1
|
Aguirresarobe R, Calafel I, Villanueva S, Sanchez A, Agirre A, Sukia I, Esnaola A, Saralegi A. Development of Flame-Retardant Polylactic Acid Formulations for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1030. [PMID: 38674951 PMCID: PMC11053787 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials, renowned for their lightweight attributes and design adaptability, play a pivotal role in augmenting fuel efficiency and cost-effectiveness in railway vehicle development. The tailored formulation of compounds, specifically designed for additive manufacturing, holds significant promise in expanding the use of these materials. This study centers on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a natural-based biodegradable polymeric material incorporating diverse halogen-free flame retardants (FRs). Our investigation scrutinizes the printability and fire performance of these formulations, aligning with the European railway standard EN 45545-2. The findings underscore that FR in the condensed phase, including ammonium polyphosphate (APP), expandable graphite (EG), and intumescent systems, exhibit superior fire performance. Notably, FR-inducing hydrolytic degradation, such as aluminum hydroxide (ATH) or EG, reduces polymer molecular weight, significantly impacting PLA's mechanical performance. Achieving a delicate balance between fire resistance and mechanical properties, formulations with APP as the flame retardant emerge as optimal. This research contributes to understanding the fire performance and printability of 3D-printed PLA compounds, offering vital insights for the rail industry's adoption of polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Aguirresarobe
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (R.A.); (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Itxaso Calafel
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (R.A.); (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Villanueva
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Amaia Agirre
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (R.A.); (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Itxaro Sukia
- Department of Mechanics and Industrial Production, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragon, Spain; (I.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Aritz Esnaola
- Department of Mechanics and Industrial Production, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragon, Spain; (I.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Ainara Saralegi
- Group ‘Materials + Technologies’, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Hou L, Liu Y, Yao Z, Liang L, Tian D, Liu C, Xue J, Zhan L, Liu Y, Zhen Z, Niu K. Balanced Thermal Insulation, Flame-Retardant and Mechanical Properties of PU Foam Constructed via Cost-Effective EG/APP/SA Ternary Synergistic Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:330. [PMID: 38337219 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To address the challenge of balancing the mechanical, thermal insulation, and flame-retardant properties of building insulation materials, this study presented a facile approach to modify the rigid polyurethane foam composites (RPUFs) via commercial expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and silica aerogel (SA). The resulting EG/APP/SA/RPUFs exhibited low thermal conductivity close to neat RPUF. However, the compressive strength of the 6EG/2APP/SA/RPUF increased by 49% along with achieving a V-0 flame retardant rating. The residual weight at 700 °C increased from 19.2 wt.% to 30.9 wt.%. Results from cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed a 9.2% reduction in total heat release (THR) and a 17.5% decrease in total smoke production (TSP). The synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of APP/EG made significant contribution to the excellent flame retardant properties of EG/APP/SA/RPUFs. The addition of SA played a vital role in reducing thermal conductivity and enhancing mechanical performance, effectively compensating for the shortcomings of APP/EG. The cost-effective EG/APP/SA system demonstrates a positive ternary synergistic effect in achieving a balance in RPUFs properties. This study provides a novel strategy aimed at developing affordable building wall insulation material with enhanced safety features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Longtao Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Zhiyu Yao
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Lixing Liang
- Microelectronics and Information Materials Research Center, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Dangxin Tian
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Junqiang Xue
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Linshan Zhan
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Zhilu Zhen
