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Ludwig FA, Laurini E, Schmidt J, Pricl S, Deuther-Conrad W, Wünsch B. [ 18F]Fluspidine-A PET Tracer for Imaging of σ 1 Receptors in the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:166. [PMID: 38399380 PMCID: PMC10892410 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
σ1 receptors play a crucial role in various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases including pain, psychosis, Alzheimer's disease, and depression. Spirocyclic piperidines represent a promising class of potent σ1 receptor ligands. The relationship between structural modifications and σ1 receptor affinity and selectivity over σ2 receptors led to the 2-fluoroethyl derivative fluspidine (2, Ki = 0.59 nM). Enantiomerically pure (S)-configured fluspidine ((S)-2) was prepared by the enantioselective reduction of the α,β-unsaturated ester 23 with NaBH4 and the enantiomerically pure co-catalyst (S,S)-24. The pharmacokinetic properties of both fluspidine enantiomers (R)-2 and (S)-2 were analyzed in vitro. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed very similar interactions of both fluspidine enantiomers with the σ1 receptor protein, with a strong ionic interaction between the protonated amino moiety of the piperidine ring and the COO- moiety of glutamate 172. The 18F-labeled radiotracers (S)-[18F]2 and (R)-[18F]2 were synthesized in automated syntheses using a TRACERlab FX FN synthesis module. High radiochemical yields and radiochemical purity were achieved. Radiometabolites were not found in the brains of mice, piglets, and rhesus monkeys. While both enantiomers revealed similar initial brain uptake, the slow washout of (R)-[18F]2 indicated a kind of irreversible binding. In the first clinical trial, (S)-[18F]2 was used to visualize σ1 receptors in the brains of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study revealed an increased density of σ1 receptors in cortico-striato-(para)limbic brain regions of MDD patients. The increased density of σ1 receptors correlated with the severity of the depressive symptoms. In an occupancy study with the PET tracer (S)-[18F]2, the selective binding of pridopidine at σ1 receptors in the brain of healthy volunteers and HD patients was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany; (F.-A.L.); (W.D.-C.)
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), DEA, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (E.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Judith Schmidt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), DEA, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (E.L.); (S.P.)
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany; (F.-A.L.); (W.D.-C.)
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
- GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Tran BX, Nguyen TT, Boyer L, Fond G, Auquier P, Nguyen HSA, Tran HTN, Nguyen HM, Choi J, Le HT, Latkin CA, Nathan KI, Husain SF, McIntyre RS, Ho CSH, Zhang MWB, Ho RCM. Differentiating people with schizophrenia from healthy controls in a developing Country: An evaluation of portable functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as an adjunct diagnostic tool. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1061284. [PMID: 36778640 PMCID: PMC9910791 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device as an adjunct diagnostic tool in Vietnam to assess hemodynamics when people with schizophrenia and healthy controls performed cognitive tasks. METHODS One hundred fifty-seven participants were divided into schizophrenia (n = 110) and healthy controls group (n = 47), which were recruited by match of age, and gender. Hemodynamic responses in the frontal cortex were monitored with a 48-channel portable device during the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT) and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT). General linear model compared the differences in oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) levels between the two groups. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) graph was generated for each neuroanatomical area. RESULTS People with schizophrenia did not show significant activation in the frontal lobe during the SCWT and VFT as compared to pre-task. During the VFT, the area under the ROC curve of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral frontopolar prefrontal cortex, and bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex were greater than 0.7 (p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the right orbitofrontal cortex was maximal during the VFT (AUC = 0.802, 95%CI = 0.731-0.872). The Youden's index reached a peak (0.57) at the optimal cut-point value (HbO2 cutoff <0.209 μmol/ml for schizophrenia) in which the sensitivity was 85%; specificity was 72%; positive predictive value (PPV) was 0.88; negative predictive value (NPV) was 0.68 and correct classification rate was 76%. DISCUSSION Assessing hemodynamics during VFT by portable fNIRS offers the potential as an adjunct diagnostic tool for schizophrenia in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bach Xuan Tran
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tham Thi Nguyen
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Boyer
- EA 3279, CEReSS, Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Fond
- EA 3279, CEReSS, Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Auquier
- EA 3279, CEReSS, Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Huong Thi Le
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Carl A Latkin
