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Jiang H, Zhang M, Wang HQ, Zhang NN, Li XM, Yang XY, Chen AP, Yan X, Zhang Z, Chu SF, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Inflammation and Connexin 43 profiles in the prefrontal cortex are relevant to stress susceptibility and resilience in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 239:173757. [PMID: 38574898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a major chronic mental illness worldwide, characterized by anhedonia and pessimism. Exposed to the same stressful stimuli, some people behave normally, while others exhibit negative behaviors and psychology. The exact molecular mechanisms linking stress-induced depressive susceptibility and resilience remain unclear. Connexin 43 (Cx43) forms gap junction channels between the astrocytes, acting as a crucial role in the pathogenesis of depression. Cx43 dysfunction could lead to depressive behaviors, and depression down-regulates the expression of Cx43 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Besides, accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation is one of the most common pathological features of the central nervous system dysfunction. However, the roles of Cx43 and peripheral inflammation in stress-susceptible and stress-resilient individuals have rarely been investigated. Thus, animals were classified into the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-susceptible group and the CUS-resilient group based on the performance of behavioral tests following the CUS protocol in this study. The protein expression of Cx43 in the PFC, the Cx43 functional changes in the PFC, and the expression levels including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-18 in the peripheral serum were detected. Here, we found that stress exposure triggered a significant reduction in Cx43 protein expression in the CUS-susceptible mice but not in the CUS-resilient mice accompanied by various Cx43 phosphorylation expression and the changes of inflammatory signals. Stress resilience is associated with Cx43 in the PFC and fluctuation in inflammatory signaling, showing that therapeutic targeting of these pathways might promote stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui-Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin-Mu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue-Ying Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ai-Ping Chen
- China Three Gorges University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, China.
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Shin MS, Lee Y, Cho IH, Yang HJ. Brain plasticity and ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:286-297. [PMID: 38707640 PMCID: PMC11069001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to modify its structure, accompanied by its functional changes. It is influenced by learning, experiences, and dietary factors, even in later life. Accumulated researches have indicated that ginseng may protect the brain and enhance its function in pathological conditions. There is a compelling need for a more comprehensive understanding of ginseng's role in the physiological condition because many individuals without specific diseases seek to improve their health by incorporating ginseng into their routines. This review aims to deepen our understanding of how ginseng affects brain plasticity of people undergoing normal aging process. We provided a summary of studies that reported the impact of ginseng on brain plasticity and related factors in human clinical studies. Furthermore, we explored researches focused on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the influence of ginseng on brain plasticity and factors contributing to brain plasticity. Evidences indicate that ginseng has the potential to enhance brain plasticity in the context of normal aging by mediating both central and peripheral systems, thereby expecting to improve age-related declines in brain function. Moreover, given modern western diet can damage neuroplasticity in the long term, ginseng can be a beneficial supplement for better brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Sook Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungJoo Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Bioscience, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Healthcare, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yao J, Chen C, Sun Y, Lin Y, Tian Z, Liu X, Wang H, Long J, Yan Q, Lin M, Ai Q, Gao Y, Chen N, Yang Y, Yang S. Higenamine exerts antidepressant effect by improving the astrocytic gap junctions and inflammatory response. J Affect Disord 2024; 348:107-115. [PMID: 38101523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a refractory psychiatric disorder closely associated with dysfunction of the gap junctions (GJs) between astrocytes as well as neuroinflammation. Higenamine (Hig) is a potent cardiotonic ingredient in Fuzi (i.e., Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.) with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which has a significant protective effect on damaged nerve cells and has great potential for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. METHODS Rats were stimulated by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 28 days while given Hig (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) and then analyzed behaviorally by the open field test, sucrose preference test, and forced swimming test. Changes in astrocyte GJs function and morphology were observed by dye transfer and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Expression and phosphorylation of connexin 43 (Cx43) were analyzed by Western blot. Also, considering the close relationship between depression and neuroinflammation, we determined the inflammatory response in serum with ELISA kits and analyzed the expression of inflammation-related proteins with Western blot. RESULTS Hig ameliorated CUS-induced depression-like behavior in rats. Hig administration improved gap junctional dysfunction in astrocytes, reduced gap junctional gaps and elevated the expression of Cx43 and decreased the phosphorylation of Cx43. Meanwhile, Hig administration was also able to attenuate the inflammatory response that occurs after CUS in rats. LIMITATIONS For the role of Cx43 in depression, we did not validate it more deeply in animal models with knockout Cx43. In addition, GJs dysfunction might be associated with the inflammatory response seen in depression, but this needs to be further investigated. CONCLUSIONS Hig ameliorates depression and exerts its antidepressant effect possibly by improving the dysfunctional GJs between astrocytes and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Cong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yuting Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zhifeng Tian
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Xinya Liu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Junpeng Long
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Qian Yan
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Meiyu Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Qidi Ai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yantao Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Songwei Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China.
