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Zahova S, Tuleshkov P, Troev K, Mitova V. Value-Added Products Derived from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Glycolysis. Molecules 2024; 29:4261. [PMID: 39275109 PMCID: PMC11397719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Among polymer wastes, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is the most important commercial thermoplastic polyester. Less than 30% of total PET production is recycled into new products. Therefore, large amounts of waste PET need to be recycled. We describe a feasible approach for the direct application of the glycolysis products of PET (GP-PET), without further purification, for the synthesis of value-added products. It was established that GP-PET is valorized via phosphorylation with phenylphosphonic dichloride (PPD), as well as with trimethyl phosphate (TMP). When PPD is used, a condensation reaction takes place with the evolution of hydrogen chloride. During the interaction between GP-PET and TMP, the following reactions take place simultaneously: a transesterification with the participation of the hydroxyl group of GP-PET and the methoxy group of TMP and an exchange reaction between the ester group of GP-PET and the methyl ester group of TMP. The occurrence of the exchange reaction was confirmed by 1H, 31P, 13C NMR, and GPC analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the percentage of a carbon residual (CR) implies the possibility of using the end products as flame retardant (FR) additives, especially for polyurethanes as well as thermal stabilizers of polymer materials or Li-ion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zahova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Pencho Tuleshkov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Kolio Troev
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Mitova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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2
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Liu Z, Yang Y, Xie M, Cheng M, Yang R, Huang Z, Zhou T, Zhao Y, Yang J, Die Q, Li B. TG-FTIR-Py-GCMS analysis and catalytic pyrolysis mechanism of textile waste by red mud catalyst for liquid fuel production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175874. [PMID: 39218112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The substantial generation of textile waste (TW) and red mud (RM) has resulted in significant resource wastage and environmental challenges. Co-utilization technology of solid waste is an effective approach to improve waste utilization efficiency. In this study, RM catalytic pyrolysis experiments of TW were conducted using TG-FTIR and Py-GC-MS for liquid fuel production, and TW and RM were recycled simultaneously. At the optimal experimental conditions (temperature of 600 °C and feed catalyst ratio of 2:1), the tar yield and higher heating value (HHV) of TW pyrolysis catalyzed by RM were 73.43 wt% and 32.34 kJ/g, respectively. Additionally, experiments on the pyrolysis of various TW types revealed that LDPE and PP are suitable for tar production, while cotton, nylon, and PET are more suitable as feedstock for syngas production. The RM catalytic pyrolysis mechanism of textile waste is that Fe2O3 in RM exhibits significant catalytic activity in enhancing tar and syngas yields. However, during the catalytic process, Fe2O3 undergoes reduction to Fe3O4, resulting in diminished catalytic performance of the RM. After five cycles of use, the RM essentially lost its catalytic activity due to the accumulation of char and tar. All experimental findings of this study could offer an effective guideline for TW recycle and promoting RM utilization toward the waste-to-energy circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanyu Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ming Xie
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Mingqian Cheng
- Yunnan Land Resources Vocational College, Kunming 652501, China
| | - Ruihao Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zechun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Youcai Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qingqi Die
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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3
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Yang W, Jung S, Lee J, Lee SW, Kim YT, Kwon EE. Selective recovery of caprolactam from the thermo-catalytic conversion of textile waste over γ-Al 2O 3 supported metal catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121684. [PMID: 37087088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The massive generation of synthetic textile waste has drawn considerable attention. Landfilling/incineration of textile waste has been widely made. To abate the environmental burdensome from the conventional management processes, a thermo-catalytic conversion was used for rapid volume reduction of textile waste and simultaneous valorization by recovering textile monomer in this study. Stockings were chosen as a model feedstock. Because stockings consisted of nylon with other contents, different products (caprolactam (nylon monomer), imines, cyclic dimers, and azepines) were recovered. The yield of caprolactam from the thermal conversion at 500 °C was 53.6 wt%. To selectively enhance the caprolactam yield, catalytic pyrolysis was done using γ-Al2O3 supported metal catalysts (Ni, Cu, Fe, or Co). γ-Al2O3 itself increased the caprolactam yield up to 69.0 wt% via a based-catalyzed reaction of nylon depolymerization and intramolecular cyclization. Under the presence of metal catalysts, the caprolactam yield increased up to 73.3 wt%. To offer desired feature of green chemistry, CO2 was adopted as reactive gas. Under the CO2-mediated catalytic pyrolysis, caprolactam yield was enhanced up to 77.1 wt% over Cu/Al2O3 (basis: stocking mass). Based on the net content of nylon in the stockings, the yield of caprolactam was deemed 95.3 wt%. This study proves that textile waste (stocking) and CO2 are useful resources for recovery of nylon monomer, which can reduce the waste generation with simultaneous recovery of value-added product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Yang
