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Cavallino L, Florencia Scaia M, Gabriela Pozzi A, Eugenia Pedreira M. Recognizing the opponent: The consolidation of long-term social memory in zebrafish males. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 212:107939. [PMID: 38762038 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Recognizing and remembering another individual in a social context could be beneficial for individual fitness. Especially in agonistic encounters, remembering an opponent and the previous fight could allow for avoiding new conflicts. Considering this, we hypothesized that this type of social interaction forms a long-term recognition memory lasting several days. It has been shown that a second encounter 24 h later between the same pair of zebrafish males is resolved with lower levels of aggression. Here, we evaluated if this behavioral change could last for longer intervals and a putative mechanism associated with memory storage: the recruitment of NMDA receptors. We found that if a pair of zebrafish males fight and fight again 48 or 72 h later, they resolve the second encounter with lower levels of aggression. However, if opponents were exposed to MK-801 (NMDA receptor antagonist) immediately after the first encounter, they solved the second one with the same levels of aggression: that is, no reduction in aggressive behaviors was observed. These amnesic effect suggest the formation of a long-term social memory related to recognizing a particular opponent and/or the outcome and features of a previous fight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Cavallino
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y comportamiento en peces y anfibios, DBBE, IBBEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina; Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 4°, Laboratorio26 (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - María Florencia Scaia
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y comportamiento en peces y anfibios, DBBE, IBBEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina; Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 4°, Laboratorio26 (C1428EHA), Argentina
| | - Andrea Gabriela Pozzi
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y comportamiento en peces y anfibios, DBBE, IBBEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina; Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 4°, Laboratorio26 (C1428EHA), Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Pedreira
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Pan TY, Pan YJ, Tsai SJ, Tsai CW, Yang FY. Focused Ultrasound Stimulates the Prefrontal Cortex and Prevents MK-801-Induced Psychiatric Symptoms of Schizophrenia in Rats. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:120-131. [PMID: 37301986 PMCID: PMC10754174 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Treatment of schizophrenia remains a major challenge. Recent studies have focused on glutamatergic signaling hypoactivity through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) improves behavioral deficits and ameliorates neuropathology in dizocilpine (MK-801)-treated rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of LIPUS against psychiatric symptoms and anxiety-like behaviors. STUDY DESIGN Rats assigned to 4 groups were pretreated with or without LIPUS for 5 days. The open field and prepulse inhibition tests were performed after saline or MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg) administration. Then, the neuroprotective effects of LIPUS on the MK-801-treated rats were evaluated using western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. STUDY RESULTS LIPUS stimulation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) prevented deficits in locomotor activity and sensorimotor gating and improved anxiety-like behavior. MK-801 downregulated the expression of NR1, the NMDA receptor, in rat medial PFC (mPFC). NR1 expression was significantly higher in animals receiving LIPUS pretreatment compared to those receiving only MK-801. In contrast, a significant increase in c-Fos-positive cells in the mPFC and ventral tegmental area was observed in the MK-801-treated rats compared to those receiving only saline; this change was suppressed by pretreatment with LIPUS. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new evidence for the role of LIPUS stimulation in regulating the NMDA receptor and modulating c-Fos activity, which makes it a potentially valuable antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Pan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wen Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Tang C, Li Z, Aihaiti A, Wang C. Exposure of embryos to fenbuconazole causes persistent neurotoxicity in adult zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140728. [PMID: 37981021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the persistent effects of embryonic exposure to fenbuconazole (FBZ), a triazole fungicide, on neurobehaviour in zebrafish were investigated. After exposure of fertilized eggs to FBZ for 72 h (h), the larvae were cultured to adulthood in clean water. In adult zebrafish embryonically exposed to 50 and 500 ng L-1 FBZ, the ratio of brain weight/body weight was significantly decreased, and the number of apoptotic cells in the brain was significantly increased, accompanied by upregulated protein levels of P53 and downregulated levels of BCL2. The