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Verma C, Jain K, Saini A, Mani I, Singh V. Exploring the potential of drug repurposing for treating depression. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 207:79-105. [PMID: 38942546 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Researchers are interested in drug repurposing or drug repositioning of existing pharmaceuticals because of rising costs and slower rates of new medication development. Other investigations that authorized these treatments used data from experimental research and off-label drug use. More research into the causes of depression could lead to more effective pharmaceutical repurposing efforts. In addition to the loss of neurotransmitters like serotonin and adrenaline, inflammation, inadequate blood flow, and neurotoxins are now thought to be plausible mechanisms. Because of these other mechanisms, repurposing drugs has resulted for treatment-resistant depression. This chapter focuses on therapeutic alternatives and their effectiveness in drug repositioning. Atypical antipsychotics, central nervous system stimulants, and neurotransmitter antagonists have investigated for possible repurposing. Nonetheless, extensive research is required to ensure their formulation, effectiveness, and regulatory compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitenya Verma
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kritika Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Saini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, India.
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Zhang J, Sun R, Cai Y, Peng B, Yang X, Gao K. Efficacy and Safety of Antidiabetic Agents for Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1172. [PMID: 38398483 PMCID: PMC10889473 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of antidiabetic agents in the treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar depression. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antidiabetic agents in major depressive disorder or bipolar depression were searched in three electronic databases and three clinical trial registry websites from their inception up to October 2023. The differences in changes in the depression rating scale scores from baseline to endpoint or pre-defined sessions, response rate, remission rate, rate of side effects and dropout rate between antidiabetic agents and placebo were meta-analyzed. RESULTS Six RCTs involving 399 participants were included in the final meta-analysis, which did not find that antidiabetics outperformed the placebo in reducing depressive symptoms. The standardized mean difference (SMD) in the depression scores from baseline to endpoint was 0.25 (95% CI -0.1, 0.61). However, a subgroup analysis found a significant difference between antidiabetics and placebos in reducing depressive symptoms in Middle Eastern populations, with an SMD of 0.89 (95% CI 0.44, 1.34). CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis does not support the efficacy of antidiabetics being superior to the placebo in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. However, a subgroup analysis indicates that patients from the Middle East may benefit from adding an antidiabetic medication to their ongoing medication(s) for their depression. Larger studies with good-quality study designs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China; (J.Z.)
- Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 10524 Euclid Ave, 12th Floor, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rongyi Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yang Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Xi Yang
- Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Keming Gao
- Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 10524 Euclid Ave, 12th Floor, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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de Miranda AS, Macedo DS, Rocha NP, Teixeira AL. Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:107-122. [PMID: 36173067 PMCID: PMC10716884 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220927093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as mood disorders, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias, are associated to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders remain to be fully elucidated, which has hampered the development of effective therapies. The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) is classically viewed as a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis. The discovery that RAS components are expressed in the brain pointed out a potential role for this system in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. The understanding of RAS involvement in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders may contribute to identifying novel therapeutic targets. AIMS We aim to report current experimental and clinical evidence on the role of RAS in physiology and pathophysiology of mood disorders, schizophrenia, AD and related dementias. We also aim to discuss bottlenecks and future perspectives that can foster the development of new related therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSION The available evidence supports positive therapeutic effects for neuropsychiatric disorders with the inhibition/antagonism of the ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis or the activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis. Most of this evidence comes from pre-clinical studies and clinical studies lag much behind, hampering a potential translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva de Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIIM), Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research, and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Natalia P Rocha
