1
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Duan X, Qu S, Xu L. Development of a revised ICC-qPCR method used for Pseudorabies virus inactivation validation study of biologically sourced materials. Anal Biochem 2020; 592:113576. [PMID: 31917958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop a precise and convenient method to evaluate the virus transmission risk of biologically sourced materials, an integrated cell culture-qPCR (ICC-qPCR) method for Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was established and revised for applications to this new field. The optimized post-infection period was found at 12-hr to achieve a reasonable detection limit (-0.25 Log10TCID50/100 μL, Logs) and a quantitative range (0.75-3.75 Logs). The results of mimic samples suggested that three 10-fold dilutions at the time of virus inoculation combined with three washes after virus absorption, and the sets of non-amplified samples as controls could efficiently eliminate the false positive signals caused by high levels of noninfectious viruses. The virus inactivation validation studies of acellular porcine corneas suggested that the logs inactivation of PRV at 12 kGy irradiation dose obtained by general ICC-qPCR, revised ICC-qPCR and cell culture were 2.49, 4.85 and 5.08, respectively. At 25 kGy, those were 2.31, 4.85 and 5.08, respectively. The results obtained by the revised ICC-qPCR were consistent with cell culture and more precise than general ICC-qPCR. Therefore, the revised ICC-qPCR proposed in this study has an application prospect in the PRV inactivation validation studies of biologically sourced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Le Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xiaojie Duan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China.
| | - Shuxin Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Liming Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China.
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2
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Op 't Veld RC, Walboomers XF, Jansen JA, Wagener FADTG. Design Considerations for Hydrogel Wound Dressings: Strategic and Molecular Advances. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:230-248. [PMID: 31928151 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wound dressings are traditionally used to protect a wound and to facilitate healing. Currently, their function is expanding. There is an urgent need for new smart products that not only act as a protective barrier but also actively support the wound healing process. Hydrogel dressings are an example of such innovative products and typically facilitate wound healing by providing a hospitable and moist environment in which cells can thrive, while the wound can still breathe and exudate can be drained. These dressings also tend to be less painful or have a soothing effect and allow for additional drug delivery. In this review, various strategic and molecular design considerations are discussed that are relevant for developing a hydrogel into a wound dressing product. These considerations vary from material choice to ease of use and determine the dressing's final properties, application potential, and benefits for the patient. The focus of this review lies on identifying and explaining key aspects of hydrogel wound dressings and their relevance in the different phases of wound repair. Molecular targets of wound healing are discussed that are relevant when tailoring hydrogels toward specific wound healing scenarios. In addition, the potential of hydrogels is reviewed as medicine advances from a repair-based wound healing approach toward a regenerative-based one. Hydrogels can play a key role in the transition toward personal wound care and facilitating regenerative medicine strategies by acting as a scaffold for (stem) cells and carrier/source of bioactive molecules and/or drugs. Impact statement Improved wound healing will lead to a better quality of life around the globe. It can be expected that this coincides with a reduction in health care spending, as the duration of treatment decreases. To achieve this, new and modern wound care products are desired that both facilitate healing and improve comfort and outcome for the patient. It is proposed that hydrogel wound dressings can play a pivotal role in improving wound care, and to that end, this review aims to summarize the various design considerations that can be made to optimize hydrogels for the purpose of a wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel C Op 't Veld
- Department of Dentistry-Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - X Frank Walboomers
- Department of Dentistry-Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - John A Jansen
- Department of Dentistry-Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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3
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Op 't Veld RC, Eerden M, Wagener FADTG, Kouwer PHJ, Jansen JA, Walboomers XF. Polyisocyanopeptide Hydrogels Are Effectively Sterilized Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 26:132-141. [PMID: 31847754 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate sterilization procedures for soft biomaterials such as hydrogels are known to be challenging. These materials are delicate in structure, making them sensitive to harsh conditions and prone to damage. In this study, a suitable sterilization method for hydrogels composed of tri(ethylene glycol)-functionalized polyisocyanopeptides (PIC) was explored. These high biomimetic hydrogels are temperature and strain sensitive and have been presented as novel cell culturing matrices, wound dressings, and drug carriers. The methods that were investigated include autoclaving, γ-irradiation, ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, and supercritical CO2 (scCO2) treatment. The results show that autoclaving and γ-irradiation have deleterious effects on the gelation behavior and mechanical characteristics of PIC. For γ-irradiation, cooling the gels on dry ice alleviated this negative impact, but not sufficiently enough to make the method viable. In contrast, UV light and scCO2 treatment do not affect the mechanical properties of the PIC gels. Studies with gels inoculated with 107 CFU/mL Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus show that only scCO2 is capable of successfully sterilizing PIC hydrogels by achieving a 6-log reduction in bacterial load. It was concluded that, within the range of tested techniques, the sterilization of PIC is limited to scCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel C Op 't Veld
- Department of Dentistry-Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H J Kouwer
- Department of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A Jansen
- Department of Dentistry-Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X Frank Walboomers