novel tank test showed a significant reduction in the moved distance and speed, and a longer period of adaptation to new environments in the 500 ng L-1 group. The social preference experiment showed impaired social interaction behaviour and reduced time of aggregation in the 500 ng L-1 group. Increased dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain might be responsible for this anxiety-like behaviour. In addition to upregulated protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and β2-adrenoceptor, the transcription of genes related to dopamine and norepinephrine synthesis in the brain such as th1, th2, ddc, drd1b, dat, and dbh, was increased. The methylation levels of related genes were reduced, which were matched with their increased transcriptional levels. These results demonstrate that embryonic FBZ exposure might cause persistent neurotoxicity in adulthood, which suggests the rational cautious use of FBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Zihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Ailifeire Aihaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
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Perdikaris P, Prouska P, Dermon CR. Social withdrawal and anxiety-like behavior have an impact on zebrafish adult neurogenesis. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1244075. [PMID: 37908201 PMCID: PMC10614005 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1244075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulating evidence highlights the key role of adult neurogenesis events in environmental challenges, cognitive functions and mood regulation. Abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in anxiety-like behaviors and social impairments, but the possible mechanisms remain elusive. Methods The present study questioned the contribution of altered excitation/inhibition as well as excessive neuroinflammation in regulating the neurogenic processes within the Social Decision-Making (SDM) network, using an adult zebrafish model displaying NMDA receptor hypofunction after sub-chronic MK-801 administration. For this, the alterations in cell proliferation and newborn cell densities were evaluated using quantitative 5-Bromo-2'-Deoxyuridine (BrdU) methodology. Results In short-term survival experiments. MK-801-treated zebrafish displayed decreased cell proliferation pattern within distinct neurogenic zones of telencephalic and preoptic SDM nodes, in parallel to the social withdrawal and anxiety-like comorbidity. BrdU+ cells co-expressed the pro-inflammatory marker IL-1β solely in MK-801-treated zebrafish, indicating a role of inflammation. Following the cessation of drug treatment, significant increases in the BrdU+ cell densities were accompanied by the normalization of the social and anxiety-like phenotype. Importantly, most labeled cells in neurogenic zones showed a radial glial phenotype while a population of newborn cells expressed the early neuronal marker TOAD or mGLuR5, the latter suggesting the possible involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in neurogenic events. Discussion Overall, our results indicate the role of radial glial cell proliferation in the overlapping pathologies of anxiety and social disorders, observed in many neuropsychiatric disorders and possibly represent potential novel targets for amelioration of these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine R. Dermon
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Natsaridis E, Perdikaris P, Fokos S, Dermon CR. Neuronal and Astroglial Localization of Glucocorticoid Receptor GRα in Adult Zebrafish Brain ( Danio rerio). Brain Sci 2023; 13:861. [PMID: 37371341 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα), a ligand-regulated transcription factor, mainly activated by cortisol in humans and fish, mediates neural allostatic and homeostatic functions induced by different types of acute and chronic stress, and systemic inflammation. Zebrafish GRα is suggested to have multiple transcriptional effects essential for normal development and survival, similarly to mammals. While sequence alignments of human, monkey, rat, and mouse GRs have shown many GRα isoforms, we questioned the protein expression profile of GRα in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain using an alternative model for stress-related neuropsychiatric research, by means of Western blot, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. Our results identified four main GRα-like immunoreactive bands (95 kDa, 60 kDa, 45 kDa and 35 kDa), with the 95 kDa protein showing highest expression in forebrain compared to midbrain and hindbrain. GRα showed a wide distribution throughout the antero-posterior zebrafish brain axis, with the most prominent labeling within the telencephalon, preoptic, hypothalamus, midbrain, brain stem, central grey, locus coeruleus and cerebellum. Double immunofluorescence revealed that GRα is coexpressed in TH+, β2-AR+ and vGLUT+ neurons, suggesting the potential of GRα influences on adrenergic and glutamatergic transmission. Moreover, GRα was co-localized in midline astroglial cells (GFAP+) within the telencephalon, hypothalamus and hindbrain. Interestingly, GRα expression was evident in the brain regions involved in adaptive stress responses, social behavior, and sensory and motor integration, supporting the evolutionarily conserved features of glucocorticoid receptors in the zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Natsaridis