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Wu JJ, Zhang L, Liu D, Xia J, Yang Y, Tang F, Chen L, Ao H, Peng C. Ginsenoside Rg1, lights up the way for the potential prevention of Alzheimer's disease due to its therapeutic effects on the drug-controllable risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116955. [PMID: 37536646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese medicine, Shen Nong, BenCao Jing, and Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu), Panax ginseng, and its prescriptions have been used for the treatment of dementia, depression, weight loss, Xiaoke disease (similar to diabetes), and vertigo. All these diseases are associated with the drug-controllable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), including depression, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Ginsenoside Rg1, one of the main active ingredients of P. ginseng and its congener Panax notoginseng, possesses therapeutic potentials against AD and associated diseases. This suggests that ginsenoside Rg1 might have the potential for AD prevention and treatment. Although the anti-AD effects of ginsenoside Rg1 have received more attention, a systematic review of its effects on depression, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension is not available. AIM OF THE REVIEW This systematic literature review comprehensively summarized existing literature on the therapeutic potentials of ginsenoside Rg1 in AD prevention for the propose of providing a foundation of future research aimed at enabling the use of such drugs in clinical practice. METHODS Information on ginsenoside Rg1 was collected from relevant published articles identified through a literature search in electronic scientific databases (PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar). The keywords used were "Ginsenoside Rg1," "Panax ginseng," "Source," "Alzheimer's disease," "Brain disorders," "Depression," "Obesity," "Diabetes," and "Hypertension." RESULTS The monomer ginsenoside Rg1 can be relatively easily obtained and has therapeutic potentials against AD. In vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated the therapeutic potentials of ginsenoside Rg1 against the drug-controllable risk factors of AD including depression, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Thus, ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates diseases resulting from AD risk factors by regulating multiple targets and pathways. CONCLUSIONS Ginsenoside Rg1 has the potentials to prevent AD by alleviating depression, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jia Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hui Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Zhu T, Liu H, Gao S, Jiang N, Chen S, Xie W. Effect of salidroside on neuroprotection and psychiatric sequelae during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115999. [PMID: 38091637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the mental health of individuals worldwide, and the risk of psychiatric sequelae and consequent mental disorders has increased among the general population, health care workers and patients with COVID-19. Achieving effective and widespread prevention of pandemic-related psychiatric sequelae to protect the mental health of the global population is a serious challenge. Salidroside, as a natural agent, has substantial pharmacological activity and health effects, exerts obvious neuroprotective effects, and may be effective in preventing and treating psychiatric sequelae and mental disorders resulting from stress stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we systematically summarise, analyse and discuss the therapeutic effects of salidroside in the prevention and treatment of psychiatric sequelae as well as its roles in preventing the progression of mental disorders, and fully clarify the potential of salidroside as a widely applicable agent for preventing mental disorders caused by stress; the mechanisms underlying the potential protective effects of salidroside are involved in the regulation of the oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neural regeneration and cell apoptosis in the brain, the network homeostasis of neurotransmission, HPA axis and cholinergic system, and the improvement of synaptic plasticity. Notably, this review innovatively proposes that salidroside is a potential agent for treating stress-induced health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic and provides scientific evidence and a theoretical basis for the use of natural products to combat the current mental health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics & State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Shiman Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Weijie Xie
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200122, China.
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Moreira J, Machado M, Dias-Teixeira M, Ferraz R, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. The neuroprotective effect of traditional Chinese medicinal plants-A critical review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3208-3237. [PMID: 37655317 PMCID: PMC10465969 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases are increasingly affecting individuals' quality of life, thus increasing their cost to social and health systems. These diseases have overlapping mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excitotoxicity. Currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases, and the available therapies have adverse effects and low efficacy. For neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, the current therapies are not adequate to one-third of the patients, the so-called treatment-resistant patients. So, searching for new treatments is fundamental. Medicinal plants appear as a strong alternative and complement towards new treatment protocols, as they have been used for health purposes for thousands of years. Thus, the main goal of this review is to revisit the neuroprotective potential of some of the most predominant medicinal plants (and one fungus) used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), focusing on their proven mechanisms of action and their chemical compositions, to give clues on how they can be useful against neurodegeneration progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Moreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Mariana Machado
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
| | - Mónica Dias-Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
- NICiTeS—Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Lisboa 1950-396, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
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Wang W, Wang L, Wang L, Li Y, Lan T, Wang C, Chen X, Chen S, Yu S. Ginsenoside-Rg1 synergized with voluntary running exercise protects against glial activation and dysregulation of neuronal plasticity in depression. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37464840 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a common psychological disease accompanied by mental disorders and somatic symptoms. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding the pathogenesis of depression are still not clear. Neuronal damage resulting from inflammation is considered to be one of the important risk factors for depression. Ginsenoside-Rg1, a sterol extract extracted from ginseng herbs, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, running exercise, a simple behavioral therapy, has been recently shown to have antidepressant effects. However, whether these two synergized strategies are more efficient in depression treatment, especially the neural mechanisms underlying this practical and interesting treatment is unknown. In this study, we have shown that ginsenoside-Rg1 synergized with voluntary running exercise exerts more efficiency on suppressing neuroinflammation, up-regulating expression of neurotrophic factors, and synaptic-related proteins, ameliorating neuronal structural damages than that of ginsenoside-Rg1 or voluntary exercise alone, suggesting its better neuroprotective effects. More importantly, the antidepressant-like effect of this synergistic treatment was also significantly better than either of these two treatments. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rg1, synergized with voluntary running, may have higher efficacy in the treatment of depression through anti-inflammation and the improvement of neuroplasticity. These findings may provide a new perspective for the development of a therapeutic strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Liyan Wang
- Morphological experimental center, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, PR China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Changmin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Shihong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuyan Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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Yang SJ, Wang JJ, Cheng P, Chen LX, Hu JM, Zhu GQ. Ginsenoside Rg1 in neurological diseases: From bench to bedside. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:913-930. [PMID: 36380226 PMCID: PMC10104881 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used in China as a superior medicinal material for thousands of years that can nourish the five internal organs, calm the mind and benefit wisdom. Due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities, one of the active components of ginseng, ginsenoside Rg1, has been extensively investigated in the remedy of brain disorders, especially dementia and depression. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the action mechanisms of Rg1 ameliorating depression-like behaviors, including inhibition of hyperfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, regulation of synaptic plasticity and gut flora. Rg1 may alleviate Alzheimer's disease in the early phase, as well as in the middle-late phases through repairing dendrite, axon and microglia- and astrocyte-related inflammations. We also proposed that Rg1 could regulate memory state (the imbalance of working and aversive memory) caused by distinct stimuli. These laboratory studies would further the clinical trials on Rg1. From the prospective of drug development, we discussed the limitations of the present investigations and proposed our ideas to increase permeability and bioavailability of Rg1. Taken together, Rg1 has the potential to treat neuropsychiatric disorders, but a future in-depth investigation of the mechanisms is still required. In addition, drug development will benefit from the clinical trials in one specific neuropsychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jing-Ji Wang
- The Second Affiliation Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, China.