- Department of Neurology, The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuropsychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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De Giorgi R, De Crescenzo F, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ, Cipriani A. Real-world outcomes of concomitant antidepressant and statin use in primary care patients with depression: a population-based cohort study. BMC Med 2023; 21:424. [PMID: 37936200 PMCID: PMC10631198 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants are licensed for use in depressive disorders, but non-response and poor adherence to treatment affect a considerable number of patients. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggest that statins can augment the effects of antidepressants. However, the acceptability and tolerability of combining statins with antidepressants are unclear, and their add-on efficacy has only been shown in small, short-term clinical trials. Observational data can provide complementary information about treatment effects on larger samples over longer follow-ups. In this study, we therefore assessed the real-world acceptability, tolerability, and efficacy of concomitant antidepressant and statin treatment in depression. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study investigating QResearch primary care research database, which comprises the anonymised electronic healthcare records of 35 + million patients over 1574 English general practices. Patients aged 18-100 years, registered between January 1998 and August 2020, diagnosed with a new episode of depression, and commencing an antidepressant were included. Using a between-subject design, we identified two study groups: antidepressant + statin versus antidepressant-only prescriptions. Outcomes of interest included the following: antidepressant treatment discontinuations due to any cause (acceptability) and due to any adverse event (tolerability) and effects on depressive symptoms (efficacy) measured as response, remission, and change in depression score on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. All outcomes were assessed at 2, 6, and 12 months using multivariable regression analyses, adjusted for relevant confounders, to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) or mean differences (aMDs) with 99% confidence intervals (99% CIs). RESULTS Compared to antidepressant-only (N 626,335), antidepressant + statin (N 46,482) was associated with higher antidepressant treatment acceptability (aOR2months 0.88, 99% CI 0.85 to 0.91; aOR6months 0.81, 99% CI 0.79 to 0.84; aOR12months 0.78, 99% CI 0.75 to 0.81) and tolerability (aOR2months 0.92, 99% CI 0.87 to 0.98; aOR6months 0.94, 99% CI 0.89 to 0.99, though not long term aOR12 months 1.02, 99% CI 0.97 to 1.06). Efficacy did not differ between groups (range aOR2-12 months 1.00 and 1.02 for response and remission, range aOR2-12 months - 0.01 and - 0.02 for change in depression score). CONCLUSIONS On real-world data, there is a positive correlation between antidepressant treatment adherence and statin use, partly explained by fewer dropouts due to adverse events. The main limitation of our study is its observational design, which restricts the potential to make causal inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo De Giorgi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Franco De Crescenzo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Philip J Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Andrea Cipriani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Precision Psychaitry Lab, Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kim J, Kim TE, Lee SH, Koo JW. The Role of Glutamate Underlying Treatment-resistant Depression. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:429-446. [PMID: 37424412 PMCID: PMC10335903 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.22.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine hypothesis has significantly improved our understanding of mood disorders and their treatment by linking monoaminergic abnormalities to the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Even 50 years after the monoamine hypothesis was established, some patients do not respond to treatments for depression, including selective serotonin reuptake drugs. Accumulating evidence shows that patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have severe abnormalities in the neuroplasticity and neurotrophic factor pathways, indicating that different treatment approaches may be necessary. Therefore, the glutamate hypothesis is gaining attention as a novel hypothesis that can overcome monoamine restrictions. Glutamate has been linked to structural and maladaptive morphological alterations in several brain areas associated with mood disorders. Recently, ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has shown efficacy in TRD treatment and has received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, revitalizing psychiatry research. However, the mechanism by which ketamine improves TRD remains unclear. In this review, we re-examined the glutamate hypothesis, bringing the glutamate system onboard to join the modulation of the monoamine systems, emphasizing the most prominent ketamine antidepressant mechanisms, such as NMDAR inhibition and NMDAR disinhibition in GABAergic interneurons. Furthermore, we discuss the animal models used in preclinical studies and the sex differences in the effects of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongseop Kim
- Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