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Architectural Engineering, and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Lee
- Chemical and Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- Chemical and Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Gao B, Sun X, Wang C, Yao C, Mao L. A novel method to chemically convert waste PET plastic into high–value monolithic materials with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical strength and hydrophobicity. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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5
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Bohre A, Jadhao PR, Tripathi K, Pant KK, Likozar B, Saha B. Chemical Recycling Processes of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate Using Solid Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300142. [PMID: 36972065 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a non-degradable single-use plastic and a major component of plastic waste in landfills. Chemical recycling is one of the most widely adopted methods to transform post-consumer PET into PET's building block chemicals. Non-catalytic depolymerization of PET is very slow and requires high temperatures and/or pressures. Recent advancements in the field of material science and catalysis have delivered several innovative strategies to promote PET depolymerization under mild reaction conditions. Particularly, heterogeneous catalysts assisted depolymerization of post-consumer PET to monomers and other value-added chemicals is the most industrially compatible method. This review includes current progresses on the heterogeneously catalyzed chemical recycling of PET. It describes four key pathways for PET depolymerization including, glycolysis, pyrolysis, alcoholysis, and reductive depolymerization. The catalyst function, active sites and structure-activity correlations are briefly outlined in each section. An outlook for future development is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bohre
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
- Biomass and Energy Management Division, Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-energy Kapurthala, Punjab, 1440603, India
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Prashant Ram Jadhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Komal Tripathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Basudeb Saha
- RiKarbon, Inc., 550 S. College Ave, Newark, Delaware, DE 19716, USA
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6
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Kaabel S, Arciszewski J, Borchers TH, Therien JPD, Friščić T, Auclair K. Solid-State Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Mixed PET/Cotton Textiles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201613. [PMID: 36165763 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Waste polyester textiles are not recycled due to separation challenges and partial structural degradation during use and recycling. Chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textiles through depolymerization can provide a feedstock of recycled monomers to make "as-new" polymers. While enzymatic PET recycling is a more selective and more sustainable approach, methods in development, however, have thus far been limited to clean, high-quality PET feedstocks, and require an energy-intensive melt-amorphization step ahead of enzymatic treatment. Here, high-crystallinity PET in mixed PET/cotton textiles could be directly and selectively depolymerized to terephthalic acid (TPA) by using a commercial cutinase from Humicola insolens under moist-solid reaction conditions, affording up to 30±2 % yield of TPA. The process was readily combined with cotton depolymerization through simultaneous or sequential application of the cellulase enzymes CTec2®, providing up to 83±4 % yield of glucose without any negative influence on the TPA yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kaabel
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jane Arciszewski
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tristan H Borchers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - J P Daniel Therien
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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7
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Bhanderi KK, Joshi JR, Patel JV. Recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET Or PETE) plastics – An alternative to obtain value added products: A review. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Jung S, Kim JH, Tsang YF, Song H, Kwon EE. Valorizing plastic toy wastes to flammable gases through CO 2-mediated pyrolysis with a Co-based catalyst. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128850. [PMID: 35405610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toys are discarded due to their short life cycle. Unfortunately, development of sustainable disposal platform for toy has not gained particular concern. To establish a reliable disposal platform, this study employed a pyrolysis platform to valorize plastics into value-added fuels. To confer more environmentally resilient process, CO2 was used as a feedstock to enhance the process efficiency from a perspective of the yield of flammable gases. To this end, waste toy brick (WTB) was used as a model compound. The exact types of plastics (polyacrylonitrile, polybutadiene, polystyrene, and polymethyl methacrylate) in WTB were experimentally determined. In pyrolysis of WTB, the complicated mixture of benzene derivatives was inevitably generated. To detoxify them by means of syngas (H2/CO) production, catalytic pyrolysis was performed. Co catalyst effectively induced chemical bond scissions, leading to substantially enhanced H2 formation. Also, the gas phase reactions (GPRs) between CO2 and volatile compounds over Co catalyst expedited the production rate of CO, and such CO enhancement effectively offered a chance to mitigate toxic chemical generations. The synergistic contribution of CO2 and Co catalyst enhanced syngas formation more than 25 times in reference to pyrolysis of WTB without Co catalyst. The GPRs also greatly prevented catalyst deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyup Jung