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jia-Min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Guo-Qi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
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Liu Y, Guo ZW, Li J, Li AH, Huo TG. Insight into the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by mitochondria in liver injury and the protective role of natural products. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113968. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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10
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Zhang NN, Zhang Y, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Connexin 43: insights into candidate pathological mechanisms of depression and its implications in antidepressant therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2448-2461. [PMID: 35145238 PMCID: PMC9525669 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), a chronic and recurrent disease characterized by anhedonia, pessimism or even suicidal thought, remains a major chronic mental concern worldwide. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the most abundant connexin expressed in astrocytes and forms the gap junction channels (GJCs) between astrocytes, the most abundant and functional glial cells in the brain. Astrocytes regulate neurons' synaptic strength and function by expressing receptors and regulating various neurotransmitters. Astrocyte dysfunction causes synaptic abnormalities, which are related to various mood disorders, e.g., depression. Increasing evidence suggests a crucial role of Cx43 in the pathogenesis of depression. Depression down-regulates Cx43 expression in humans and rats, and dysfunction of Cx43 also induces depressive behaviors in rats and mice. Recently Cx43 has received considerable critical attention and is highly implicated in the onset of depression. However, the pathological mechanisms of depression-like behavior associated with Cx43 still remain ambiguous. In this review we summarize the recent progress regarding the underlying mechanisms of Cx43 in the etiology of depression-like behaviors including gliotransmission, metabolic disorders, and neuroinflammation. We also discuss the effects of antidepressants (monoamine antidepressants and ketamine) on Cx43. The clarity of the candidate pathological mechanisms of depression-like behaviors associated with Cx43 and its potential pharmacological roles for antidepressants will benefit the exploration of a novel antidepressant target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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11
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Zlomuzica A, Plank L, Dere E. A new path to mental disorders: Through gap junction channels and hemichannels. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104877. [PMID: 36116574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral disturbances related to emotional regulation, reward processing, cognition, sleep-wake regulation and activity/movement represent core symptoms of most common mental disorders. Increasing empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that normal functioning of these behavioral domains relies on fine graded coordination of neural and glial networks which are maintained and modulated by intercellular gap junction channels and unapposed pannexin or connexin hemichannels. Dysfunctions in these networks might contribute to the development and maintenance of psychopathological and neurobiological features associated with mental disorders. Here we review and discuss the evidence indicating a prominent role of gap junction channel and hemichannel dysfunction in core symptoms of mental disorders. We further discuss how the increasing knowledge on intercellular gap junction channels and unapposed pannexin or connexin hemichannels in the brain might lead to deeper mechanistic insight in common mental disorders and to the development of novel treatment approaches. We further attempt to exemplify what type of future research on this topic could be integrated into multidimensional approaches to understand and cure mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zlomuzica
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Laurin Plank
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ekrem Dere
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787 Bochum, Germany; Sorbonne Université. Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, (IBPS), Département UMR 8256: Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement, UFR des Sciences de la Vie, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Bâtiment B, 9 quai Saint Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
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12
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Li Y, Guo Q, Huang J, Wang Z. Antidepressant Active Ingredients From Chinese Traditional Herb Panax Notoginseng: A Pharmacological Mechanism Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:922337. [PMID: 35795547 PMCID: PMC9252462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.922337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the world and is highly disabling, lethal, and seriously endangers social stability. The side effects of clinical drugs used to treat depression are obvious, and the onset time is longer. Therefore, there is a great demand for antidepressant drugs with better curative effects, fewer side effects, and shorter onset time. Panax notoginseng, a Chinese herbal medication, has been used to treat depression for thousands of years and shown to have a therapeutic effect on depression. This review surveyed PubMed’s most recent 20 years of research on Panax notoginseng’s use for treating depression. We mainly highlight animal model research and outlined the pathways influenced by medicines. We provide a narrative review of recent empirical evidence of the anti-depressive effects of Panax Notoginseng and novel ideas for developing innovative clinical antidepressants with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwan Guo
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqing Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junqing Huang, ; Ziying Wang,
| | - Ziying Wang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junqing Huang, ; Ziying Wang,
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13
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Lu J, Wang X, Wu A, Cao Y, Dai X, Liang Y, Li X. Ginsenosides in central nervous system diseases: Pharmacological actions, mechanisms, and therapeutics. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1523-1544. [PMID: 35084783 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is one of the most complex physiological systems, and central nervous system diseases (CNSDs) are serious diseases that affect human health. Ginseng (Panax L.), the root of Panax species, are famous Chinese herbs that have been used for various diseases in China, Japan, and Korea since ancient times, and remain a popular natural medicine used worldwide in modern times. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng, and increasing evidence has demonstrated that ginsenosides can prevent CNSDs, including neurodegenerative diseases, memory and cognitive impairment, cerebral ischemia injury, depression, brain glioma, multiple sclerosis, which has been confirmed in numerous studies. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential pathways by which ginsenosides affect the pathogenesis of CNSDs mainly including antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-apoptotic effects, and nerve protection, which provides novel ideas for the treatment of CNSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Anxin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Youdan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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14