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Machado-Vieira R, Courtes AC, Zarate CA, Henter ID, Manji HK. Non-canonical pathways in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of bipolar disorder. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1228455. [PMID: 37592949 PMCID: PMC10427509 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1228455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by extreme mood swings ranging from manic/hypomanic to depressive episodes. The severity, duration, and frequency of these episodes can vary widely between individuals, significantly impacting quality of life. Individuals with BD spend almost half their lives experiencing mood symptoms, especially depression, as well as associated clinical dimensions such as anhedonia, fatigue, suicidality, anxiety, and neurovegetative symptoms. Persistent mood symptoms have been associated with premature mortality, accelerated aging, and elevated prevalence of treatment-resistant depression. Recent efforts have expanded our understanding of the neurobiology of BD and the downstream targets that may help track clinical outcomes and drug development. However, as a polygenic disorder, the neurobiology of BD is complex and involves biological changes in several organelles and downstream targets (pre-, post-, and extra-synaptic), including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, altered monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems, lower neurotrophic factor levels, and changes in immune-inflammatory systems. The field has thus moved toward identifying more precise neurobiological targets that, in turn, may help develop personalized approaches and more reliable biomarkers for treatment prediction. Diverse pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches targeting neurobiological pathways other than neurotransmission have also been tested in mood disorders. This article reviews different neurobiological targets and pathophysiological findings in non-canonical pathways in BD that may offer opportunities to support drug development and identify new, clinically relevant biological mechanisms. These include: neuroinflammation; mitochondrial function; calcium channels; oxidative stress; the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) pathway; protein kinase C (PKC); brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); histone deacetylase (HDAC); and the purinergic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alan C. Courtes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ioline D. Henter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Husseini K. Manji
- Deparment of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Amasi-Hartoonian N, Pariante CM, Cattaneo A, Sforzini L. Understanding treatment-resistant depression using "omics" techniques: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2022; 318:423-455. [PMID: 36103934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) results in huge healthcare costs and poor patient clinical outcomes. Most studies have adopted a "candidate mechanism" approach to investigate TRD pathogenesis, however this is made more challenging due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of this condition. High-throughput "omics" technologies can provide a more holistic view and further insight into the underlying mechanisms involved in TRD development, expanding knowledge beyond already-identified mechanisms. This systematic review assessed the information from studies that examined TRD using hypothesis-free omics techniques. METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched on July 2022. 37 human studies met the eligibility criteria, totalling 17,518 TRD patients, 571,402 healthy controls and 62,279 non-TRD depressed patients (including antidepressant responders and untreated MDD patients). RESULTS Significant findings were reported that implicate the role in TRD of various molecules, including polymorphisms, genes, mRNAs and microRNAs. The pathways most commonly reported by the identified studies were involved in immune system and inflammation, neuroplasticity, calcium signalling and neurotransmitters. LIMITATIONS Small sample sizes, variability in defining TRD, and heterogeneity in study design and methodology. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide insight into TRD pathophysiology, proposing future research directions for novel drug targets and potential biomarkers for clinical staging and response to antidepressants (citalopram/escitalopram in particular) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Further validation is warranted in large prospective studies using standardised TRD criteria. A multi-omics and systems biology strategy with a collaborative effort will likely deliver robust findings for translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nare Amasi-Hartoonian
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Carmine Maria Pariante
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK; National Institute for Health and Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, UK
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Sforzini
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK