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Kangmin Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Temane LT, Orasugh JT, Ray SS. Recent Advances and Outlook in 2D Nanomaterial-Based Flame-Retardant PLA Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6046. [PMID: 37687739 PMCID: PMC10488405 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) has gained widespread use in many industries and has become a commodity polymer. Its potential as a perfect replacement for petrochemically made plastics has been constrained by its extreme flammability and propensity to flow in a fire. Traditional flame-retardants (FRs), such as organo-halogen chemicals, can be added to PLA without significantly affecting the material's mechanical properties. However, the restricted usage of these substances causes them to bioaccumulate and endanger plants and animals. Research on PLA flame-retardants has mostly concentrated on organic and inorganic substances for the past few years. Meanwhile, there has been a significant increase in renewed interest in creating environmentally acceptable flame-retardants for PLA to maintain the integrity of the polymer, which is the current trend. This article reviews recent advancements in novel FRs for PLA. The emphasis is on two-dimensional (2D) nanosystems and the composites made from them that have been used to develop PLA nanocomposite (NCP) systems that are flame retarding. The association between FR loadings and efficiency for different FR-PLA systems is also briefly discussed in the paper, as well as their influence on processing and other material attributes. It is unmistakably established from the literature that adding 2D nanoparticles to PLA matrix systems reduces their flammability by forming an intumescent char/carbonized surface layer. This creates a barrier effect that successfully blocks the filtration of volatiles and oxygen, heat and mass transfer, and the release of combustible gases produced during combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesego Tabea Temane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Tersur Orasugh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu J, Bi J, Xu B, Fu L, Hao W. Enhanced Flame Retardancy of Styrene-Acrylic Emulsion Based Damping Composites Based on an APP/EG Flame-Retardant System. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113894. [PMID: 37297028 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing flame-retarded styrene-acrylic emulsion (SAE) based damping composites is a challenging task because of their very high flammability. A promising approach is the synergistic combination of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). In this study, the surface modification of APP was modified by commercial titanate coupling agent ndz-201 through ball milling, and the SAE-based composite material was prepared with SAE and different ratios of modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and EG. The surface of MAPP was successfully chemically modified by NDZ-201 through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), and contact angle. The effects of different ratios of MAPP and EG on the dynamic and static mechanical properties and flame retardancy of composite materials were explored. The results showed that when MAPP:EG = 1:4, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the composite material was 52.5%, and the vertical burning test (UL-94) was at the V0 level. Its LOI increased by 141.9% compared to the composite materials without flame retardant. The optimized formulation of MAPP and EG in SAE-based damping composite materials showed a significant synergistic effect on the flame retardancy of the composite material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Jianhua Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Baoluo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Lisha Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Wanjun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Niu Q, Yue X, Cao W, Guo Z, Fang Z, Chen P, Li J. Interfacial silicon‑nitrogen aerogel raise flame retardancy of bamboo fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2697-2708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
6
|
Niu Q, Yue X, Guo Z, Yan H, Fang Z, Li J. Flame retardant bamboo fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites regulated by interfacial phosphorus-silicon aerogel. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Martins RC, Ribeiro SPDS, Rezende MJC, Nascimento RSV, Nascimento MAC, Batistella M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Flame-Retarding Properties of Injected and 3D-Printed Intumescent Bio-Based PLA Composites: The Influence of Brønsted and Lewis Acidity of Montmorillonite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091702. [PMID: 35566871 PMCID: PMC9105856 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of processing intumescent bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites by injection and fused filament fabrication (FFF) was evaluated. A raw (ANa) and two acidic-activated (AH2 and AH5) montmorillonites were added to the intumescent formulation, composed by lignin and ammonium polyphosphate, in order to evaluate the influence of the strength and the nature (Brønsted or Lewis) of their acidic sites on the fire behavior of the composites. The thermal stability and the volatile thermal degradation products of the composites were assessed. The injected and 3D-printed composites were submitted to cone calorimeter (CC), limit oxygen index (LOI), and UL-94 flammability tests. A similar tendency was observed for the injected and 3D-printed samples. The high density of strong Lewis sites in AH2 showed to be detrimental to the fire-retarding properties. For the CC test, the addition of the intumescent composite reduced the peak of heat released (pHRR) in approximately 49% when compared to neat PLA, while the composites containing ANa and AH5 presented a reduction of at least 54%. However, the addition of AH2 caused a pHRR reduction of around 47%, close to the one of the composite without clay (49%). In the LOI tests, the composites containing ANa and AH5 achieved the best results: 39% and 35%, respectively, for the injected samples, and 35 and 38% for the 3D-printed samples. For the composite containing AH2 the LOI values were 34% and 32% for injected and 3D-printed samples, respectively. Overall, the best performance in the flammability tests was achieved by the composites containing clays with only weak and moderate strength acidic sites (ANa and AH5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Carvalho Martins