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kalpana Isabel Nathan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Syeda F Husain
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cyrus S H Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvyn W B Zhang
- Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger C M Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Ohi K, Ishibashi M, Torii K, Hashimoto M, Yano Y, Shioiri T. Differences in subcortical brain volumes among patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and healthy controls. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2022; 47:E77-E85. [PMID: 35232800 PMCID: PMC8896343 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.210144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have an overlapping polygenic architecture and clinical similarities, although the 2 disorders are distinct diagnoses with clinical dissimilarities. It remains unclear whether there are specific differences in subcortical volumes between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and whether the subcortical differences are affected by any clinical characteristics. We investigated differences in subcortical volumes bilaterally among patients with schizophrenia, patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. We also investigated the influences of clinical characteristics on specific subcortical volumes in these patient groups. METHODS We collected 3 T T 1-weighted MRI brain scans from 413 participants (157 with schizophrenia, 51 with bipolar disorder and 205 controls) with a single scanner at a single institute. We used FreeSurfer version 6.0 for processing the T 1-weighted images to segment the following subcortical brain volumes: thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Differences in the 7 subcortical volumes were investigated among the groups. We also evaluated correlations between subcortical volumes and clinical variables in these patient groups. RESULTS Of 7 subcortical regions, patients with schizophrenia had significantly smaller volumes in the left thalamus (Cohen d = -0.29, p = 5.83 × 10-3), bilateral hippocampi (left, d = -0.36, p = 8.85 × 10-4; right, d = -0.41, p = 1.15 × 10-4) and left amygdala (d = -0.31, p = 4.02 × 10-3) than controls. Compared with controls, patients with bipolar disorder had bilateral reductions only in the hippocampal volumes (left, d = -0.52, p = 1.12 × 10-3; right, d = -0.58, p = 0.30 × 10-4). We also found that patients with schizophrenia had significantly smaller volumes in the bilateral amygdalae (left, d = -0.43, p = 4.22 × 10-3; right, d = -0.45, p = 4.56 × 10-3) than patients with bipolar disorder. We did not find any significant volumetric differences in the other 6 subcortical structures between patient groups (p > 0.05). Smaller left amygdalar volumes were significantly correlated with younger onset age only in patients with schizophrenia (r = 0.22, p = 5.78 × 10-3). LIMITATIONS We did not evaluate the differences in subcortical volumes between patients stratified based on clinical bipolar disorder subtype and a history of psychotic episodes because our sample size of patients with bipolar disorder was limited. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that volumetric differences in the amygdala between patients with schizophrenia and those with bipolar disorder may be a putative biomarker for distinguishing 2 clinically similar diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan (Ohi, Shioiri); the Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan (Ohi); and the School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Ishibashi, Torii, Hashimoto, Yano)
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OUP accepted manuscript. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4386-4396. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Skrzycki M, Kaźmierczak B. The hidden role of the Sigma1 receptor in muscle cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:201-208. [PMID: 32054378 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1727924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the very specific role of Sigma1 receptor in different types of muscle cells. Sigma1 receptor is a transmembrane protein residing in such structures like MAM. It has chaperoning activity supporting function of many proteins, particularly ion channels, including Ca2+ channels. This latter function is of particular meaning for muscle cells, due to their calcium-based/regulated metabolism. Here we discuss new reports pointing to participation of Sigma1 receptor in muscle specific processes like contraction, EC-coupling, calcium currents and in diseases like left ventricular hypertrophy, transverse aortic stenosis and hypertension-induced heart dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Skrzycki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaźmierczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Tapia MA, Lever JR, Lever SZ, Will MJ, Park ES, Miller DK. Sigma-1 receptor ligand PD144418 and sigma-2 receptor ligand YUN-252 attenuate the stimulant effects of methamphetamine in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3147-3158. [PMID: 31139878 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous research indicates that the selective sigma-1 receptor ligand PD144418 and the selective sigma-2 ligands YUN-252 can inhibit cocaine-induced hyperactivity. The effects of these ligands on other stimulants, such as methamphetamine, have