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Perdikaris
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Stefanos Fokos
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Catherine R Dermon
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Perdikaris P, Dermon CR. Altered GABAergic, glutamatergic and endocannabinoid signaling is accompanied by neuroinflammatory response in a zebrafish model of social withdrawal behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1120993. [PMID: 37284463 PMCID: PMC10239971 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1120993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Deficits in social communication are in the core of clinical symptoms characterizing many neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. The occurrence of anxiety-related behavior, a common co-morbid condition in individuals with impairments in social domain, suggests the presence of overlapping neurobiological mechanisms between these two pathologies. Dysregulated excitation/inhibition balance and excessive neuroinflammation, in specific neural circuits, are proposed as common etiological mechanisms implicated in both pathologies. Methods and Results In the present study we evaluated changes in glutamatergic/GABAergic neurotransmission as well as the presence of neuroinflammation within the regions of the Social Decision-Making Network (SDMN) using a zebrafish model of NMDA receptor hypofunction, following sub-chronic MK-801 administration. MK-801-treated zebrafish are characterized by impaired social communication together with increased anxiety levels. At the molecular level, the behavioral phenotype was accompanied by increased mGluR5 and GAD67 but decreased PSD-95 protein expression levels in telencephalon and midbrain. In parallel, MK-801-treated zebrafish exhibited altered endocannabinoid signaling as indicated by the upregulation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in the telencephalon. Interestingly, glutamatergic dysfunction was positively correlated with social withdrawal behavior whereas defective GABAergic and endocannabinoid activity were positively associated with anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, neuronal and astrocytic IL-1β expression was increased in regions of the SDMN, supporting the role of neuroinflammatory responses in the manifestation of MK-801 behavioral phenotype. Colocalization of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) with β2-adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) underlies the possible influence of noradrenergic neurotransmission to increased IL-1β expression in comorbidity between social deficits and elevated anxiety comorbidity. Discussion Overall, our results indicate the contribution of altered excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission as well as excessive neuroinflammatory responses in the manifestation of social deficits and anxiety-like behavior of MK-801-treated fish, identifying possible novel targets for amelioration of these symptoms.
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Wang YH, Wang YQ, Yu XG, Lin Y, Liu JX, Wang WY, Yan CH. Chronic environmental inorganic arsenic exposure causes social behavioral changes in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161296. [PMID: 36592900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a metalloid commonly found worldwide. Environmental As exposure may cause potential health hazards and behavioral changes in humans and animals. However, the effects of environmental As concentrations on social behavior, especially during the juvenile stage, are unclear. In this study, we observed behavioral changes in juvenile zebrafish after 28 days of exposure to inorganic As (NaAsO2 100 and 500 ppb) in water, especially anxiety and social deficits. Additionally, the level of oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain after As treatment increased, the content of dopamine (DA) decreased, and the transcription level of genes involved in DA metabolism with the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) increased. Oxidative stress is a recognized mechanism of nerve damage induced by As exposure. The zebrafish were exposed to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to reduce As exposure-induced oxidative stress. The results showed improvements in social behavior, DA content, MAO activity, and gene transcription in zebrafish. In conclusion, environmental As exposure can induce behavioral abnormalities, such as anxiety and social deficits in zebrafish, which may be caused by As-induced oxidative stress altering gene transcription levels, causing an increase in MAO activity and a decrease in DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ya-Qian Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Yu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yin Lin