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Pereira da Silva Ribeiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Michelle Jakeline Cunha Rezende
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Regina Sandra Veiga Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong X, Wu Z, Wang Y, Li T, Yuan H, Zhang X, Ma P, Chen M, Huang J, Dong W. Improving the toughness and flame retardancy of poly (lactic acid) with phosphorus‐containing core‐shell particles. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Zhenggui Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Ting Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Hao Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martins RC, Ribeiro SPDS, Nascimento RSV, Nascimento MAC, Batistella M, Lopez‐Cuesta J. The influence of montmorillonite on the flame‐retarding properties of intumescent bio‐based
PLA
composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Carvalho Martins
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH) IMT Mines Ales Ales Cedex France
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH) IMT Mines Ales Ales Cedex France
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Naser AZ, Deiab I, Defersha F, Yang S. Expanding Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Applications: A Review on Modifications and Effects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4271. [PMID: 34883773 PMCID: PMC8659978 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The high price of petroleum, overconsumption of plastic products, recent climate change regulations, the lack of landfill spaces in addition to the ever-growing population are considered the driving forces for introducing sustainable biodegradable solutions for greener environment. Due to the harmful impact of petroleum waste plastics on human health, environment and ecosystems, societies have been moving towards the adoption of biodegradable natural based polymers whose conversion and consumption are environmentally friendly. Therefore, biodegradable biobased polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained a significant amount of attention in recent years. Nonetheless, some of the vital limitations to the broader use of these biopolymers are that they are less flexible and have less impact resistance when compared to petroleum-based plastics (e.g., polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS)). Recent advances have shown that with appropriate modification methods-plasticizers and fillers, polymer blends and nanocomposites, such limitations of both polymers can be overcome. This work is meant to widen the applicability of both polymers by reviewing the available materials on these methods and their impacts with a focus on the mechanical properties. This literature investigation leads to the conclusion that both PLA and PHAs show strong candidacy in expanding their utilizations to potentially substitute petroleum-based plastics in various applications, including but not limited to, food, active packaging, surgical implants, dental, drug delivery, biomedical as well as antistatic and flame retardants applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheng Yang
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.Z.N.); (I.D.); (F.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang J, Chen X, Zhou H, Guo W, Zhang J, Miao Z, He D. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite in flame‐retardant ethylene vinyl acetate composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Honglei Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Weichun Guo
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhen Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Daihua He
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jin Q, Tian GQ, He R, Gu HL, Wu F, Zhu J. Simultaneously enhancing the crystallization rate and fire retardancy of poly(lactic acid) by using a novel bifunctional additive trimethylamine phenylphosphonate. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27346-27355. [PMID: 35480655 PMCID: PMC9037895 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02862f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously regulating the crystallizing and combustion behaviors of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) will be conducive to its further development in the fields of electronic appliances, automotive and rail transit materials. To achieve this goal, a novel bifunctional additive triethylamine phenylphosphonate (TEAP) was synthesized through acid-base neutralization reaction between trimethylamine and phenylphosphonic acid. When TEAP was added into PLA, the crystallization behaviors of PLA/TEAP assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) suggested that TEAP acted as a nucleating agent and plasticizer for PLA, which effectively