not been reported. OBJECTIVES The present study examined the effects of PD144418 and YUN-252 pretreatment on methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity after acute treatment. METHODS Mice (n = 8-14/group) were injected with PD144418 (3.16, 10, or 31.6 μmol/kg), YUN-252 (0.316, 3.16, 31.6 μmol/kg), or saline. After 15 min, mice injected with 2.69 μmol/kg methamphetamine or saline vehicle, where distance traveled during a 60-min period was recorded. Additionally, the effect of PD144418 on the initiation and expression of methamphetamine sensitization was determined by treating mice (n = 8-14/group) with PD144418, methamphetamine or saline repeatedly over a 5-day period, and testing said mice with a challenge dose after a 7-day withdrawal period. RESULTS Results indicate that both PD144418 and YUN-252, in a dose-dependent manner, attenuated hyperactivity induced by an acute methamphetamine injection. Specifically, 10 μmol/kg or 31.6 μmol/kg of PD144418 and 31 μmol/kg of YUN-252 suppressed methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity. In regard to methamphetamine sensitization, while 10 μmol/kg PD144418 prevented the initiation of methamphetamine sensitization, it did not have an effect on the expression. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the current results suggest an intriguing potential for this novel sigma receptor ligand as a treatment for the addictive properties of methamphetamine. Future analysis of this novel sigma receptor ligand in assays directly measuring reinforcement properties will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Tapia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - John R Lever
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, and Department of Radiology and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Susan Z Lever
- Department of Chemistry and MU Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Matthew J Will
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Eric S Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Dennis K Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Mehmood S, Harlalka GV, Dad R, Chioza BA, Ullah MI, Ahmad A, Crosby AH, Baple EL, Hassan MJ. In Silico analysis of SIGMAR1 gene causing distal hereditary motor neuropathy in a Pakistani family. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Calabrò M, Porcelli S, Crisafulli C, Wang SM, Lee SJ, Han C, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Albani D, Raimondi I, Forloni G, Bin S, Cristalli C, Mantovani V, Pae CU, Serretti A. Genetic Variants Within Molecular Targets of Antipsychotic Treatment: Effects on Treatment Response, Schizophrenia Risk, and Psychopathological Features. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:62-74. [PMID: 29164477 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a common and severe mental disorder. Genetic factors likely play a role in its pathophysiology as well as in treatment response. In the present study, we investigated the effects of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 9 genes involved with antipsychotic (AP) mechanisms of action. Two independent samples were recruited. The Korean sample included 176 subjects diagnosed with SCZ and 326 healthy controls, while the Italian sample included 83 subjects and 194 controls. AP response as measured by the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was the primary outcome, while the secondary outcome was the SCZ risk. Exploratory analyses were performed on (1) symptom clusters response (as measured by PANSS subscales); (2) age of onset; (3) family history; and (4) suicide history. Associations evidenced in the primary analyses did not survive to the FDR correction. Concerning SCZ risk, we partially confirmed the associations among COMT and MAPK1 genetic variants and SCZ. Finally, our exploratory analysis suggested that CHRNA7 and HTR2A genes may modulate both positive and negative symptoms responses, while PLA2G4A and SIGMAR1 may modulate respectively positive and negative symptoms responses. Moreover, GSK3B, HTR2A, PLA2G4A, and S100B variants may determine an anticipation of SCZ age of onset. Our results did not support a primary role for the genes investigated in AP response as a whole. However, our exploratory findings suggested that these genes may be involved in symptom clusters response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calabrò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Porcelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Crisafulli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sheng-Min Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsu Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashwin A Patkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Prakash S Masand
- Global Medical Education, New York, NY, USA
- Academic Medicine Education Institute, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Raimondi
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofia Bin
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA, St. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlotta Cristalli
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA, St. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vilma Mantovani
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA, St. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chi-Un Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 2 Sosa-Dong, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon, Kyeonggi-Do, 420-717, Republic of Korea.
- Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Nord CL, Valton V, Wood J, Roiser JP. Power-up: A Reanalysis of 'Power Failure' in Neuroscience Using Mixture Modeling. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8051-8061. [PMID: 28706080 PMCID: PMC5566862 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3592-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, evidence for endemically low statistical power has cast neuroscience findings into doubt. If low statistical power plagues neuroscience, then this reduces confidence in the reported effects. However, if statistical power is not uniformly low, then such blanket mistrust might not be warranted. Here, we provide a different perspective on this issue, analyzing data from an influential study reporting a median power of 21% across 49 meta-analyses (Button et al., 2013). We demonstrate, using Gaussian mixture modeling, that the sample of 730 studies included in that analysis comprises several subcomponents so the use of a single summary statistic is insufficient to characterize the nature of the distribution. We find that statistical power is extremely low for studies included in meta-analyses that reported a null result and that it varies substantially across subfields of neuroscience, with particularly low power in candidate gene association studies. Therefore, whereas power in neuroscience remains a critical issue, the notion that studies are systematically underpowered is not the full story: low power is far from a universal problem.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recently, researchers across the biomedical and psychological sciences have become concerned with the reliability of results. One marker for reliability is statistical power: the probability of finding a statistically significant result given that the effect exists. Previous evidence suggests that statistical power is low across the field of neuroscience. Our results present a more comprehensive picture of statistical power in neuroscience: on average, studies are indeed underpowered-some very seriously so-but many studies show acceptable or even exemplary statistical power. We show that this heterogeneity in statistical power is common across most subfields in neuroscience. This new, more nuanced picture of statistical power in neuroscience could affect not only scientific understanding, but potentially policy and funding decisions for neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla L Nord
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Vincent Valton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom, and
| | - John Wood
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom, and
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Fujino H, Sumiyoshi C, Yasuda Y, Yamamori H, Fujimoto M, Fukunaga M, Miura K, Takebayashi Y, Okada N, Isomura S, Kawano N, Toyomaki A, Kuga H, Isobe M, Oya K, Okahisa Y, Takaki M, Hashimoto N, Kato M, Onitsuka T, Ueno T, Ohnuma T, Kasai K, Ozaki N, Sumiyoshi T, Imura O, Hashimoto R. Estimated cognitive decline in patients with schizophrenia: A multicenter study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:294-300. [PMID: 27804186 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Studies have reported that cognitive decline occurs after the onset of schizophrenia despite heterogeneity in cognitive function among patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of estimated cognitive decline in patients with schizophrenia by comparing estimated premorbid intellectual functioning and current intellectual functioning. METHODS A total of 446 patients with schizophrenia (228 male, 218 female), consisting of three sample sets obtained from 11 psychiatric facilities, and 686 healthy controls participated in this study. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) was used to measure the participants' current full-scale IQ (FSIQ). The premorbid IQ was estimated using the Japanese Adult Reading Test-25. Estimated cognitive decline (difference score) was defined as the difference between the estimated premorbid IQ and the current FSIQ. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia showed greater estimated cognitive decline, a lower FSIQ, and a lower premorbid IQ compared with the healthy controls. The mean difference score, FSIQ, and estimated premorbid IQ were -16.3, 84.2, and 100.5, respectively, in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, 39.7% of the patients had a difference score of 20 points or greater decline. A discriminant analysis showed that the difference score accurately predicted 81.6% of the patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION These results show the distribution of difference score in patients with schizophrenia. These findings may contribute to assessing the severity of estimated cognitive decline and identifying patients with schizophrenia who suffer from cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Fujino
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Chika Sumiyoshi
- Faculty of Human Development and Culture, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Integrative Brain Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Takebayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Isomura
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawano
- Green Mobility Research Institute, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Toyomaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironori Kuga
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Hizen Psychiatric Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Masanori Isobe