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Kim
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Hocheol Song
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Gao B, Sun X, Yao C, Mao L. A new strategy to chemically transform waste PET plastic into aerogel with high fire resistance and mechanical strength. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Li Y, Li K, Li M, Ge M. Zinc-doped ferrite nanoparticles as magnetic recyclable catalysts for scale-up glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Synthesis, spectroscopic and computational investigation of N1,N4-bis(3-oxobutanoyl)benzene-1,4-dicarbohydrazide as a coupling component for azo dyes from waste poly(ethyleneterephthalate) bottle. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Payne J, Jones MD. The Chemical Recycling of Polyesters for a Circular Plastics Economy: Challenges and Emerging Opportunities. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4041-4070. [PMID: 33826253 PMCID: PMC8518041 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Whilst plastics have played an instrumental role in human development, growing environmental concerns have led to increasing public scrutiny and demands for outright bans. This has stimulated considerable research into renewable alternatives, and more recently, the development of alternative waste management strategies. Herein, the aim was to highlight recent developments in the catalytic chemical recycling of two commercial polyesters, namely poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The concept of chemical recycling is first introduced, and associated opportunities/challenges are discussed within the context of the governing depolymerisation thermodynamics. Chemical recycling methods for PLA and PET are then discussed, with a particular focus on upcycling and the use of metal-based catalysts. Finally, the attention shifts to the emergence of new materials with the potential to modernise the plastics economy. Emerging opportunities and challenges are discussed within the context of industrial feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Payne
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular TechnologiesUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Matthew D. Jones
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
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13
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Waskiewicz S, Langer E. Synthesis of new oligoesterdiols based on waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) and dimerized fatty acid. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Laldinpuii Z, Lalhmangaihzuala S, Pachuau Z, Vanlaldinpuia K. Depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste with biomass-waste derived recyclable heterogeneous catalyst. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:1-10. [PMID: 33730654 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most widely used polymeric materials in chemical industry representing about 13% of the world's production. With the exponentially increasing consumption of plastics combined with its non-biodegradability, the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment rises steeply and its recycling has attracted enormous attention among researchers in recent years. In this present work, we describe bamboo leaf ash (BLA) as a bio-waste derived recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the depolymerization of waste PET. The prepared catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, TGA and BET analyses to assess its morphology and composition. Postconsumer PET bottles were shredded and processed with 20 wt% BLA and 16 equivalents of ethylene glycol (EG) at 190 °C for 3.5 h under atmospheric pressure to give recrystallized bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer in 83% yield. The catalyst can be reused for four catalytic cycles and the residual EG was recovered for subsequent catalytic reactions. Excellent activity, cost-free, environmental-friendliness and ease of preparation, handling and reusability of the catalyst with simple work-up procedure are the notable advantages of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zathang Laldinpuii
- Department of Chemistry, Pachhunga University College Campus, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796001, Mizoram, India; Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Tanhril, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Samson Lalhmangaihzuala
- Department of Chemistry, Pachhunga University College Campus, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796001, Mizoram, India; Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Tanhril, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Zodinpuia Pachuau
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Tanhril, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Khiangte Vanlaldinpuia
- Department of Chemistry, Pachhunga University College Campus, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796001, Mizoram, India.