increased the crystallization rate of PLA. However, PLA with 3 wt% TEAP showed a slower crystallization rate than that of PLA with 1 wt% TEAP due to the filler aggregation of TEAP. Thus, the crystallization rate increased first and then slightly decreased with increasing content of TEAP. Compared with the variation of the crystallization rate, the long period (L) and amorphous layer thickness (L a) resulting from SAXS showed opposite trends, while the average crystal thickness (L c) changed slightly; the reason may relate to the variation of the number of lamellae with increasing the content of TEAP. Meanwhile, the results of WAXD and Raman spectra showed the crystal structure of PLA was not affected by the addition of TEAP. The combustion behaviors of PLA and PLA/TEAP were evaluated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, cone calorimetry test (CCT) and thermal gravimetric analyses coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR). According to the results, TEAP mainly promotes the removal of melt dripping, hence brings away heat and delays the combustion. Besides, the production of phosphorus-containing free radicals can quench hydrogen or oxygen free radicals in the fire. Thus, the fire safety of PLA is significantly improved by adding a very low content of TEAP (1-3 wt%). Only 1 wt% loading of TEAP can increase the LOI value of PLA from 19.5 vol% to 28.6 vol%, pass the UL-94 V-0 rating and have a low peak heat release rate of 404 kW m-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
| | - Guo-Qiang Tian
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials (ERCPM-MoE), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Rong He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
| | - Hai-Long Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
| | - Jiang Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 P. R. China +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058 +86-023-15123252084, +86-023-49512058
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ullah S, Ahmad F, Al‐Sehemi AG, Raza MR, Assiri MA, Irfan A, Oñate E, Yeoh GH. Effects of expandable graphite on char morphology and pyrolysis of epoxy based intumescent
fire‐retardant
coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rafi Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad Sahiwal Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugenio Oñate
- International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Barcelona Spain
| | - Guan Heng Yeoh
- Mechanical Engineering University of New South Wales Kensington New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang Y, Dai Z, Liu M, Jiang H, Fan C, Wang B, Tang G, Wang H. Flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam composites based on microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and microencapsulated expanded graphite. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1920333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Mengru Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Haohao Jiang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Chuangang Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Huatian Engineering & Technology Corporation MCC, Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection Research Institute, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shi X, Pan Y, Wang Y, Jia Z, Chen T, Gong J, Jiang J. Synergistic Effects of Graphene and Ammonium Polyphosphate Modified with Vinyltrimethoxysilane on the Properties of High-Impact Polystyrene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060881. [PMID: 33805610 PMCID: PMC8001055 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was modified with a silane coupling agent (vinyltrimethoxysilane, Si-171), and then the synergistic flame retarding effect of graphene and surface-modified APP (APP@Si-171) on high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) was investigated. Surface modification and thermal stability characterization of APP were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that surface-modified APP (APP@Si-171) exhibited significantly better dispersion and less agglomeration tendencies compared with pure APP. A series of target HIPS composites containing different mass fractions of the two flame retardants were prepared by melt blending. TGA and cone calorimeter tests (CCT) were conducted to quantitatively investigate the thermal and flammability properties of the composites, respectively. Results from TGA and CCT demonstrated that the addition of the flame retardants delayed the onset and peak temperatures in differential thermogravimetry (DTG) curves and weakened the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). Moreover, the synergistic effect index (SE) was employed to quantify the synergistic behavior between the two fillers, and the results showed that APP@Si-171 and graphene had a synergistic effect on improving the thermal stability and flame retardancy of HIPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Shi
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Yong Pan
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-58139873
| | - Yuguo Wang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Zhimeng Jia
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Junhui Gong
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