- Department of Dentistry-Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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4
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Chen L, Liu X, Yang Y, Xue C, Xue Y. Effect of autoclaving on the mechanical properties and structure of the giant squid hydrolysate-polysaccharide gel. J Texture Stud 2019; 51:323-332. [PMID: 31335981 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fish hydrolysates are an attractive option for preparing composite gel foods. However, not much is known regarding their gel properties. Here, we investigated the effect of the autoclaving treatment (121°C, 10 min) on the microstructure and properties of the giant squid hydrolysate-konjac glucomannan-κ-carrageenan-locust bean gum gel (GSH-P gel). The nuclear magnetic resonance proton spin-spin relaxation time (T2 ) measurements indicated that autoclaving led to stronger water-binding ability of the GSH-P gel. The rheological measurements indicated that autoclaving led to significantly higher viscoelastic modulus and gel strength. The results of confocal laser scanning microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering indicated that the phase separation of polysaccharides and proteins/peptides was enhanced by autoclaving, and the polysaccharides swelled better, resulting in less, but ordered, network structures. Autoclaving had a similar, but insignificant, positive effect on the polysaccharide (P) gel. Thus, GSH seems to play an important role in the process of polysaccharide gelation. This study shows that autoclaving can alter the structure and improve the properties of the GSH-P gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Changhu Xue
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yong Xue
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
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5
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Sharma V, Patnaik P, Senthilguru K, Nayak SK, Syed I, Singh VK, Sarkar P, Thakur G, Pal K. Preparation and characterization of novel tamarind gum-based hydrogels for antimicrobial drug delivery applications. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Galante R, Pinto TJA, Colaço R, Serro AP. Sterilization of hydrogels for biomedical applications: A review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2472-2492. [PMID: 29247599 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the beneficial properties and outstanding potential of hydrogels for biomedical applications, several unmet challenges must be overcome, especially regarding to their known sensitivity to conventional sterilization methods. It is crucial for any biomaterial to withstand an efficient sterilization to obtain approval from regulatory organizations and to safely proceed to clinical trials. Sterility assurance minimizes the incidence of medical device-related infections, which still constitute a major concern in health care. In this review, we provide a detailed and comprehensive description of the published work from the past decade regarding the effects of sterilization on different types of hydrogels for biomedical applications. Advances in hydrogel production methods with simultaneous sterilization are also reported. Terminal sterilization methods can induce negative or positive effects on several material properties (e.g., aspect, size, color, chemical structure, mechanical integrity, and biocompatibility). Due to the complexity of factors involved (e.g., material properties, drug stability, sterilization conditions, and parameters), it is important to note the virtual impossibility of predicting the outcome of sterilization methods to determine a set of universal rules. Each system requires case-by-case testing to select the most suitable, effective method that allows for the main properties to remain unaltered. The impact of sterilization methods on the intrinsic properties of these systems is understudied, and further research is needed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2472-2492, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Galante
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Terezinha J A Pinto
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Colaço
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica and IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Serro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
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7
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Todaro S, Sabatino MA, Mangione MR, Picone P, Di Giacinto ML, Bulone D, Dispenza C. Temporal control of xyloglucan self-assembly into layered structures by radiation-induced degradation. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:382-390. [PMID: 27516285 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Partially degalactosylated xyloglucan from tamarind seeds (Deg-XG) is a very appealing biopolymer for the production of in situ gelling systems at physiological temperature. In this work, we observe that the morphology of hydrogels evolves towards high degrees of structural organization with time, yielding to dense stacks of thin membranes within 24h of incubation at 37°C. We also explore the possibility offered by gamma irradiation of controlling the time scale of this phenomenon, the final morphology and mechanical properties of the system. Structural and molecular modifications of Deg-XG with dose are investigated by FTIR, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rotational viscosimetry. The impact on gelation ability and gel strength is studied by rheological analysis. The morphology evolution is investigated by SEM analysis, and absence of cytotoxicity verified by MTS assay and optical microscopy of neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Todaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Picone
- CNR - Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Di Giacinto
- CNR - Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Donatella Bulone
- CNR - Istituto di Biofisica (Palermo Unit), Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Clelia Dispenza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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8
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Tichý E, Murányi A, Pšenková J. The Effects of Moist Heat Sterilization Process and the Presence of Electrolytes on Rheological and Textural Properties of Hydrophilic Dispersions of Polymers-Hydrogels. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Tichý
- hameln-rds a.s; Horná 36, 900 01 Modra Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Murányi
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University; 821 08 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Pšenková
- hameln-rds a.s; Horná 36, 900 01 Modra Slovak Republic
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9