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15
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Mechanical Performance of Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites Including Fully-Recycled Plastic Fibers. FIBERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fib9030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of virgin and recycled plastic macro fibers as reinforcing elements in construction materials has recently gained increasing attention from researchers. Specifically, recycled fibers have become more attractive owing to their large-scale availability, negligible cost, and low environmental footprint. In this work, we investigate the benefits related to the use of fully-recycled synthetic fibers as dispersed reinforcement in Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites (FRCCs). In light of the reference performance of FRCCs including virgin polypropylene (PP) fibers only, the mechanical response of composites reinforced with polyolefin filaments treated with a sol-gel silica coating and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polyethylene (PE) cylindrical draw-wire fibers is here assessed through three-point bending tests. Remarkably, recycled polyolefins lead to a notable enhancement in terms of peak strength and post-crack energy dissipation capability. This improvement is ascribed to both the flattened shape of fibers and the surface coating, which turns out to be very effective at strengthening the fiber-to-matrix bond. On the other hand, PET/PE fibrous reinforcement generally leads to a lower toughness, if compared to the virgin fibers. However, no reduction in terms of peak stress is evidenced. Balancing the significance of mechanical performance and environmental sustainability in the framework of a circular economy approach, both fully-recycled fibers at hand can be regarded as promising candidates for innovative structural applications.
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16
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Kwon D, Yi S, Jung S, Kwon EE. Valorization of synthetic textile waste using CO 2 as a raw material in the catalytic pyrolysis process. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115916. [PMID: 33126030 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since an invention of synthetic fibers (textiles), our life quality has been improved. However, the cumulative production and disposal of them have perceived as significant since they are not biodegradable and hard to be upcycled/recycled. From washing textiles, microplastics are released into the environment, which are regarded as emerging contaminants. As a means for source reduction of microplastics, this study proposed a rapid disposal platform for waste textiles (WTs), converting them into value-added products. To this end, catalytic pyrolysis of WT was studied. To offer more environmentally sound process, CO2 was used as a raw material for WT pyrolysis. Thermal cracking of WT led to the production of syngas and CH4 under the CO2 environment. CO2 resulted in additional CO production via gas phase reaction with volatile compounds evolved from pyrolysis of WT. To expedite the reaction kinetics for syngas formation, catalytic pyrolysis was done over Co-based catalyst. Comparing to non-catalytic pyrolysis, CO2-assisted catalytic pyrolysis had 3- and 8-times higher production of H2 and CO, respectively. This process also suppressed catalyst deactivation, converting more than 80 wt% of WT into syngas and CH4. The more generation of CO from the use of CO2 as a raw material offers an effective means to minimize the formations of harmful chemical species, such as benzene derivatives and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohee Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Yi
- Division of Resource Circulation, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Glycolysis of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Using Biomass-Waste Derived Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010037. [PMID: 33374171 PMCID: PMC7794874 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic production has increased by almost 200-fold annually from 2 million metric tons per year in 1950s to 359 million metric tons in 2018. With this rapidly increasing production, plastic pollution has become one of the most demanding environmental issues and tremendous efforts have been initiated by the research community for its disposal. In this present study, we reported for the first time, a biomass-waste-derived heterogeneous catalyst prepared from waste orange peel for the depolymerisation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to its monomer, bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) (BHET). The prepared orange peel ash (OPA) catalyst was well-characterised using techniques such as IR, inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-OES (Optical Emission Spectrometry), XRD, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), TEM, BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) and TGA. The catalyst was found to be composed of basic sites, high surface area, and a notable type-IV N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm indicating the mesoporous nature of the catalyst, which might have eventually enhanced the rate of the reaction as well as the yield of the product. The catalyst completely depolymerises PET within 90 min, producing 79% of recrystallised BHET. The ability of reusing the catalysts for 5 consecutive runs without significant depreciation in the catalytic activity and its eco- and environmental-friendliness endorses this protocol as a greener route for PET recycling.