- School of Environment & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Enhance the interaction between ammonium polyphosphate and epoxy resin matrix through hydrophobic modification with cationic latex. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Hohenwarter D, Mattausch H, Fischer C, Berger M, Haar B. Analysis of the Fire Behavior of Polymers (PP, PA 6 and PE-LD) and Their Improvement Using Various Flame Retardants. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245756. [PMID: 33339416 PMCID: PMC7768491 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fire behavior of polymers is examined primarily with the time-dependent heat release rate (HRR) measured with a cone calorimeter. The HRR is used to examine the fire behavior of materials with and without flame retardants, especially Polypropylene (PP-Copo) and Polyethylene (PE-LD). Polypropylene is stored for up to 99 days under normal conditions and the heat release rate shows especially changes about 100 s after irradiation with cone calorimeter, which may be caused by aging effects. The effect of crosslinking to the burning behavior of PP was examined too. Polyamides (PA 6) are irradiated with a radiation intensity of 25 kW/m2 to 95 kW/m2 and fire-related principles between radiation intensity and time to ignition can be derived from the measurement results. In order to comprehensively investigate the fire behavior of PP (also with flame retardant additives), the samples were also exposed to a flame, according to UL 94 with small power (50 W) and is inflamed with the power of a few 100 W. The irradiation causes different trigger mechanisms for the flame retardant additives in a plastic than the flame exposure. It is shown that the compound, which is favorable for irradiation, is not necessarily good for flame exposure. It can be seen that expandable graphite alone or with the addition of other additives is a very effective flame retardant for PP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Hohenwarter
- Federal Testing Center TGM, Department of Plastics Technology and Environmental Engineering, Wexstrasse 19-23, 1200 Wien, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-33126-650
| | - Hannelore Mattausch
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Polymer Processing, Otto-Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Christopher Fischer
- Laboratory for Polymer Engineering (LKT) at TGM, Wexstrasse 19-23, 1200 Wien, Austria;
| | - Matthias Berger
- Federal Testing Center TGM, Department of Plastics Technology and Environmental Engineering, Wexstrasse 19-23, 1200 Wien, Austria;
| | - Bernd Haar
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ullah S, Ahmad F, Al‐Sehemi AG, Assiri MA, Raza MR, Irfan A. Effect of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal degradation and weathering of intumescent
fire‐retardant
coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rafi Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad—Sahiwal Campus Sahiwal Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Research on the Flame Retardancy Properties and Mechanism of Modified Asphalt with Halloysite Nanotubes and Conventional Flame Retardant. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13204509. [PMID: 33053695 PMCID: PMC7600980 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The inflammability of asphalt road will promote fire spread in the tunnel and produce lots of toxic smoke. To improve the fire resistance of asphalt pavement, mineral powder flame retardants are generally replaced by flame retardants in equal amounts. In this study, the effects of the synergistic flame retardancy system of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and conventional flame retardants (CFR) on the flame retardancy performance and mechanism of asphalt were investigated. Firstly, the flame retardancy properties of the HNTs and CFR composite modified asphalt were investigated based on the Cleveland open cup method (COC), Limiting oxygen index meter (LOI), and Cone calorimeter tests (CCTs). Then, the flame retardancy mechanism of the modified asphalt was studied based on Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that adding HNTs could improve the flame retardancy of the CFR modified asphalt binder. When 1 wt % HNTs and 8 wt % CFR were used, the limiting oxygen index of asphalt increased by 40.1%, the ignition temperature increased by 40 °C, while the heat release rate, total heat release, the smoke production rate, total smoke release, and other parameters decreased with varying degrees. Based on TG, FTIR, and SEM, the targeted flame retardancy mechanism and synergistic effect of HNTs/CFR flame retardancy system were revealed and summarized as three stages: (1) Stage 1, aluminum hydroxide (ATH) absorbs heat through thermal decomposition and inhibits the decomposition of lightweight components in asphalt; (2) Stage 2, aluminum diethyl phosphate (ADP) decomposes and produces organic phosphoric acid, which catalyzes crosslinking and ring thickening of asphalt and the quenching effect of phosphorus free radicals to block the combustion; and (3) Stage 3, HNTs plays an important role in increasing the integrity and density of the barrier layer. In addition, the Al2O3 produced by the decomposition of ATH, the carbon layer formed by the ADP catalyzed pitch, and HNTs play a significant synergistic effect in the formation of the barrier layer. Thus, the combination of HNTs and CFR has been proved to be a prospective flame retardancy system for asphalt.
