The free radical scavenging activity of these inhibitors was comparable to known ROS scavengers, i.e., resveratrol and trolox. Zileuton (the inhibitor of 5-LOX) slightly prevented lipid and protein oxidation, it also scavenged the DPPH radical. AA-861 (the inhibitor of 5 and 12/15-LOX) slightly protected lipids against Fe/asc-evoked lipid peroxidation at high concentrations, but had no effect on carbonyl group formation and DPPH scavenging. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that some LOX inhibitors demonstrate potent anti-oxidative, free radical scavenging properties. AA-861, whose antioxidative potential is very weak, may be a specific tool to be used in experimental and perhaps even clinical applications.
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Kang KH, Liou HH, Hour MJ, Liou HC, Fu WM. Protection of dopaminergic neurons by 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:380-7. [PMID: 23800665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are important factors that induce neurodegeneration in age-related neurological disorders. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is the enzyme responsible for catalysing the synthesis of leukotriene or 5-HETE from arachidonic acid. 5-LOX is expressed in the central nervous system and may cause neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of the pharmacological inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/MPP(+)-induced dopaminergic neuronal death in midbrain neuron-glia co-cultures and in mice. It was found that 5-LOX was over-expressed in astrocytes after the injection of MPTP into C57BL6 mice. MK-886, a specific inhibitor of 5-LOX activating protein (FLAP), significantly increased [(3)H]-dopamine uptake, a functional indicator of the integrity of dopaminergic neurons, in midbrain cultures or the SH-SY5Y human dopaminergic cell line following MPP(+) treatment. In addition, LTB₄, one of 5-LOX's downstream products, was increased in the striatum and substantia nigra following MPTP injection in mice. LTB₄ but not LTD₄ and 5-HETE enhanced MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity in primary midbrain cultures. MK-886 administration increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra and the dopamine content in the striatum in MPTP-induced parkinsonian mice. Furthermore, the MPTP-induced upregulation of LTB₄ in the striatum and substantia nigra was antagonised by MK-886. These results suggest that 5-LOX inhibitors may be developed as novel neuroprotective agents and LTB₄ may play an important pathological role in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsiang Kang
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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5-lipoxygenase-activating protein as a modulator of olanzapine-induced lipid accumulation in adipocyte. J Lipids 2013; 2013:864593. [PMID: 23762565 PMCID: PMC3677661 DOI: 10.1155/2013/864593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiated in vitro into adipocytes. Cells were treated with olanzapine and a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor MK-886. Lipid content was measured using an Oil Red O assay; 5-LOX and FLAP mRNA content was measured using quantitative real-time PCR; the corresponding protein contents were measured using quantitative Western blot assay. Olanzapine did not affect the cell content of 5-LOX mRNA and protein; it decreased FLAP mRNA and protein content at day five but not 24 hours after olanzapine addition. In the absence of MK-886, low concentrations of olanzapine increased lipid content only slightly, whereas a 56% increase was induced by 50 μM olanzapine. A 5-day cotreatment with 10 μM MK-886 potentiated the lipid increasing action of low concentrations of olanzapine. In contrast, in the presence of 50 μM olanzapine nanomolar and low micromolar concentrations of MK-886 reduced lipid content. These data suggest that FLAP system in adipocytes is affected by olanzapine and that it may modify how these cells respond to the second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGADs). Clinical studies could evaluate whether the FLAP/5-LOX system could play a role in setting a variable individual susceptibility to the metabolic side effects of SGADs.
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5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor Zileuton Inhibits Neuronal Apoptosis Following Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Inflammation 2013; 36:1209-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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41
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Leukotriene D4 induces cognitive impairment through enhancement of CysLT1R-mediated amyloid-β generation in mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 65:182-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Chou VP, Holman TR, Manning-Bog AB. Differential contribution of lipoxygenase isozymes to nigrostriatal vulnerability. Neuroscience 2012; 228:73-82. [PMID: 23079635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The 5- and 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes have been implicated to contribute to disease development in CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. These LOX isozymes are distinct in function, with differential effects on neuroinflammation, and the impact of the distinct isozymes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has not as yet been evaluated. To determine whether the isozymes contribute differently to nigrostriatal vulnerability, the effects of 5- and 12/15-LOX deficiency on dopaminergic tone under naïve and toxicant-challenged conditions were tested. In naïve mice deficient in 5-LOX expression, a modest but significant reduction (18.0% reduction vs. wildtype (WT)) in striatal dopamine (DA) was detected (n=6-8 per genotype). A concomitant decline in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme was also revealed in null 5-LOX vs. WT mice (26.2%); however, no changes in levels of DA or TH immunoreactivity were observed in null 12/15-LOX vs. WT mice. When challenged with the selective dopaminergic toxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), WT mice showed a marked reduction in DA (31.9%) and robust astrocytic and microglial activation as compared to saline-treated animals. In contrast, null 5-LOX littermates demonstrated no significant striatal DA depletion or astrogliosis (as noted by Western blot analyses for glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity). In naïve null 12/15-LOX mice, no significant change in striatal DA values was observed compared to WT, and following MPTP treatment, the transgenics revealed striatal DA reduction similar to the challenged WT mice. Taken together, these data provide the first evidence that: (i) LOX isozymes are involved in the maintenance of normal dopaminergic function in the striatum and (ii) the 5- and 12/15-LOX isozymes contribute differentially to striatal vulnerability in response to neurotoxicant challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Chou
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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