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Oya
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Takaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takefumi Ueno
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Hizen Psychiatric Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohnuma
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Imura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Mandelli L, Wang SM, Han C, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU, Serretti A. The Impact of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in SIGMAR1 on Depressive Symptoms in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. Adv Ther 2017; 34:713-724. [PMID: 28144920 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ample evidence suggested a role of sigma-1 receptor in affective disorders since the interaction of numerous antidepressants with sigma receptors was discovered. A recent study on Japanese subjects found a genetic variant within the encoding gene SIGMAR1 (rs1800866A>C) associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). We aimed to evaluate the same polymorphism in both MDD and bipolar disorder (BD) as well as its relationship to response to treatment with antidepressants and mood stabilizers. METHODS A total of 238 MDD patients treated for an acute episode of depression, 132 BD patients in treatment with mood stabilizers for a manic or mixed episode, and 324 controls were genotyped for rs1800866. At discharge, response to treatments was evaluated in MDD and BD patients by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and the Young Mania Rating Score (YMRS), respectively. RESULTS In our Korean sample, allele frequencies were different from those reported in other Asian and non-Asian populations. The CC genotype was associated with BD and, as a trend, with MDD. No significant effect was observed on response to antidepressants in MDD or mood stabilizers in BD, although the CC genotype was more frequent among BD patients experiencing a mixed episode. CONCLUSION The present findings are the first to propose the putative role of genetic variants within SIGMAR1 and sigma-1 receptor in BD. Sigma-1 receptor can modulate a number of central neurotransmitter systems as well as some other signaling pathways (e.g., neurotrophin and growth factor signaling) which are seemingly involved in BD and other mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mandelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sheng-Min Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- International Health Care Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changsu Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashwin A Patkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Prakash S Masand
- Global Medical Education, New York, NY, USA
- Academic Medicine Education Institute, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chi-Un Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
The sigma-1 (σ1) receptor has been associated with regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, several cellular signaling pathways, and inter-organelle communication, in part through its chaperone activity. In vivo, agonists of the σ1 receptor enhance brain plasticity, with particularly well-described impact on learning and memory. Under pathological conditions, σ1 receptor agonists can induce cytoprotective responses. These protective responses comprise various complementary pathways that appear to be differentially engaged according to pathological mechanism. Recent studies have highlighted the efficacy of drugs that act through the σ1 receptor to mitigate symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders with distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis. Here, we will review genetic and pharmacological evidence of σ1 receptor engagement in learning and memory disorders, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangui Maurice
- INSERM U1198, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France.
| | - Nino Goguadze
- INSERM U1198, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
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13
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Abstract
This chapter presents the three-dimensional (3D) model of the Sigma1 receptor protein as obtained from homology modeling techniques. We show the applicability of this structure to docking-based virtual screening and discuss combined in silico/in vitro mutagenesis studies performed to validate the structural features of the Sigma1 receptor model and to qualify/quantify the prominent role of specific amino acid residues in ligand binding. The validation of the virtual 3D Sigma1 receptor model and its reliable applicability to docking-based virtual screening is of significance for rational ligand design, even in light of the recently reported crystal structure for the Sigma1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Laurini
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Material Science and Technology (INSTM), Research Unit MOSE-DEA, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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14
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Weber F, Brust P, Laurini E, Pricl S, Wünsch B. Fluorinated PET Tracers for Molecular Imaging of σ 1 Receptors in the Central Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 964:31-48. [PMID: 28315263 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50174-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