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18
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Hu Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Qian J, Xing X, Wang X. Synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) based on glycolysis of waste PET fiber. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1709498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Hu
- National Engineering Lab for Textiles Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Engineering Lab for Textiles Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuzhen Zhang
- National Engineering Lab for Textiles Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Ningbo Dafa Chemical Fiber Co, Ltd, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiquan Xing
- Ningbo Dafa Chemical Fiber Co, Ltd, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiuhua Wang
- National Engineering Lab for Textiles Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Issam AM, Shahabuddin S, Kareem HS, Mohamad S, Saidur R. Synthesis of a Novel Ladder Poly(azomethine-ester) Based on PET Waste Bottles. INT POLYM PROC 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the present investigation, a novel ladder polymer, poly(azomethine ester), was prepared via solution polycondensation polymerization between terephthalic acid and the novel monomer. Terephthalic acid was regenerated from PET waste bottles by saponification process, whereas p-phenylenediamine was obtained via Hoffmann rearrangement method. A novel monomer, namely N,N′-bis(2,5-dihydroxy benzylidene)-1,4-diaminobenzene was prepared from the reaction of 2,5-di-hydroxybenzadehyde with p-phenylenediamine in the ratio of 2:1, respectively. For the first time a solution polycondensation method has been employed for the synthesis of a ladder polymer which is otherwise prepared commonly via Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. The synthesized ladder polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), elemental analysis (CHN), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results revealed that the ladder polymer possess highly regular ladder like framework, and that most of the ester groups have taken part in the side-by-side polymerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Issam
- Polymer Research Laboratory , Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - S. Shahabuddin
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Technology (RCNMET) , School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - H. S. Kareem
- Polymer Research Laboratory , Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - S. Mohamad
- Polymer Research Laboratory , Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids , University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - R. Saidur
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Technology (RCNMET) , School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
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20
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Fang C, Yang R. Dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in waterborne polyurethane emulsions derived from alcoholysis products of waste PET and its effect on properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Fang
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology; Xi'an University of Technology; Xi'an 710048 People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering; Xi'an University of Technology; Xi'an 710048 People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology; Xi'an University of Technology; Xi'an 710048 People's Republic of China
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21
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Fang C, Yang R, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Lei W, Cheng Y, Zhang W, Wang D. Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the physical properties and crystallisation of recycled PET/TPU composites. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8920-8928. [PMID: 35539851 PMCID: PMC9078596 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13634j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was blended with recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) to prepare rPET/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. Meanwhile, multiple-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were employed as a reinforcing filler to study the synergistic effect between CNTs and rPET/TPU composites. The effect of CNT content on the morphology and micro-structure of the composites was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal properties were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The mechanical properties were investigated using tensile tests and hardness measurements. The results showed that TPU was compatible with rPET. The existence of rPET changed the crystalline phase and affected the glass transition and crystallisation temperature of the TPU matrix. The rPET/TPU composites displayed poor thermal stability and tensile properties when compared to pure TPU. The addition of CNTs had no effect on the crystalline phase of the rPET/TPU composites. Due to the occurrence of interfacial adhesion between the CNTs and rPET, the CNTs displayed an offset effect on the reaction of rPET and decreased the rigidity of the molecular chain in the rPET/TPU composites. The thermal stability and tensile strength of the CNTs/rPET/TPU composites improved with an increase in CNT content. Multiple-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were employed as a reinforcing filler to study the synergistic effect between CNTs and rPET/TPU composites.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Fang