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Song Z, Xie K, Zhang Y, Xie Q, He X, Zhang H. Effects of Dietary Ginsenoside Rg1 Supplementation on Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Serum Immunity in Broiler Chickens. Front Nutr 2021; 8:705279. [PMID: 34912836 PMCID: PMC8667319 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.705279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The restriction and banning of antibiotics in farm animal feed has led to a search for promising substitutes for antibiotics to promote growth and maintain health for livestock and poultry. Ginsenoside Rg1, which is one of the most effective bioactive components in ginseng, has been reported to have great potential to improve the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative status of animals. In this study, 360 Chinese indigenous broiler chickens with close initial body weight were divided into 5 groups. Each group contained 6 replicates and each replicate had 12 birds. The experimental groups were: the control group, fed with the basal diet; the antibiotic group, fed basal diet + 300 mg/kg 15% chlortetracycline; and three Rg1 supplementation groups, fed with basal diet + 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg ginsenoside Rg1, respectively. The growth performance, immune function, and intestinal health of birds were examined at early (day 1-28) and late (day 29-51) stages. Our results showed that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg ginsenoside Rg1 significantly improved the growth performance for broilers, particularly at the late stage, including an increase in final body weight and decrease of feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Additionally, the integrity of intestinal morphology (Villus height, Crypt depth, and Villus height/Crypt depth) and tight junction (ZO-1 and Occludin), and the secretion of sIgA in the intestine were enhanced by the supplementation of Rg1 in chicken diet (P < 0.05). The immune organ index showed that the weight of the thymus, spleen, and bursa was significantly increased at the early stage in ginsenoside Rg1 supplementation groups (P < 0.05). Our findings might demonstrate that ginsenoside Rg1 could serve as a promising antibiotic alternative to improve the growth performance and gut health for broiler chickens mainly through its amelioration of inflammatory and oxidative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Kaihuan Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunlu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Haihan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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15
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Chen L, Li R, Chen F, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Xu S, Cheng Y, Zhao Y. A possible mechanism to the antidepressant-like effects of 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol based on its target protein 14-3-3 ζ. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:666-674. [PMID: 36090685 PMCID: PMC9459030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides and their metabolites have antidepressant-like effects, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We previously identified 14-3-3 ζ as one of the target proteins of 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), a fully deglycosylated ginsenoside metabolite. Methods Corticosterone (CORT) was administered repeatedly to induce the depression model, and PPD was given concurrently. The tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST) were used for behavioral evaluation. All mice were sacrificed. Golgi-cox staining, GSK 3β activity assay, and Western blot analysis were performed. In vitro, the kinetic binding analysis with the Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) was used to determine the molecular interactions. Results TST and FST both revealed that PPD reversed CORT-induced behavioral deficits. PPD also ameliorated the CORT-induced expression alterations of hippocampal Ser9 phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-Ser9 GSK 3β), Ser133 phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-Ser133 CREB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, PPD attenuated the CORT-induced increase in GSK 3β activity and decrease in dendritic spine density in the hippocampus. In vitro, 14-3-3 ζ protein specifically bound to p-Ser9 GSK 3β polypeptide. PPD promoted the binding and subsequently decreased GSK 3β activity. Conclusion These findings demonstrated the antidepressant-like effects of PPD on the CORT-induced mouse depression model and indicated a possible target-based mechanism. The combination of PPD with the 14-3-3 ζ protein may promote the binding of 14-3-3 ζ to p-GSK 3β (Ser9) and enhance the inhibition of Ser9 phosphorylation on GSK 3β kinase activity, thereby activating the plasticity-related CREB–BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruimei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Research and Innovation Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hantao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuyi Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
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16
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Wang HQ, Yang SW, Gao Y, Liu YJ, Li X, Ai QD, Lin MY, Yang YT, Zeng Q, Zhang Y, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Novel antidepressant mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1: Regulating biosynthesis and degradation of connexin43. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114212. [PMID: 34087399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a valuable medicinal herb and "alternative" remedy for the prevention and treatment of depression. Dysfunction of connexin43 (Cx43)-gap junction in astrocytes is predisposed to the precipitation of depression. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), the main bioactive constituent extracted from ginseng, is efficacious in the management of depression by upregulating the content of Cx43. Our previous results indicated that pretreatment with Rg1 significantly improved Cx43-gap junction in corticosterone (CORT)-treated astrocytes. However, the antidepressant mechanism underlying how Rg1 upregulates Cx43-gap junction in astrocytes hasn't been proposed. AIM OF THE STUDY To dissect the mechanisms of Rg1 controlling Cx43 levels in primary astrocytes. METHODS We examined the changes of the level of Cx43 mRNA, the degradation of Cx43, as well as the ubiquitin-proteasomal and autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathways of Cx43 followed by Rg1 prior to CORT in rat primary astrocytes isolated from prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, the recognized method of scrape loading/dye transfer was performed to detect Cx43-gap junctional function, an essencial indicator of the antidepressant effect. RESULTS Pretreatment with Rg1 could reverse CORT-induced downregulation of Cx43 biosynthesis, acceleration of Cx43 degradation, and upregulation of two Cx43 degradation pathways in primary astrocytes. CONCLUSION The findings in the present study provide the first evidence highlighting that Rg1 increases Cx43 protein levels through the upregulation of Cx43 mRNA and downregulation of Cx43 degradation, which may be attributed to the effect of Rg1 on the ubiquitin-proteasomal and autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathways of Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Song-Wei Yang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ying-Jiao Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Xun Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Di Ai
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Mei-Yu Lin
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Yan-Tao Yang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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17