At first the role of σ1 receptors in various neurological, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders is discussed. In the second part, the principle of positron emission tomography (PET ) is described and the known fluorinated PET tracers for labeling of σ1 receptors are presented. The third part focuses on fluoroalkyl substituted spirocyclic PET tracers, which represent the most promising class of fluorinated PET tracers reported so far. The homologous fluoroalkyl derivatives 12-15 show high σ1 affinity (K i = 0.59-1.4 nM) and high selectivity over the σ2 subtype (408-1331-fold). The enantiomers of the fluoroethyl derivative fluspidine 13 were prepared and pharmacologically characterized. Whereas the (S)-configured enantiomer (S)-13 (K i = 2.3 nM) is 4-fold less active than the (R)-enantiomer (R)-13 (K i = 0.57 nM), (S)-13 is metabolically more stable. The interactions of (S)-13 and (R)-13 with the σ1 receptor were analyzed at the molecular level using the 3D homology model. In an automated radiosynthesis [18F](S)-13 and [18F](R)-13 were prepared by nucleophilic substitution of the tosylates (S)-17 and (R)-17 with K[18F]F in high radiochemical yield, high radiochemical purity and short reaction time. Application of both enantiomers [18F](S)-13 and [18F](R)-13 to mice and piglets led to fast uptake into the brain, but [18F](R)-13 did not show washout from the brain indicating a quasi-irreversible binding. Both radiotracers [18F](S)-13 and [18F](R)-13 were able to label regions in the mouse and piglet brain with high σ1 receptor density. The specific binding of the enantiomeric tracers [18F](S)-13 and [18F](R)-13 could be replaced by the selective σ1 ligand SA4503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Weber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Simulations Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulations Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Material Science and Technology (INSTM), Research Unit MOSE-DEA, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6, 32127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University Münster, Münster, Germany.
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15
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Yasui Y, Su TP. Potential Molecular Mechanisms on the Role of the Sigma-1 Receptor in the Action of Cocaine and Methamphetamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5. [PMID: 27088037 DOI: 10.4303/jdar/235970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that involves a wide range of physiological functions. The Sig-1R has been shown to bind psychostimulants including cocaine and methamphetamine (METH) and thus has been implicated in the actions of those psychostimulants. For example, it has been demonstrated that the Sig-1R antagonists mitigate certain behavioral and cellular effects of psychostimulants including hyperactivity and neurotoxicity. Thus, the Sig-1R has become a potential therapeutic target of medication development against drug abuse that differs from traditional monoamine-related strategies. In this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of the Sig-1R and discuss in such a manner with a hope to further understand or unveil unexplored relations between the Sig-1R and the actions of cocaine and METH, particularly in the context of cellular biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yasui
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Tsung-Ping Su
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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16
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Abstract
This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and across multiple peripheral tissues. σRs consist of sigma receptor one (σ1R) and sigma receptor two (σ2R) and are expressed in numerous regions of the brain. The sigma receptor was originally proposed as a subtype of opioid receptors and was suggested to contribute to the delusions and psychoses induced by benzomorphans such as SKF-10047 and pentazocine. Later studies confirmed that σRs are non-opioid receptors (not an µ opioid receptor) and play a more diverse role in intracellular signaling, apoptosis and metabolic regulation. σ1Rs are intracellular receptors acting as chaperone proteins that modulate Ca2+ signaling through the IP3 receptor. They dynamically translocate inside cells, hence are transmembrane proteins. The σ1R receptor, at the mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, is responsible for mitochondrial metabolic regulation and promotes mitochondrial energy depletion and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that they play a role as a modulator of ion channels (K+ channels; N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors [NMDAR]; inositol 1,3,5 triphosphate receptors) and regulate lipid transport and metabolism, neuritogenesis, cellular differentiation and myelination in the brain. σ1R modulation of Ca2+ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility and may have links to G-proteins. It has been proposed that σ1Rs are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers. This review of the literature examines the mechanism of action of the σRs, their interaction with neurotransmitters, pharmacology, location and adverse effects mediated through them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Rousseaux
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada and
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17