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology
- Xi’an University of Technology
- Xi’an 710048
- P. R. China
- Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering
| | - Rong Yang
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology
- Xi’an University of Technology
- Xi’an 710048
- P. R. China
| | - Zisen Zhang
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology
- Xi’an University of Technology
- Xi’an 710048
- P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology
- Xi’an University of Technology
- Xi’an 710048
- P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Lei
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology
- Xi’an University of Technology
- Xi’an 710048
- P. R. China
- Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering
| | - Youliang Cheng
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology
- Xi’an University of Technology
- Xi’an 710048
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology
- Xi’an University of Technology
- Xi’an 710048
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology
- Xi’an University of Technology
- Xi’an 710048
- P. R. China
- Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering
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22
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Malik N, Kumar P, Shrivastava S, Ghosh SB. An overview on PET waste recycling for application in packaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-016-9164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Ivdre A, Fridrihsone-Girone A, Abolins A, Cabulis U. Effect of different concentration of rapeseed oil and recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) in polyols for rigid polyurethane foams. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16670585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this research, polyols from rapeseed oil and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) were synthesized by two-step continuous synthesis with a different rapeseed oil and poly(ethylene terephthalate) concentration. All rapeseed oil/poly(ethylene terephthalate) polyols showed complete compatibility with blowing agent Solkane 365/227. The resulting polyols were used to prepare rigid polyurethane foams which were characterized with various techniques for determination of their physical, mechanical and thermal insulation properties. The effect of rapeseed oil and poly(ethylene terephthalate) concentrations in polyols on the characteristics of rigid polyurethane foams was investigated. The results showed that obtained rigid polyurethane foams were suitable for thermal insulation appliance. Also, the potential use of rapeseed oil as raw material combined with poly(ethylene terephthalate) to synthesize polyols with good compatibility with blowing agent was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiga Ivdre
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Polymer Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
- Riga Technical University, Faculty of Material Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anda Fridrihsone-Girone
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Polymer Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
- Riga Technical University, Faculty of Material Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arnis Abolins
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Polymer Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Polymer Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
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24
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Ji C, Fang J, Wang J, Fang P, Li S. Influence of modified PET waste on synthesis and properties of styrene-acrylic emulsion. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090416050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Barot AA, Sinha VK. Chemical scavenging of post-consumed clothes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 46:86-93. [PMID: 26383902 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aiming toward the rectification of fiber grade PET waste accumulation as well as recycling and providing a technically viable route leading to preservation of the natural resources and environment, the post consumed polyester clothes were chemically recycled. Post consumed polyester clothes were recycled into bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer in the presence of ethylene glycol as depolymerising agent and zinc acetate as catalyst. Depolymerized product was characterized by chemical as well as analytical techniques. The fiber grade PET was eventually converted into BHET monomer with nearly 90% yield by employing 1% catalyst concentration and at optimum temperature of 180°C without mechanical input of stirring condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Barot
- Industrial Chemistry Department, V.P. & R.P.T.P. Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Sinha
- Industrial Chemistry Department, V.P. & R.P.T.P. Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India.