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Distinct Effects of Escitalopram and Vortioxetine on Astroglial L-Glutamate Release Associated with Connexin43. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810013. [PMID: 34576176 PMCID: PMC8468507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been established that enhancement of serotonergic transmission contributes to improvement of major depression; however, several post-mortem studies and experimental depression rodent models suggest that functional abnormalities of astrocytes play important roles in the pathomechanisms/pathophysiology of mood disorders. Direct effects of serotonin (5-HT) transporter inhibiting antidepressants on astroglial transmission systems has never been assessed in this context. Therefore, to explore the effects of antidepressants on transmission associated with astrocytes, the present study determined the effects of the selective 5-HT transporter inhibitor, escitalopram, and the 5-HT partial agonist reuptake inhibitor, vortioxetine, on astroglial L-glutamate release through activated hemichannels, and the expression of connexin43 (Cx43), type 1A (5-HT1AR) and type 7 (5-HT7R) 5-HT receptor subtypes, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in astrocytes using primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes in a 5-HT-free environment. Both escitalopram and 5-HT1AR antagonist (WAY100635) did not affect basal astroglial L-glutamate release or L-glutamate release through activated hemichannels. Subchronic (for seven days) administrations of vortioxetine and the 5-HT7R inverse agonist (SB269970) suppressed both basal L-glutamate release and L-glutamate release through activated hemichannels, whereas 5-HT1AR agonist (BP554) inhibited L-glutamate release through activated hemichannels, but did not affect basal L-glutamate release. In particular, WAY100635 did not affect the inhibitory effects of vortioxetine on L-glutamate release. Subchronic administration of vortioxetine, BP554 and SB269970 downregulated 5-HT1AR, 5-HT7R and phosphorylated ERK in the plasma membrane fraction, but escitalopram and WAY100635 did not affect them. Subchronic administration of SB269970 decreased Cx43 expression in the plasma membrane but did not affect the cytosol; however, subchronic administration of BP554 increased Cx43 expression in the cytosol but did not affect the plasma membrane. Subchronic vortioxetine administration increased Cx43 expression in the cytosol and decreased it in the plasma membrane. WAY100635 prevented an increased Cx43 expression in the cytosol induced by vortioxetine without affecting the reduced Cx43 expression in the plasma membrane. These results suggest that 5-HT1AR downregulation probably increases Cx43 synthesis, but 5-HT7R downregulation suppresses Cx43 trafficking to the plasma membrane. These results also suggest that the subchronic administration of therapeutic-relevant concentrations of vortioxetine inhibits both astroglial L-glutamate and Cx43 expression in the plasma membrane via 5-HT7R downregulation but enhances Cx43 synthesis in the cytosol via 5-HT1AR downregulation. This combination of the downregulation of 5-HT1AR, 5-HT7R and Cx43 in the astroglial plasma membrane induced by subchronic vortioxetine administration suggest that astrocytes is possibly involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
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18
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu N, Ren S, Xia C, Yang X, Lou Y, Wang H, Zhang N, Yan X, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Chen N. Comparative Proteomic Characterization of Ventral Hippocampus in Susceptible and Resilient Rats Subjected to Chronic Unpredictable Stress. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:675430. [PMID: 34220431 PMCID: PMC8249003 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.675430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is an essential factor leading to depression. However, there exist individual differences in people exposed to the same stressful stimuli. Some people display negative psychology and behavior, while others are normal. Given the importance of individual difference, finding differentially expressed proteins in stress-resistant and stress-susceptible groups has great significance for the study of pathogenesis and treatment of depression. In this study, stress-susceptible rats and stress-resilient rats were first distinguished by sucrose preference test. These stress-susceptible rats also displayed depression-like behaviors in forced swimming test and open field test. Then, we employed label-free quantitative proteomics to analyze proteins in the ventral hippocampus. There were 4,848 proteins totally identified. Based on statistical analysis, we found 276 differentially expressed proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the biological processes of these differential proteins were related to mitochondrion organization, protein localization, coenzyme metabolic process, cerebral cortex tangential migration, vesicle-mediated transport, and so on. The KEGG pathways were mainly involved in metabolic pathways, axon guidance, autophagy, and tight junction. Furthermore, we ultimately found 20 stress-susceptible proteins and two stress-resilient proteins. These stress-related proteins could not only be potential biomarkers for depression diagnosis but also contribute to finding new therapeutic targets and providing personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Congyuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxia Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics, Clozapine, Quetiapine and Brexpiprazole on Astroglial Transmission Associated with Connexin43. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115623. [PMID: 34070699 PMCID: PMC8198373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, accumulating preclinical findings suggest the possibility that functional abnormalities of tripartite synaptic transmission play important roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and affective disorder. Therefore, to explore the novel mechanisms of mood-stabilizing effects associated with tripartite synaptic transmission, the present study determined the effects of mood-stabilizing antipsychotics, clozapine (CLZ), quetiapine (QTP) and brexpiprazole (BPZ), on the astroglial l-glutamate release and expression of connexin43 (Cx43) in the astroglial plasma membrane using cortical primary cultured astrocytes. Neither acute (for 120 min) nor subchronic (for 7 days) administrations of CLZ, QTP and BPZ affected basal astroglial l-glutamate release, whereas both acute and subchronic administration of CLZ, QTP and BPZ concentration-dependently enhanced astroglial l-glutamate release through activated hemichannels. Subchronic administration of therapeutic-relevant concentration of valproate (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibiting mood-stabilizing antiepileptic drug, enhanced the stimulatory effects of therapeutic-relevant concentration of CLZ, QTP and BPZ on astroglial l-glutamate release through activated hemichannel. Subchronic administration of therapeutic-relevant concentration of CLZ, QTP and BPZ did not affect Cx43 protein expression in the plasma membrane during resting stage. After subchronic administration of VPA, acute and subchronic administration of therapeutic-relevant concentrations of CLZ increased Cx43 protein expression in the plasma membrane. Both acute administrations of therapeutic-relevant concentrations of QTP and BPZ did not affect, but subchronic administrations enhanced Cx43 protein expression in the astroglial plasma membrane. Furthermore, protein kinase B (Akt) inhibitor suppressed the stimulatory effects of CLZ and QTP, but did not affect Cx43 protein expression in the astroglial plasma membrane. These results suggest that three mood-stabilizing atypical antipsychotics, CLZ, QTP and BPZ enhance tripartite synaptic glutamatergic transmission due to enhancement of astroglial Cx43 containing hemichannel activities; however, the Cx43 activating mechanisms of these three mood-stabilizing antipsychotics were not identical. The enhanced astroglial glutamatergic transmission induced by CLZ, QTP and BPZ is, at least partially, involved in the actions of these three mood-stabilizing antipsychotics.