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De Giorgi R, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. Statins in depression: a repurposed medical treatment can provide novel insights in mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:699-714. [PMID: 36786109 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Depression has a large burden, but the development of new drugs for its treatment has proved difficult. Progresses in neuroscience have highlighted several physiopathological pathways, notably inflammatory and metabolic ones, likely involved in the genesis of depressive symptoms. A novel strategy proposes to repurpose established medical treatments of known safety and to investigate their potential antidepressant activity. Among numerous candidates, growing evidence suggests that statins may have a positive role in the treatment of depressive disorders, although some have raised concerns about possible depressogenic effects of these widely prescribed medications. This narrative review summarises relevant findings from translational studies implicating many interconnected neurobiological and neuropsychological, cardiovascular, endocrine-metabolic, and immunological mechanisms by which statins could influence mood. Also, the most recent clinical investigations on the effects of statins in depression are presented. Overall, the use of statins for the treatment of depressive symptoms cannot be recommended based on the available literature, though this might change as several larger, methodologically robust studies are being conducted. Nevertheless, statins can already be acknowledged as a driver of innovation in mental health, as they provide a novel perspective to the physical health of people with depression and for the development of more precise antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo De Giorgi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cai L, Tao Q, Li W, Zhu X, Cui C. The anti-anxiety/depression effect of a combined complex of casein hydrolysate and γ-aminobutyric acid on C57BL/6 mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:971853. [PMID: 36245498 PMCID: PMC9554304 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.971853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of a series of adverse side effects of drugs for anxiety/depression on the market at present, it is imminent to extract and develop novel anti-anxiety and depression drugs from plants and proteins (like casein hydrolysate) as adjuncts or substitutes for existing anti-anxiety and depression drugs. Consequently, this study investigated the improvement of the anxiety/depression function by the compound of casein hydrolysate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (casein hydrolysate: GABA = 4:1; CCHAA) on mice induced by chronic restraint stress-corticosterone injection. Animal experiments revealed that oral gavage administration of CCHAA significantly reversed the anxiety/depression-like behaviors. Compared to the model control group, body weights were increased after treatment with CCHAA groups [1.5, 0.75 mg/(g⋅d)]. As a diagnostic index of anxiety and depression, we assessed GABA and 5-HT levels in response to CCHAA ingestion. The GABA and 5-HT levels were increasingly enhanced by the CCHAA diet. In addition, histopathological changes in the hippocampus CA3 region of the anxious/depressed mice were also alleviated after the treatment with the CCHAA. Thus, the casein hydrolysate and GABA formula diets may induce beneficial effects on the mice with anxiety/depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Infinitus (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Infinitus (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiping Zhu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiping Zhu,
| | - Chun Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Weiwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
- Chun Cui,
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Taliaz D, Serretti A. Investigation of Psychoactive Medications: Challenges and a Practical and Scalable New Path. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-124837. [PMID: 35762546 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220628103843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades the validity of clinical trials in psychiatry has been subject to discussion. The most accepted clinical study method in the medical area, randomized controlled trial (RCT), faces significant problems when applied to the psychiatric world. One of the causes for this scenario is the strict participant inclusion and exclusion criteria that may not represent the real world. The inconsistency of the different endpoint parameters that are used in the field is another cause. We think that psychiatric RCTs' challenges, together with the underlying complexity of psychiatry, lead to a problematic clinical practice. Today, psychoactive drugs are routinely tested not in an official clinical trial setting. Off-label psychoactive drugs are commonly prescribed, and other substances, such as herbal remedies, are also regularly consumed. Learning from those real-life experiments can teach us useful lessons. Real-world data (RWD) includes information about heterogeneous patient populations, and it can be measured with standardized parameters. Collecting RWD can also address the need for systematically documenting and sharing case reports' outcomes. We suggest using digital tools to capture objective and continuous behavioral data from patients passively. New conclusions will be constantly drawn, possibly allowing more personalized treatment outcomes. The relevant next-generation decision support tools are already available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekel Taliaz
- 2 Prof. Yehezkel Kaufmann Street, Textile Center (15th Floor), Tel Aviv 6801294, Israel