Collapse
|
20
|
Cheng Z, Liao D, Hu X, Li W, Xie C, Zhang H, Yang W. Synergistic fire retardant effect between expandable graphite and ferrocene-based non-phosphorus polymer on polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
21
|
Biodegradable Flame Retardants for Biodegradable Polymer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071038. [PMID: 32664598 PMCID: PMC7407105 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve sustainability of polymers and to reduce carbon footprint, polymers from renewable resources are given significant attention due to the developing concern over environmental protection. The renewable materials are progressively used in many technical applications instead of short-term-use products. However, among other applications, the flame retardancy of such polymers needs to be improved for technical applications due to potential fire risk and their involvement in our daily life. To overcome this potential risk, various flame retardants (FRs) compounds based on conventional and non-conventional approaches such as inorganic FRs, nitrogen-based FRs, halogenated FRs and nanofillers were synthesized. However, most of the conventional FRs are non-biodegradable and if disposed in the landfill, microorganisms in the soil or water cannot degrade them. Hence, they remain in the environment for long time and may find their way not only in the food chain but can also easily attach to any airborne particle and can travel distances and may end up in freshwater, food products, ecosystems, or even can be inhaled if they are present in the air. Furthermore, it is not a good choice to use non-biodegradable FRs in biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA). Therefore, the goal of this review paper is to promote the use of biodegradable and bio-based compounds for flame retardants used in polymeric materials.
Collapse
|
22
|
Babu K, Rendén G, Afriyie Mensah R, Kim NK, Jiang L, Xu Q, Restás Á, Esmaeely Neisiany R, Hedenqvist MS, Försth M, Byström A, Das O. A Review on the Flammability Properties of Carbon-Based Polymeric Composites: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071518. [PMID: 32650531 PMCID: PMC7408100 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon based fillers have attracted a great deal of interest in polymer composites because of their ability to beneficially alter properties at low filler concentration, good interfacial bonding with polymer, availability in different forms, etc. The property alteration of polymer composites makes them versatile for applications in various fields, such as constructions, microelectronics, biomedical, and so on. Devastations due to building fire stress the importance of flame-retardant polymer composites, since they are directly related to human life conservation and safety. Thus, in this review, the significance of carbon-based flame-retardants for polymers is introduced. The effects of a wide variety of carbon-based material addition (such as fullerene, CNTs, graphene, graphite, and so on) on reaction-to-fire of the polymer composites are reviewed and the focus is dedicated to biochar-based reinforcements for use in flame retardant polymer composites. Additionally, the most widely used flammability measuring techniques for polymeric composites are presented. Finally, the key factors and different methods that are used for property enhancement are concluded and the scope for future work is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Babu
- Center for Polymer Composites and Natural Fiber Research, Tamil Nadu 625005, India;
| | - Gabriella Rendén
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Rhoda Afriyie Mensah
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (R.A.M.); (L.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Nam Kyeun Kim
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (R.A.M.); (L.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (R.A.M.); (L.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Ágoston Restás
- Department of Fire Protection and Rescue Control, National University of Public Service, H-1011 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran;
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.); (O.D.)