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Jiang N, Huang H, Wang H, Lv J, Zeng G, Wang Q, Bao Y, Chen Y, Liu XM. The antidepressant-like effects of Shen Yuan: Dependence on hippocampal BDNF-TrkB signaling activation in chronic social defeat depression-like mice. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2711-2726. [PMID: 33474783 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The Shen Yuan prescription (SY) comprises Panax ginseng (GT) and Polygala tenuifolia (YT), elicited superior antidepressant activity compared with that of GT or YT alone. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the effects of SY treatment on chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced depression-like symptoms and the related mechanism. Our results indicated that SY treatment reverses the depressive-like behaviors induced by CSDS as measured by the social interaction test, sucrose preference test, forced swim test, and tail suspension test. SY decreased the serum levels of CORT and increased hippocampal neurotransmitters (5-HT, DA, and NE) in CSDS mice. Meanwhile, SY upregulated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway and reversed the decreased hippocampal neurogenesis caused by CSDS. In addition, we found that the TrkB antagonist K252a fully blocked the SY effects on behavioral improvement and eliminated the promoting effects of SY on hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF-TrkB signaling (including the downstream ERK and Akt pathways) activation, thus further demonstrating that BDNF-TrkB signaling was necessary for the SY effects. In conclusion, our study showed that SY acted as an antidepressant in mice exhibiting CSDS-induced depression-like symptoms, and its effect was facilitated by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Guirong Zeng
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/School of Pharmacy/Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Bao
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Kim Y, Cho SH. The effect of ginsenosides on depression in preclinical studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:420-432. [PMID: 34025135 PMCID: PMC8134838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many ginsenosides have been shown to be efficacious for major depressive disorder (MDD), which is a highly recurrent disorder, through several preclinical studies. We aimed to review the literature assessing the antidepressant effects of ginsenosides on MDD animal models, to establish systematic scientific evidence in a rigorous manner. METHODS We performed a systematic review on the antidepressant effects of ginsenoside evaluated in in vivo studies. We searched for preclinical trials from inception to July 2019 in electronic databases such as Pubmed and Embase. In vivo studies examining the effect of a single ginsenoside on animal models of primary depression were included. Items of each study were evaluated by two independent reviewers. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess behavioral changes induced by ginsenoside Rg1, which was the most studied ginsenoside. Data were pooled using the random-effects models. RESULTS A total of 517 studies were identified, and 23 studies were included in the final analysis. They reported on many ginsenosides with different antidepressant effects and biological mechanisms of action. Of the 12 included articles assessing ginsenoside Rg1, pooled results of forced swimming test from 9 articles (mean difference (MD): 20.50, 95% CI: 16.13-24.87), and sucrose preference test from 11 articles (MD: 28.29, 95% CI: 22.90-33.69) showed significant differences compared with vehicle treatment. The risk of bias of each study was moderate, but there was significant heterogeneity across studies. CONCLUSION These estimates suggest that ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rg1, reduces symptoms of depression, modulates underlying mechanisms, and can be a promising antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research group of Neuroscience, East-West Medical Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research group of Neuroscience, East-West Medical Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liang HY, Zhang PP, Zhang XL, Zheng YY, Huang YR, Zheng GQ, Lin Y. Preclinical systematic review of ginsenoside Rg1 for cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7549-7569. [PMID: 33686024 PMCID: PMC7993717 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng has been used for the treatment of aging and memory impairment for thousands of years. Several studies have found that ginsenoside Rg1, as one of the main active components of ginseng, could potentially improve cognitive function in several different animal models. A preclinical systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 for ameliorating cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease is reported here. We searched six databases from their inceptions to January 2019. Thirty-two studies were selected, which included a total of 1,643 animals. According to various cognitive behavioral tests, the results of the meta-analyses showed that ginsenoside Rg1 significantly improved cognitive behavioral impairments in most Alzheimer's disease models (P < 0.05), but there were no significant effects in animals with neuronal degeneration induced by chronic stress or in SAMP8 transgenic mice. The potential mechanisms included antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, amelioration of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology, synapse protection, and up-regulation of nerve cells via multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yong Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Pei-Pei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xi-Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yan-Ran Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Astroglial Connexin43 as a Potential Target for a Mood Stabiliser. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010339. [PMID: 33396966 PMCID: PMC7795839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders remain a major public health concern worldwide. Monoaminergic hypotheses of pathophysiology of bipolar and major depressive disorders have led to the development of monoamine transporter-inhibiting antidepressants for the treatment of major depression and have contributed to the expanded indications of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of bipolar disorders. In spite of psychopharmacological progress, current pharmacotherapy according to the monoaminergic hypothesis alone is insufficient to improve or prevent mood disorders. Recent approval of esketamine for treatment of treatment-resistant depression has attracted attention in psychopharmacology as a glutamatergic hypothesis of the pathophysiology of mood disorders. On the other hand, in the last decade, accumulated findings regarding the pathomechanisms of mood disorders emphasised that functional abnormalities of tripartite synaptic transmission play important roles in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. At first glance, the enhancement of astroglial connexin seems to contribute to antidepressant and mood-stabilising effects, but in reality, antidepressive and mood-stabilising actions are mediated by more complicated interactions associated with the astroglial gap junction and hemichannel. Indeed, several depressive mood-inducing stress stimulations suppress connexin43 expression and astroglial gap junction function, but enhance astroglial hemichannel activity. On the other hand, monoamine transporter-inhibiting antidepressants suppress astroglial hemichannel activity and enhance astroglial gap junction function, whereas several non-antidepressant mood stabilisers activate astroglial hemichannel activity. Based on preclinical findings, in this review, we summarise the effects of antidepressants, mood-stabilising antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants on astroglial connexin, and then, to establish a novel strategy for treatment of mood disorders, we reveal the current progress in psychopharmacology, changing the question from "what has been revealed?" to "what should be clarified?".