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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Anwar S, DasGupta D, Azum N, Alfaifi SY, Asiri AM, Alhumaydhi FA, Alsagaby SA, Sharaf SE, Shahwan M, Hassan MI. Inhibition of PDK3 by artemisinin, a repurposed antimalarial drug in cancer therapy. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Ramos-da-Silva L, Carlson PT, Silva-Costa LC, Martins-de-Souza D, de Almeida V. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Antidepressant Treatment on Major Depression. Complex Psychiatry 2021; 7:49-59. [PMID: 35813936 PMCID: PMC8739385 DOI: 10.1159/000518098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and multifactorial psychiatric disorder that causes serious health, social, and economic concerns worldwide. The main treatment of the symptoms is through antidepressant (AD) drugs. However, not all patients respond properly to these drugs. Omic sciences are widely used to analyze not only biomarkers for the AD response but also their molecular mechanism. In this review, we aimed to focus on omics data to better understand the molecular mechanisms involving AD effects on MDD. We consistently found, from preclinical to clinical data, that glutamatergic transmission, immune/inflammatory processes, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism were associated with traditional and potential new ADs. Despite efforts of studies investigating biomarkers of response to ADs, which could contribute to personalized treatment, there is no biomarker panel available for clinical application. From clinical genomic studies, we found that the main findings contribute to the development of pharmacogenomic tests for AD efficacy for each patient. Several studies pointed at DRD2, PXDNL, CACNA1E, and CACNA2D1 genes as potential targets for MDD treatment and the efficacy and rapid-antidepressant effect of ketamine. Finally, more in-depth studies of the molecular targets pointed here are needed to determine the clinical relevance and provide further evidence for precision MDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Ramos-da-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pamela T. Carlson
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licia C. Silva-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Fabbri C. An interview with Dr Chiara Fabbri: pharmacogenomics and drug repurposing for treatment-resistant depression. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:1107-1109. [PMID: 34761695 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fabbri
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Transcriptome-wide association study of treatment-resistant depression and depression subtypes for drug repurposing. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1821-1829. [PMID: 34158615 PMCID: PMC8357803 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the single largest contributor to global disability and up to 20-30% of patients do not respond to at least two antidepressants (treatment-resistant depression, TRD). This study leveraged imputed gene expression in TRD to perform a drug repurposing analysis. Among those with MDD, we defined TRD as having at least two antidepressant switches according to primary care records in UK Biobank (UKB). We performed a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of TRD (n = 2165) vs healthy controls (n = 11,188) using FUSION and gene expression levels from 21 tissues. We identified compounds with opposite gene expression signatures (ConnectivityMap data) compared to our TWAS results using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman and Pearson correlation. As symptom patterns are routinely assessed in clinical practice and could be used to provide targeted treatments, we identified MDD subtypes associated with TRD in UKB and analysed them using the same pipeline described for TRD. Anxious MDD (n = 14,954) and MDD with weight gain (n = 4697) were associated with TRD. In the TWAS, two genes were significantly dysregulated (TMEM106B and ATP2A1 for anxious and weight gain MDD, respectively). A muscarinic receptor antagonist was identified as top candidate for repurposing in TRD; inhibition of heat shock protein 90 was the main mechanism of action identified for anxious MDD, while modulators of metabolism such as troglitazone showed promising results for MDD with weight gain. This was the first TWAS of TRD and associated MDD subtypes. Our results shed light on possible pharmacological approaches in individuals with difficult-to-treat depression.
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Drug Repurposing for the Management of Depression: Where Do We Stand Currently? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080774. [PMID: 34440518 PMCID: PMC8398872 DOI: 10.3390/life11080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A slow rate of new drug discovery and higher costs of new drug development attracted the attention of scientists and physicians for the repurposing and repositioning of old medications. Experimental studies and off-label use of drugs have helped drive data for further studies of approving these medications. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of depression encourages novel discoveries through drug repurposing and drug repositioning to treat depression. In addition to reducing neurotransmitters like epinephrine and serotonin, other mechanisms such as inflammation, insufficient blood supply, and neurotoxicants are now considered as the possible involved mechanisms. Considering the mentioned mechanisms has resulted in repurposed medications to treat treatment-resistant depression (TRD) as alternative approaches. This review aims to discuss the available treatments and their progress way during repositioning. Neurotransmitters’ antagonists, atypical antipsychotics, and CNS stimulants have been studied for the repurposing aims. However, they need proper studies in terms of formulation, matching with regulatory standards, and efficacy.