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Tsai SYA, Pokrass MJ, Klauer NR, De Credico NE, Su TP. Sigma-1 receptor chaperones in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1461-76. [PMID: 25331742 PMCID: PMC5518923 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.972939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs) are molecular chaperones that reside mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but exist also in the proximity of the plasma membrane. Sig-1Rs are highly expressed in the CNS and are involved in many cellular processes including cell differentiation, neuritogenesis, microglia activation, protein quality control, calcium-mediated ER stress and ion channel modulation. Disturbance in any of the above cellular processes can accelerate the progression of many neurological disorders; therefore, the Sig-1R has been implicated in several neurological diseases. AREAS COVERED This review broadly covers the functions of Sig-1Rs including several neurodegenerative disorders in humans and drug addiction-associated neurological disturbance in the case of HIV infection. We discuss how several Sig-1R ligands could be utilized in therapeutic approaches to treat those disorders. EXPERT OPINION Emerging understanding of the cellular functions of this unique transmembrane chaperone may lead to the use of new agents or broaden the use of certain available ligands as therapeutic targets in those neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yi A Tsai
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integral Neuroscience Branch , Baltimore, MD 21224 , USA ;
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18
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Why sigma-1 receptor dysfunction might confer vulnerability to cannabis-induced psychosis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1911-3. [PMID: 25116043 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ehlis AC, Schneider S, Dresler T, Fallgatter AJ. Application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in psychiatry. Neuroimage 2014; 85 Pt 1:478-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
The exact 3D structure of the enigmatic σ1 receptor is unknown, as the crystal structure of this protein has not been solved so far. Many efforts have been devoted to unveiling the structure of the σ1 receptor and specifically its binding site, which include photoaffinity labeling, site directed mutagenesis, and homology modeling. The aim of the present miniperspective is to give a short overview of all results that contribute to the current knowledge of the σ1 receptor and its ligand binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brune
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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Abstract
The present review describes brain imaging technologies that can be used to assess the effects of nutritional interventions in human subjects. Specifically, we summarise the biological relevance of their outcome measures, practical use and feasibility, and recommended use in short- and long-term nutritional studies. The brain imaging technologies described consist of MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional MRI, as well as electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography, near-IR spectroscopy, positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computerised tomography. In nutritional interventions and across the lifespan, brain imaging can detect macro- and microstructural, functional, electrophysiological and metabolic changes linked to broader functional outcomes, such as cognition. Imaging markers can be considered as specific for one or several brain processes and as surrogate instrumental endpoints that may provide sensitive measures of short- and long-term effects. For the majority of imaging measures, little information is available regarding their correlation with functional endpoints in healthy subjects; therefore, imaging markers generally cannot replace clinical endpoints that reflect the overall capacity of the brain to behaviourally respond to specific situations and stimuli. The principal added value of brain imaging measures for human nutritional intervention studies is their ability to provide unique in vivo information on the working mechanism of an intervention in hypothesis-driven research. Selection of brain imaging techniques and target markers within a given technique should mainly depend on the hypothesis regarding the mechanism of action of the intervention, level (structural, metabolic or functional) and anticipated timescale of the intervention's effects, target population, availability and costs of the techniques.
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Button KS, Ioannidis JPA, Mokrysz C, Nosek BA, Flint J, Robinson ESJ, Munafò MR. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:365-76. [PMID: 23571845 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3985] [Impact Index Per Article: 362.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A study with low statistical power has a reduced chance of detecting a true effect, but it is less well appreciated that low power also reduces the likelihood that a statistically significant result reflects a true effect. Here, we show that the average statistical power of studies in the neurosciences is very low. The consequences of this include overestimates of effect size and low reproducibility of results. There are also ethical dimensions to this problem, as unreliable research is inefficient and wasteful. Improving reproducibility in neuroscience is a key priority and requires attention to well-established but often ignored methodological principles.