| | - Michael Försth
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden; (M.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Byström
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden; (M.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Oisik Das
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.); (O.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang T, Bi M, Jiang H, Gao W. Suppression of aluminum dust explosions by expandable graphite. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Song Y, Xue B, Wang J, Qin R, Niu M. Ammonium polyphosphate wrapped carbon microspheres: a novel flame retardant with smoke suppression for poly (ethylene terephthalate). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Wang J, Xue L, Zhao B, Lin G, Jin X, Liu D, Zhu H, Yang J, Shang K. Flame Retardancy, Fire Behavior, and Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant EPDM Containing Ammonium Polyphosphate/Pentaerythrotol and Expandable Graphite. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244035. [PMID: 31817279 PMCID: PMC6947204 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intumescent flame retardant ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) was prepared using intumescent flame retardant (IFR), including ammonium polyphosphate (APP) /pentaerythrotol (PER) and expandable graphite (EG), as the flame retardant agent. The effects of IFR and EG on the flame retardancy, fire behavior, and thermal stability of the EPDM were investigated. The results show that IFR and EG have excellent synergistic flame retardant effects. When the mass ratio of IFR to EG is 3:1 and the total addition content is 40 phr, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the EPDM material (EPDM/IFR/EG) can reach 30.4%, and it can pass a V-0 rating in the vertical combustion (UL-94) test. Meanwhile, during the cone calorimetry test, the heat release rate and total heat release of EPDM/IFR/EG are 69.0% and 33.3% lower than that of the pure EPDM, respectively, and the smoke release of the material also decreases significantly, suggesting that the sample shows good fire safety. In addition, the flame retardant mechanism of IFR and EG is systematically investigated by thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicate that IFR and EG have only physical interaction. Moreover, the reason why IFR exhibits a poor flame retardant effect in EPDM materials is explained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Wang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Lei Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; (L.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Bi Zhao
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Guide Lin
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Xing Jin
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Dan Liu
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Haibo Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; (L.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jinjun Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; (L.X.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (K.S.); Tel.: +86-022-23861237 (K.S.)
| | - Ke Shang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (K.S.); Tel.: +86-022-23861237 (K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li DF, Zhao X, Jia YW, He L, Wang XL, Wang YZ. Simultaneously enhance both the flame retardancy and toughness of polylactic acid by the cooperation of intumescent flame retardant and bio-based unsaturated polyester. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Hugely enhanced flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of UHMWPE composites with silicone‐coated expandable graphite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
28
|
Vahabi H, Kandola BK, Saeb MR. Flame Retardancy Index for Thermoplastic Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030407. [PMID: 30960391 PMCID: PMC6473221 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame Retardancy Index, FRI, was defined as a simple yet universal dimensionless criterion born out of cone calorimetry data on thermoplastic composites and then put into practice for quantifying the flame retardancy performance of different polymer composites on a set of reliable data. Four types of thermoplastic composites filled with a wide variety of flame retardant additives were chosen for making comparative evaluations regardless of the type and loading level of the additive as well as the irradiance flux. The main features of cone calorimetry including peak of Heat Release Rate (pHRR), Total Heat Release (THR), and Time-To-Ignition (TTI) served to calculate a dimensionless measure that reflects an improvement in the flame retardancy of nominated thermoplastic composites with respect to the neat thermoplastic, quantitatively. A meaningful trend was observed among well-classified ranges of FRI quantities calculated for the studied dataset on thermoplastic composites by which “Poor”, “Good”, and “Excellent” flame retardancy performances were explicitly defined and exhibited on logarithmic scales of FRI axis. The proposed index remains adaptable to thermoplastic systems whatever the polymer or additive is.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire MOPS E.A. 4423, F-57070 Metz, France.
| | - Baljinder K Kandola
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire MOPS E.A. 4423, F-57070 Metz, France.