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun-Xia Liu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei-Ye Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chong-Huai Yan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Maciag M, Plazinski W, Pulawski W, Kolinski M, Jozwiak K, Plazinska A. A comprehensive pharmacological analysis of fenoterol and its derivatives to unravel the role of β 2-adrenergic receptor in zebrafish. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114355. [PMID: 36739761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) belong to a key molecular targets that regulate the most important processes occurring in the human organism. Although over the last decades a zebrafish model has been developed as a model complementary to rodents in biomedical research, the role of β2AR in regulation of pathological and toxicological effects remains to elucidate. Therefore, the study aimed to clarify the role of β2AR with a particular emphasis on the distinct role of subtypes A and B of zebrafish β2AR. As model compounds selective β2AR agonists - (R,R)-fenoterol ((R,R)-Fen) and its new derivatives: (R,R)-4'-methoxyfenoterol ((R,R)-MFen) and (R,R)-4'-methoxy-1-naphtylfenoterol ((R,R)-MNFen) - were tested. We described dose-dependent changes observed after fenoterols exposure in terms of general toxicity, cardiotoxicity and neurobehavioural responses. Subsequently, to better characterise the role of β2-adrenergic stimulation in zebrafish, we have performed a series of molecular docking simulations. Our results indicate that (R,R)-Fen displays the highest affinity for subtype A of zebrafish β2AR and β2AAR might be involved in pigment depletion. (R,R)-MFen shows the lowest affinity for zebrafish β2ARs out of the tested fenoterols and this might be associated with its cardiotoxic and anxiogenic effects. (R,R)-MNFen displays the highest affinity for subtype B of zebrafish β2AR and modulation of this receptor might be associated with the development of malformations, increases locomotor activity and induces a negative chronotropic effect. Taken together, the presented data offer insights into the functional responses of the zebrafish β2ARs confirming their intraspecies conservation, and support the translation of the zebrafish model in pharmacological and toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Maciag
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Plazinski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 8 Niezapominajek Street, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pulawski
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, e Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kolinski
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, e Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anita Plazinska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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Anxiolytic-like Effect of Inhaled Cinnamon Essential Oil and Its Main Component Cinnamaldehyde in Animal Models. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227997. [PMID: 36432096 PMCID: PMC9693619 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aromatherapy is one of the most common safer alternative treatments for psychiatric disorders with fewer side effects than conventional drugs. Here, we investigated the effects of cinnamon essential oil (CIEO) inhalation on mouse behaviors by performing different behavioral tests. CIEO inhalation showed anxiolytic effects in the elevated plus maze test, as inferred from increased time spent in open arms and decreased time spent in closed arms. Moreover, the CIEO treatment enhanced social behavior by increasing the total contact number, time spent in the center, distance traveled in the center, and total distance in the social interaction test. However, CIEO inhalation did not have any effect on performance in the open field test, tail suspension test, forced swimming test, and Y maze tests. The microarray analysis indicated that the CIEO treatment downregulated 17 genes and upregulated 15 genes in the hippocampus. Among them, Dcc, Egr2, and Fos are the most crucial genes that are involved in anxiety-related biological processes and pathways, including the regulation of neuronal death and neuroinflammation. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed that cinnamaldehyde is the main component of CIEO. Cinnamaldehyde recovered MK-801-induced anxiety-related changes in the electroencephalogram power spectrum in zebrafish. Taken together, our findings suggest that CIEO and its main component cinnamaldehyde have an anxiolytic effect through the regulation of the expression of genes related to neuroinflammatory response and neuronal death.
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Białoń M, Wąsik A. Advantages and Limitations of Animal Schizophrenia Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115968. [PMID: 35682647 PMCID: PMC9181262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental illness modeling is still a major challenge for scientists. Animal models of schizophrenia are essential to gain a better understanding of the disease etiopathology and mechanism of action of currently used antipsychotic drugs and help in the search for new and more effective therapies. We can distinguish among pharmacological, genetic, and neurodevelopmental models offering various neuroanatomical disorders and a different spectrum of symptoms of schizophrenia. Modeling schizophrenia is based on inducing damage or changes in the activity of relevant regions in the rodent brain (mainly the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus). Such artificially induced dysfunctions approximately correspond to the lesions found in patients with schizophrenia. However, notably, animal models of mental illness have numerous limitations and never fully reflect the disease state observed in humans.
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