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Koike S, Nishimura Y, Takizawa R, Yahata N, Kasai K. Near-infrared spectroscopy in schizophrenia: a possible biomarker for predicting clinical outcome and treatment response. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:145. [PMID: 24294205 PMCID: PMC3827961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively new technique that can measure hemoglobin changes in brain tissues, and its use in psychiatry has been progressing rapidly. Although it has several disadvantages (e.g., relatively low spatial resolution and the possibility of shallow coverage in the depth of brain regions) compared with other functional neuroimaging techniques (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography), fNIRS may be a candidate instrument for clinical use in psychiatry, as it can measure brain activity in naturalistic position easily and non-invasively. fNIRS instruments are also small and work silently, and can be moved almost everywhere including schools and care units. Previous fNIRS studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia have impaired activity and characteristic waveform patterns in the prefrontal cortex during the letter version of the verbal fluency task, and part of these results have been approved as one of the Advanced Medical Technologies as an aid for the differential diagnosis of depressive symptoms by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan in 2009, which was the first such approval in the field of psychiatry. Moreover, previous studies suggest that the activity in the frontopolar prefrontal cortex is associated with their functions in chronic schizophrenia and is its next candidate biomarker. Future studies aimed at exploring fNIRS differences in various clinical stages, longitudinal changes, drug effects, and variations during different task paradigms will be needed to develop more accurate biomarkers that can be used to aid differential diagnosis, the comprehension of the present condition, the prediction of outcome, and the decision regarding treatment options in schizophrenia. Future fNIRS researches will require standardized measurement procedures, probe settings, analytical methods and tools, manuscript description, and database systems in an fNIRS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Koike
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan ; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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Watanabe Y, Nunokawa A, Kaneko N, Shibuya M, Egawa J, Someya T. Supportive evidence for the association between the Gln2Pro polymorphism in the SIGMAR1 gene and schizophrenia in the Japanese population: a case-control study and an updated meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2012; 141:279-80. [PMID: 22818711 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wallwork RS, Fortgang R, Hashimoto R, Weinberger DR, Dickinson D. Searching for a consensus five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:246-50. [PMID: 22356801 PMCID: PMC3351536 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the developers of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) grouped items into three subscales, factor analyses indicate that a five-factor model better characterizes PANSS data. However, lack of consensus on which model to use limits the comparability of PANSS variables across studies. We counted "votes" from published factor analyses to derive consensus models. One of these combined superior fit in our Caucasian sample (n=458, CFI=.970), and in distinct Japanese sample (n=164, CFI=.964), relative to the original three-subscale model, with a sorting of items into factors that was highly consistent across the studies reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Wallwork
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R. Fortgang
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R. Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - D. R. Weinberger
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, MD. USA
| | - D. Dickinson
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Corresponding Author: Dwight Dickinson, PhD., National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 7SE-5335, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892-1377 Tel: (+1) 301 451 2123 Fax: (+1) 301 480 4678
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2012; 25:155-62. [PMID: 22297717 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e3283514a53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Impact of the genome wide supported NRGN gene on anterior cingulate morphology in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29780. [PMID: 22253779 PMCID: PMC3257237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rs12807809 single-nucleotide polymorphism in NRGN is a genetic risk variant with genome-wide significance for schizophrenia. The frequency of the T allele of rs12807809 is higher in individuals with schizophrenia than in those without the disorder. Reduced immunoreactivity of NRGN, which is expressed exclusively in the brain, has been observed in Brodmann areas (BA) 9 and 32 of the prefrontal cortex in postmortem brains from patients with schizophrenia compared with those in controls. Methods Genotype effects of rs12807809 were investigated on gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) technique in a sample of 99 Japanese patients with schizophrenia and 263 healthy controls. Results Although significant genotype-diagnosis interaction either on GM or WM volume was not observed, there was a trend of genotype-diagnosis interaction on GM volume in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Thus, the effects of NRGN genotype on GM volume of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls were separately investigated. In patients with schizophrenia, carriers of the risk T allele had a smaller GM volume in the left ACC (BA32) than did carriers of the non-risk C allele. Significant genotype effect on other regions of the GM or WM was not observed for either the patients or controls. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the genome-wide associated genetic risk variant in the NRGN gene may be related to a small GM volume in the ACC in the left hemisphere in patients with schizophrenia.
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