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Higuchi A, Ling QD, Kumar SS, Chang Y, Kao TC, Munusamy MA, Alarfaj AA, Hsu ST, Umezawa A. External stimulus-responsive biomaterials designed for the culture and differentiation of ES, iPS, and adult stem cells. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Abuhanoğlu G, Ozer AY. Radiation sterilization of new drug delivery systems. Interv Med Appl Sci 2014; 6:51-60. [PMID: 24936306 PMCID: PMC4047505 DOI: 10.1556/imas.6.2014.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation sterilization has now become a commonly used method for sterilization of several active ingredients in drugs or drug delivery systems containing these substances. In this context, many applications have been performed on the human products that are required to be sterile, as well as on pharmaceutical products prepared to be developed. The new drug delivery systems designed to deliver the medication to the target tissue or organ, such as microspheres, nanospheres, microemulsion, and liposomal systems, have been sterilized by gamma (γ) and beta (β) rays, and more recently, by e-beam sterilization. In this review, the sterilization of new drug delivery systems was discussed other than conventional drug delivery systems by γ irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürhan Abuhanoğlu
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University Sıhhiye, Ankara Turkey
| | - A Yekta Ozer
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University Sıhhiye, Ankara Turkey
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11
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Silva AKA, Richard C, Ducouret G, Bessodes M, Scherman D, Merten OW. Xyloglucan-Derivatized Films for the Culture of Adherent Cells and Their Thermocontrolled Detachment: A Promising Alternative to Cells Sensitive to Protease Treatment. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:512-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm3017737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. A. Silva
- Unité de
Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d’Imagerie; CNRS, UMR 8151, Paris, F-75270 cedex
France; Inserm, U1022, Paris, F-75270 cedex
France; Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et
Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75270 cedex France; and ENSCP, Paris, F-75231 cedex France, Chimie Paritech,
France
- Genethon, 1 bis rue de l’Internationale, BP 60, 91002 Evry cedex,
France
| | - Cyrille Richard
- Unité de
Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d’Imagerie; CNRS, UMR 8151, Paris, F-75270 cedex
France; Inserm, U1022, Paris, F-75270 cedex
France; Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et
Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75270 cedex France; and ENSCP, Paris, F-75231 cedex France, Chimie Paritech,
France
| | - Guylaine Ducouret
- Physico-chimie
des
Polymères et des Milieux Dispersés, UMR
7615, UPMC−CNRS-ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin,
75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Michel Bessodes
- Unité de
Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d’Imagerie; CNRS, UMR 8151, Paris, F-75270 cedex
France; Inserm, U1022, Paris, F-75270 cedex
France; Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et
Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75270 cedex France; and ENSCP, Paris, F-75231 cedex France, Chimie Paritech,
France
| | - Daniel Scherman
- Unité de
Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d’Imagerie; CNRS, UMR 8151, Paris, F-75270 cedex
France; Inserm, U1022, Paris, F-75270 cedex
France; Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et
Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75270 cedex France; and ENSCP, Paris, F-75231 cedex France, Chimie Paritech,
France
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12
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Abstract
Different sterilization techniques such as Co(60) gamma irradiation and autoclaving were used to treat the regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin (RSF) in aqueous solutions. The effect of the two above mentioned sterilization methods on the conformational changes and gelation rate of RSF was studied. According to the analysis of circular dichroism spectroscopy, gamma irradiation may initiate the conformational transition from random coil to β-sheet for RSF, while autoclaving shows less significant influence on the structure changes of RSF in aqueous solutions. The results also indicate that gelation time decreased to 5 days after γ-irradiation treatment while gelation time increased to 31 days after autoclave treatment. Moreover, particles of RSF in solutions changed larger and gelation time increased when autoclaving treatment time extended. However, no detectable changes of RSF secondary structure were found investigated by XRD and FTIR. Which indicated that under both sterilization methods, the RSF structure was transformed from random coil to β-sheet structure after gelation.
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13
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Sterilization of exopolysaccharides produced by deep-sea bacteria: impact on their stability and degradation. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:224-241. [PMID: 21566796 PMCID: PMC3093254 DOI: 10.3390/md9020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are highly heat-sensitive macromolecules, so high temperature treatments are greatly destructive and cause considerable damage, such as a great decrease in both viscosity and molecular weight of the polymer. The technical feasibility of the production of exopolysaccharides by deep-sea bacteria Vibrio diabolicus and Alteromonas infernus was previously demonstrated using a bioproduct manufacturing process. The objective of this study was to determine which sterilization method, other than heat sterilization, was the most appropriate for these marine exopolysaccharides and was in accordance with bioprocess engineering requirements. Chemical sterilization using low-temperature ethylene oxide and a mixture of ionized gases (plasmas) was compared to the sterilization methods using gamma and beta radiations. The changes to both the physical and chemical properties of the sterilized exopolysaccharides were analyzed. The use of ethylene oxide can be recommended for the sterilization of polysaccharides as a weak effect on both rheological and structural properties was observed. This low-temperature gas sterilizing process is very efficient, giving a good Sterility Assurance Level (SAL), and is also well suited to large-scale compound manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Armentano I, Dottori M, Fortunati E, Mattioli S, Kenny J. Biodegradable polymer matrix nanocomposites for tissue engineering: A review. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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