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26
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Degradation of PET-bottles to monohydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHT) using ethylene glycol and hydrotalcite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Jamdar V, Kathalewar M, Jagtap R, Dubey KA, Sabnis A. Effect of γ-irradiation on glycolysis of PET waste and preparation of ecofriendly coatings using bio-based and recycled materials. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Jamdar
- Department of Polymer & Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology; Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (E); Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Mukesh Kathalewar
- Department of Polymer & Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology; Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (E); Mumbai 400019 India
| | - R.N. Jagtap
- Department of Polymer & Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology; Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (E); Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Kumar Abhinav Dubey
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Department of Atomic Energy; Government of India; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Anagha Sabnis
- Department of Polymer & Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology; Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (E); Mumbai 400019 India
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28
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Wang C, Fang J, Liu T, Ji C, Li S. Synthesis of waterborne polyurethane dispersions with glycolyzed product from pet waste: Effect of hard segment content on its properties. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090415050188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Butnaru I, Serbezeanu D, Bruma M, Sava I, Gaan S, Fortunato G. Physical and thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric coated with electrospun polyimide fibers. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315584178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two analogous polyimides (PIs) containing flexible isopropylidene units were prepared. One was based on 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride and 4,4′-(4,4′-isopropylidenediphenyl-1,1′-diyldioxy) dianiline and the other was based on 4,4′-(4,4′-isopropylidenediphenoxy) bis(phthalic anhydride) and bis(3-aminophenyl) methyl phosphine oxide. The ability of these two PIs to form uniform nanoscaled fibers was investigated by electrospinning technique. At optimal spinning conditions, PI fibers were electrospun onto the surface of woven poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) support to form a bilayer composite structure. These new fabric systems were analyzed regarding morphology, air permeability, wetting properties, and thermal stability. It was expected that the new PET/PI mats would possess enhanced properties compared with the initial woven PET fibers due to the excellent properties of PIs. Experimental results showed that PET woven substrate coated with electrospun PI fibers had improved values of air permeability, water contact angle and thermal stability when compared with the initial woven PET fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Butnaru
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St Gallen, Switzerland
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana Serbezeanu
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St Gallen, Switzerland
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Bruma
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ion Sava
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppino Fortunato
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St Gallen, Switzerland
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30
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Guo X, Xin J, Lu X, Ren B, Zhang S. Preparation of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol by selective hydrogenation of a waste PET monomer bis(2-hydroxyethylene terephthalate). RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10783g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach is developed for the preparation of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) by hydrogenation of bis(2-hydroxyethylene terephthalate) (BHET) obtained from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and the 100% conversion of BHET and 78% yield of CHDM were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
| | - Jiayu Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Baozeng Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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31
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Spasojević PM, Panić VV, Džunuzović JV, Marinković AD, Woortman AJJ, Loos K, Popović IG. High performance alkyd resins synthesized from postconsumer PET bottles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11777a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new perspective for mass production of alkyd resins from multifunctional glycolyzates obtained from waste PET – a step up to greener production and excellent applicative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Spasojević
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- Belgrade 11120
- Serbia
| | - V. V. Panić
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- Belgrade 11120
- Serbia
| | - J. V. Džunuzović
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technology and Metallurgy (ICTM) – Center of Chemistry
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - A. D. Marinković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- 11120 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - A. J. J. Woortman
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - K. Loos
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - I. G. Popović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- 11120 Belgrade
- Serbia
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32
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Li MJ, Huang YH, Ju AQ, Yu TS, Ge MQ. Synthesis and characterization of azo dyestuff based on bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate derived from depolymerized waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Al-Sabagh A, Yehia F, Eissa A, Moustafa M, Eshaq G, Rabie A, ElMetwally A. Cu- and Zn-acetate-containing ionic liquids as catalysts for the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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George N, Kurian T. Recent Developments in the Chemical Recycling of Postconsumer Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Waste. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501995m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neena George
- Department of Polymer
Science
and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 22, Kerala, India
| | - Thomas Kurian
- Department of Polymer
Science
and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 22, Kerala, India
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35
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Li M, Huang Y, Yu T, Chen S, Ju A, Ge M. Chemical recycling of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers into azo disperse dyestuffs. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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36
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37
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Li M, Luo J, Huang Y, Li X, Yu T, Ge M. Recycling of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) into flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles (Jiangnan University); Ministry of Education; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- College of Textile & Clothing; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Textile & Clothing; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- College of Textile & Clothing; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles (Jiangnan University); Ministry of Education; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- College of Textile & Clothing; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Tianshi Yu
- College of Textile & Clothing; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Mingqiao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles (Jiangnan University); Ministry of Education; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- College of Textile & Clothing; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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38
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Haggag K, Elshemy N, Niazy W. Recycling of Waste PET into Useful Alkyd Resin Synthesis by Microwave Irradiation and Applied in Textile Printing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/rjta-18-01-2014-b010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modified alkyd resins with different amounts of vegetable oil contents (sunflower oil) and different catalysts are synthesized with the incorporation of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a partial substitute for phthalic anhydride. It is found that the properties of the products obtained are directly related to the oil content. The polymerization reactions are followed by the acid value. The modified binder contains 50% oil and 10% PET in the presence of LiOH as the catalyst by using microwave irradiation. The AV value is attained in a short amount of time; it is found that the glass Transition Temperature (Tg) of the modified binder is -1.7 °C. The stiffness and roughness of the printed fabrics by using the modified binder are better than those of the commercial binder for both cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics. Moreover, it is clear that the overall fastness properties of the fabrics printed by using the modified binder in the formulation of printing pastes are higher or comparable to those that use commercial binders.