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24
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Ginsenoside Rg1 prevent and treat inflammatory diseases: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lin J, Huang HF, Yang SK, Duan J, Qu SM, Yuan B, Zeng Z. The effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 in hepatic ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury by inhibiting apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110398. [PMID: 32603889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury (HIRI) HIRI is a complex, multifactorial pathophysiological process and in liver surgery has been known to significantly affect disease prognosis, surgical success rates, and patient survival. Ginsenoside Rgl (Rgl) monomer is one of the main active ingredients of ginseng. Previous studies have demonstrated that Rgl exerts various pharmacological effects through several mechanisms including suppression of apoptosis-related proteins levels, downregulation of inflammatory mediators and as well as antioxidant, which effectively exerts an organ protective effect I/R-induced damage. However, the exact mechanisms of Rg1 on HIRI remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of Rg1 on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (HIRI) and explored its underlying molecular mechanism. A rat warm I/R injury model in vivo and an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-treated BRL-3A cell model in vitro were established after pretreating with Rg1(20 mg/kg). The results showed that Rg1 reduced the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). TUNEL staining showed that pretreated with Rg1 inhibited the apoptosis rate compared with the I/R group. Moreover, pretreated with Rg1 significantly reduced the expression of Cyt-C, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 to inhibit the cell apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis showed the MMP in the I/R group was significantly increased, whereas pretreated with Rg1 effectively stabilized the MMP compared with the I/R group. in vitro, the proliferation of BRL-3A cells was significantly decreased by the OGD/R treatment, while Rg1 effectively reversed this phenomenon. In addition, western blotting showed that the increase of Cyt-C, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 was inhibited by H2O2. These observations suggest that Rg1 exerts the protective effect by inhibiting the CypD protein-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Han-Fei Huang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Kun Yang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Duan
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Si-Ming Qu
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong Zeng
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Lou YX, Wang ZZ, Xia CY, Mou Z, Ren Q, Liu DD, Zhang X, Chen NH. The protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on depression may benefit from the gap junction function in hippocampal astrocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173309. [PMID: 32598952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the ginsenoside Rg1 can improve depressive symptoms in vitro and in vivo. However, the efficacy of Rg1on the hippocampal astrocyte gap junctions in depression are unclear. We mainly aimed to explore the relationship between Rg1, hippocampal astrocyte gap junctions and depression. Using primary cultured astrocytes, corticosterone (CORT) was used to induce stress. CORT (100 μM) significantly reduced the survival rate in astrocytes, and this effect was prevented by additional Rg1 administration. Interestingly, the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone (CBX) was able to revert this Rg1 effect. In in vivo models, one group was exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 47 days, while another group was bilaterally injected with CBX (100 μM) into the hippocampal CA1 region. Rats treated with Rg1 (20 mg/kg) showed an improvement in the sucrose preference and the forced swimming test in both models, indicating an antidepressive activity of Rg1. The levels of astrocyte gap junction connexin 43 (Cx43) were detected by immunofluorescence (IF) and western blotting. The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected by IF. The gap junctions in the hippocampal CA1 area were evaluated using dye transfer and electron microscopy. The reduction in Cx43 expression, the decrease in the Cx43 to GFAP ratio, the shorter dye diffusion distance, and the abnormal ultrastructure of gap junctions in rats exposed to CUS were markedly alleviated by concomitant Rg1 treatment. Taken together, the ginsenoside Rg1 could improve depression-like behavior in rats induced by astrocyte gap junction dysfunction in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zheng Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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27
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Connexin 43: A novel ginsenoside Rg1-sensitive target in a rat model of depression. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Qi R, Jiang R, Xiao H, Wang Z, He S, Wang L, Wang Y. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against d-galactose induced fatty liver disease in a mouse model via FOXO1 transcriptional factor. Life Sci 2020; 254:117776. [PMID: 32437790 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Rg1 is the most active component of traditional Chinese medicine ginseng, having anti-aging and anti-oxidative stress features in multiple organs. Cellular senescence of hepatocytes is involved in the progression of a wide spectrum of chronic liver diseases. In this study, we investigated the potential benefits and mechanism of action of Rg1 on aging-driven chronic liver diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group; Rg1 group; Rg1+d-gal group; and d-gal group. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected for determination of liver function, biochemical and molecular markers, as well as histopathological investigation. KEY FINDINGS Rg1 played an anti-aging role in reversing d-galactose induced increase in senescence-associated SA-β-gal staining and p53, p21 protein in hepatocytes of mice and sustained mitochondria homeostasis. Meanwhile, Rg1 protected livers from d-galactose caused abnormal elevation of ALT and AST in serum, hepatic steatosis, reduction in hepatic glucose production, hydrogenic degeneration, inflammatory phenomena including senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 elevation and lymphocyte infiltration. Furthermore, Rg1 suppressed drastic elevation in FOXO1 phosphorylation resulting in maintaining FOXO1 protein level in the liver after d-galactose treatment, followed by FOXO1 targeted antioxidase SOD and CAT significant up-regulation concurrent with marked decrease in lipid peroxidation marker MDA. SIGNIFICANCE Rg1 exerts pharmaceutic effects of maintaining FOXO1 activity in liver, which enhances anti-oxidation potential of Rg1 to ameliorate SASP and to inhibit inflammation, also promotes metabolic homeostasis, and thus protects livers from senescence induced fatty liver disease. The study provides a potential therapeutic strategy for alleviating chronic liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjia Qi
- Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hanxianzhi Xiao
- Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ziling Wang
- Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Siyuan He
- Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yaping Wang
- Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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29
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Jiang N, Lv J, Wang H, Huang H, Wang Q, Lu C, Zeng G, Liu XM. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates chronic social defeat stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal neuroinflammation. Life Sci 2020; 252:117669. [PMID: 32298740 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) is an ethologically relevant psychosocial stress animal model and has been widely used in depression studies. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is the major active ingredients of ginseng with low toxicity and neuroprotective effects. The present study aims to investigate the antidepressant effects of Rg1 in CSDS mice and explore its molecular mechanism. We found that Rg1 (20 or 40 mg/kg, i.g.) administration significantly alleviated depressive-like behaviors caused by 4-week CSDS exposure, as measured by social interaction test and sucrose preference test, tail suspension test and forced swim test. Additionally, Rg1 treatment inhibited CSDS-induced production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β, decreased the expression of iNOS, COX2, and caspase-9 and -3, and inhibited microglial activation (Iba1) in the hippocampus. Rg1 was found to significantly downregulate p-JNK1/2 and p-P38 MAPK levels, upregulate p-ERK1/2 levels and inhibit the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, Rg1 regulated SIRT1 and decreased the levels of acetylated p65 (ac-p65) in the hippocampus. Moreover, the reduction in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in CSDS mice was reversed by Rg1 treatment. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Rg1 prevents depressive-like behavior in CSDS-exposed mice, partially through the downregulation of hippocampal neuroinflammation and the upregulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and that these changes presumably occur through increased anti-inflammatory effects and the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine and neurotoxic mediator expression and microglial activation, which is partly mediated by the regulation of the MAPK and SIRT1 signaling pathways and results in the inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingwei Lv