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Abstract
The major problems with cancer therapy are drug-induced side effects. There is an urgent need for safe anti-tumor drugs. Artemisinin is a Chinese herbal remedy for malaria with efficacy and safety. However, several studies reported that artemisinin causes neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity in animal models. Recently, nanostructured drug delivery systems have been designed to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity. Artemisinin has been reported to show anticancer properties. The anticancer effects of artemisinin appear to be mediated by inducing cell cycle arrest, promoting ferroptosis and autophagy, inhibiting cell metastasis. Therefore, the review is to concentrate on mechanisms and molecular targets of artemisinin as anti-tumor agents. We believe these will be important topics in realizing the potential of artemisinin and its derivatives as potent anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Oliva V, Lippi M, Paci R, Del Fabro L, Delvecchio G, Brambilla P, De Ronchi D, Fanelli G, Serretti A. Gastrointestinal side effects associated with antidepressant treatments in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109:110266. [PMID: 33549697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal side effects (SEs) are frequently observed in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) while taking antidepressants and may lead to treatment discontinuation. The aim of this meta-analysis is to provide quantitative measures on short-term rates of gastrointestinal SEs in MDD patients treated with second-generation antidepressants. An electronic search of the literature was conducted by using MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science - Web of Science Core Collection, and Cochrane Library databases. Eligible studies had to focus on the use of at least one of 15 antidepressants commonly used in MDD (i.e., agomelatine, bupropion, citalopram, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, levomilnacipran, mirtazapine, paroxetine, reboxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and vortioxetine) and report data on treatment-emergent gastrointestinal SEs (i.e. nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, anorexia, increased appetite and dry mouth) within 12 weeks of treatment. Overall, 304 studies were included in the meta-analyses. All the considered antidepressants showed higher rates of gastrointestinal SEs than placebo. Escitalopram and sertraline were shown to be the least tolerated antidepressants on the gastrointestinal tract, being associated with all the considered SEs with the exception of constipation and increased appetite, while mirtazapine was shown to be the antidepressant with fewer side effects on the gut, being only associated with increased appetite. In conclusion, commonly used antidepressants showed different profiles of gastrointestinal SEs, possibly related to their mechanisms of action. The specific tolerability profile of each compound should be considered by clinicians when prescribing antidepressants in order to improve adherence to treatment and increase positive outcomes in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Oliva
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Lippi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Paci
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Del Fabro
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fanelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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18
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Diaz AP, Fernandes BS, Quevedo J, Sanches M, Soares JC. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: concepts and challenges for novel interventions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 44:178-186. [PMID: 34037084 PMCID: PMC9041963 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant bipolar depression (TRBD) has been reported in about one-quarter of patients with bipolar disorders, and few interventions have shown clear and established effectiveness. We conducted a narrative review of the published medical literature to identify papers discussing treatment-resistant depression concepts and novel interventions for bipolar depression that focus on TRBD. We searched for potentially relevant English-language articles published in the last decade. Selected articles (based on the title and abstract) were retrieved for a more detailed evaluation. A number of promising new interventions, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, are being investigated for TRBD treatment, including ketamine, lurasidone, D-cycloserine, pioglitazone, N-acetylcysteine, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, magnetic seizure therapy, intermittent theta-burst stimulation, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation therapy, and deep brain stimulation. Although there is no consensus about the concept of TRBD, better clarification of the neurobiology associated with treatment non-response could help identify novel strategies. More research is warranted, mainly focusing on personalizing current treatments to optimize response and remission rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Diaz
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brisa S Fernandes
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joao Quevedo
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.,Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Marsal Sanches
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Borczyk M, Piechota M, Rodriguez Parkitna J, Korostynski M. Prospects for personalization of depression treatment with genome sequencing. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:4220-4232. [PMID: 33786859 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder varies considerably between patients. With these interindividual differences and a number of antidepressants to choose from, the first choice of treatment often fails to produce improvement in the patient's condition. A substantial part of the variation in response to antidepressants can be explained by genetic factors. Accordingly, variants related to drug metabolism in two pharmacogenes, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, have already been translated into guidelines for antidepressant prescriptions. The role of variants in other genes that influence antidepressant responses is not yet understood. Furthermore, rare and individual variants account for a substantial part of genetic differences in antidepressant efficacy. Recent years have brought a tremendous increase in the accessibility of genome sequencing in terms of data availability and its clinical use. In this review, we summarize recent developments and current issues in the personalization of major depressive disorder treatment through pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Borczyk
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Piechota
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Rodriguez Parkitna
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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