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39
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Hamad K, Kaseem M, Deri F. Recycling of waste from polymer materials: An overview of the recent works. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Isooctanol alcoholysis of waste polyethylene terephthalate in acidic ionic liquid. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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He X, Zhou Q, Xie K. Effect of PEGylated chitosan on plasma etched PET fabrics surface properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei He
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
- College of Textiles and Clothing; Yancheng Institute of Technology; Jiangsu 224003 China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- College of Textiles and Clothing; Yancheng Institute of Technology; Jiangsu 224003 China
| | - Kongliang Xie
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
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42
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Zahedi AR, Rafizadeh M, Taromi FA. Optimization of phthalic/maleic anhydride-endcapped PET oligomers using response surface method. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Zahedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Iran University of Science and Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Rafizadeh
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Faramarz Afshar Taromi
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
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43
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Manganese-, cobalt-, and zinc-based mixed-oxide spinels as novel catalysts for the chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) via glycolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Al-Salem SM, Lettieri P, Baeyens J. Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 29:2625-43. [PMID: 19577459 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic solid waste (PSW) presents challenges and opportunities to societies regardless of their sustainability awareness and technological advances. In this paper, recent progress in the recycling and recovery of PSW is reviewed. A special emphasis is paid on waste generated from polyolefinic sources, which makes up a great percentage of our daily single-life cycle plastic products. The four routes of PSW treatment are detailed and discussed covering primary (re-extrusion), secondary (mechanical), tertiary (chemical) and quaternary (energy recovery) schemes and technologies. Primary recycling, which involves the re-introduction of clean scrap of single polymer to the extrusion cycle in order to produce products of the similar material, is commonly applied in the processing line itself but rarely applied among recyclers, as recycling materials rarely possess the required quality. The various waste products, consisting of either end-of-life or production (scrap) waste, are the feedstock of secondary techniques, thereby generally reduced in size to a more desirable shape and form, such as pellets, flakes or powders, depending on the source, shape and usability. Tertiary treatment schemes have contributed greatly to the recycling status of PSW in recent years. Advanced thermo-chemical treatment methods cover a wide range of technologies and produce either fuels or petrochemical feedstock. Nowadays, non-catalytic thermal cracking (thermolysis) is receiving renewed attention, due to the fact of added value on a crude oil barrel and its very valuable yielded products. But a fact remains that advanced thermo-chemical recycling of PSW (namely polyolefins) still lacks the proper design and kinetic background to target certain desired products and/or chemicals. Energy recovery was found to be an attainable solution to PSW in general and municipal solid waste (MSW) in particular. The amount of energy produced in kilns and reactors applied in this route is sufficiently investigated up to the point of operation, but not in terms of integration with either petrochemical or converting plants. Although primary and secondary recycling schemes are well established and widely applied, it is concluded that many of the PSW tertiary and quaternary treatment schemes appear to be robust and worthy of additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Al-Salem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Process Engineering, University College London, Centre for CO2 Technology, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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