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Affiliated TCM Hospital/School of Pharmacy/Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Cong Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guirong Zeng
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Jin Y, Cui R, Zhao L, Fan J, Li B. Mechanisms of Panax ginseng action as an antidepressant. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12696. [PMID: 31599060 PMCID: PMC6869450 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Panax ginseng, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with multiple pharmacological activities, plays a crucial role in modulating mood disorders. Several recent studies have identified an underlying role of Panax ginseng in the prevention and treatment of depression. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this review, we summarized the recent progress of antidepressant effects and underlying mechanisms of Panax ginseng and its representative herbal formulae. RESULTS The molecular and cellular mechanisms of Panax ginseng and its herbal formulae include modulating monoamine neurotransmitter system, upregulating the expression of neurotrophic factors, regulating the function of HPA axis, and anti-inflammatory action. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this review may provide theoretical bases and clinical applications for the treatment of depression by Panax ginseng and its representative herbal formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Huang X, Li N, Pu Y, Zhang T, Wang B. Neuroprotective Effects of Ginseng Phytochemicals: Recent Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:E2939. [PMID: 31416121 PMCID: PMC6720911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As our global population ages, the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is critical to our society. In recent years, researchers have begun to study the role of biologically active chemicals from plants and herbs to gain new inspiration and develop new therapeutic drugs. Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) is a famous Chinese herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological activities. It has been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. Extensive research over the years has shown that ginseng has potential as a neuroprotective drug, and its neuroprotective effects can be used to treat and prevent neurological damage or pathologically related diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, depression symptoms, and strokes). Moreover, evidence for the medicinal and health benefits of ginsenoside, its main active ingredient, in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, and current clinical results have not reported any serious adverse reactions to ginseng. Therefore, we briefly review the recent research and development on the beneficial effects and mechanisms of ginseng and its main active ingredient, ginsenoside, in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, hoping to provide some ideas for the discovery and identification of ginseng neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Research Institute of KPC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and debilitating illness that affects over 350 million people worldwide; however, current treatments have failed to cure or prevent the progress of depression. Increasing evidence suggests a crucial role for connexins in MDD. In this review, we have summarised recent accomplishments regarding the role of connexins, gap junctions, and hemichannels in the aetiology of MDD, and discussed the limitations of current research. A blockage of gap junctions or hemichannels induces depressive behaviour. Possible underlying mechanisms include the regulation of neurosecretory functions and synaptic activity by gap junctions and hemichannels. Gap junctions are functionally inhibited under stress conditions. Conversely, hemichannel permeability is increased. Antidepressants inhibit hemichannel permeability; however, they have contrasting effects on the function of gap junctions under normal conditions and can protect them against stress. In conclusion, the blockage of hemichannels concurrent with improvements in gap junction functionality might be potential targets for depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tohru Yamakuni
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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Bai S, Zhang X, Chen Z, Wang W, Hu Q, Liang Z, Shen P, Gui S, Zeng L, Liu Z, Chen J, Xie X, Huang H, Han Y, Wang H, Xie P. Insight into the metabolic mechanism of Diterpene Ginkgolides on antidepressant effects for attenuating behavioural deficits compared with venlafaxine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9591. [PMID: 28852120 PMCID: PMC5575021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a severe and chronic mental disorder, affecting about 322 million individuals worldwide. A recent study showed that diterpene ginkgolides (DG) have antidepressant-like effects on baseline behaviours in mice. Here, we examined the effects of DG and venlafaxine (VLX) in a chronic social defeat stress model of depression. Both DG and VLX attenuated stress-induced social deficits, despair behaviour and exploratory behaviour. To elucidate the metabolic changes underlying the antidepressive effects of DG and VLX, we investigated candidate functional pathways in the prefrontal cortex using a GC-MS-based metabolomics approach. Metabolic functions and pathways analysis revealed that DG and VLX affect protein biosynthesis and nucleotide metabolism to enhance cell proliferation, with DG having a weaker impact than VLX. Glutamate and aspartate metabolism played important roles in the antidepressant effects of DG and VLX. Tyrosine degradation and cell-to-cell signaling and interaction helped discriminate the two antidepressants. L-glutamic acid was negatively correlated, while hypoxanthine was positively correlated, with the social interaction ratio. Understanding the metabolic changes produced by DG and VLX should provide insight into the mechanisms of action of these drugs and aid in the development of novel therapies for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjie Bai
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingchuan Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zihong Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region people's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Peng Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siwen Gui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiongfei Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Han
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Gao Y, Chu S, Zhang Z, Chen N. Hepataprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 - A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 206:178-183. [PMID: 28427912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng has been used as efficient tonic and for the treatment of various diseases including hepatic disorders. Ginseng saponins, also known as ginsenosides, are principal constituents and have been treated to be responsible for disparate ginseng health benefits. The current review mainly focuses on ginsenoside Rg1, a compound isolated from traditional Chinese herbal medicine Panax ginseng Meyer. AIMS To summary the hepataprotective effects and related mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1, we conclude this review by combining the literature and our own researches. METHODS As evidenced, we organized the pharmacological function of ginsenoside Rg1 by searching the pubmed. It has been deeply studied and summarized in the field of neurobiology, however, in this paper we described the pharmacological function of Rg1 in liver related to antioxidative stress and anti-inflammation. R&D: Individual ginsenoside could be used since it shows a wide array of beneficial functions in the regulation and disorders of acute and chronic hepatotoxicity, hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in various pathways and different mechanisms. Of note, the antioxidant hepatic protection of ginsenoside Rg1 is mainly through the induction of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The multi-target actions of Rg1 substantiates it as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of hepatic impairment in different factors induced liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
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