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Standau T, Zhao C, Murillo Castellón S, Bonten C, Altstädt V. Chemical Modification and Foam Processing of Polylactide (PLA). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E306. [PMID: 30960290 PMCID: PMC6419231 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is known as one of the most promising biopolymers as it is derived from renewable feedstock and can be biodegraded. During the last two decades, it moved more and more into the focus of scientific research and industrial use. It is even considered as a suitable replacement for standard petroleum-based polymers, such as polystyrene (PS), which can be found in a wide range of applications-amongst others in foams for packaging and insulation applications-but cause strong environmental issues. PLA has comparable mechanical properties to PS. However, the lack of melt strength is often referred to as a drawback for most foaming processes. One way to overcome this issue is the incorporation of chemical modifiers which can induce chain extension, branching, or cross-linking. As such, a wide variety of substances were studied in the literature. This work should give an overview of the most commonly used chemical modifiers and their effects on rheological, thermal, and foaming behavior. Therefore, this review article summarizes the research conducted on neat and chemically modified PLA foamed with the conventional foaming methods (i.e., batch foaming, foam extrusion, foam injection molding, and bead foaming).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Chunjing Zhao
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Svenja Murillo Castellón
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Thermal Degradation Characteristic and Flame Retardancy of Polylactide-Based Nanobiocomposites. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102648. [PMID: 30332755 PMCID: PMC6222373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is one of the most widely used organic bio-degradable polymers. However, it has poor flame retardancy characteristics. To address this disadvantage, we performed melt-blending of PLA with intumescent flame retardants (IFRs; melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol) in the presence of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT), which resulted in nanobiocomposites with excellent intumescent char formation and improved flame retardant characteristics. Triphenyl benzyl phosphonium (OMMT-1)- and tributyl hexadecyl phosphonium (OMMT-2)-modified MMTs were used in this study. Thermogravimetric analysis in combination with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that these nanocomposites release a smaller amount of toxic gases during thermal degradation than unmodified PLA. Melt-rheological behaviors supported the conclusions drawn from the cone calorimeter data and char structure of the various nanobiocomposites. Moreover, the characteristic of the surfactant used for the modification of MMT played a crucial role in controlling the fire properties of the composites. For example, the nanocomposite containing 5 wt.% OMMT-1 showed significantly improved fire properties with a 47% and 68% decrease in peak heat and total heat release rates, respectively, as compared with those of unmodified PLA. In summary, melt-blending of PLA, IFR, and OMMT has potential in the development of high-performance PLA-based sustainable materials.
Collapse
|
31
|
Improving the resistance to hydrothermal ageing of flame-retarded PLA by incorporating miscible PMMA. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
32
|
Zhu ZM, Rao WH, Kang AH, Liao W, Wang YZ. Highly effective flame retarded polystyrene by synergistic effects between expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
33
|
Zhang B, Jiang Y. Improving the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Poly(Lactic Acid) with a SiO2@ammonium Molybdate Core-Shell Nanotubes. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2018.1493124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab.of Industrial Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab.of Industrial Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Influence of expandable graphite particle size on the synergy flame retardant property between expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate in semi-rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
35
|
Mngomezulu ME, Luyt AS, Chapple SA, John MJ. Effect of expandable graphite on thermal and flammability properties of poly(lactic acid)-starch/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) blend systems. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mfiso E. Mngomezulu
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus), Private Bag X13; Phuthaditjhaba, 9866 South Africa
| | - Adriaan S. Luyt
- Center for Advanced Materials; Qatar University, PO Box 2713; Doha Qatar
| | - Steve A. Chapple
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing; Polymers and Composites Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
| | - Maya J. John
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing; Polymers and Composites Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 1600; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sypaseuth FD, Gallo E, Çiftci S, Schartel B. Polylactic acid biocomposites: approaches to a completely green flame retarded polymer. E-POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBasic paths towards fully green flame retarded kenaf fiber reinforced polylactic acid (K-PLA) biocomposites are compared. Multicomponent flame retardant systems are investigated using an amount of 20 wt% such as Mg(OH)2 (MH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expandable graphite (EG), and combinations with silicon dioxide or layered silicate (LS) nanofillers. Adding kenaf fibers and flame retardants increases the E modulus up to a factor 2, although no compatibilizer was used at all. Thus, in particular adding EG and MH decreases the strength at maximum elongation, and kenaf fibers, MH, and EG are crucial for reducing the elongation to break. The oxygen index is improved by up to 33 vol% compared to 17 vol% for K-PLA. The HB classification of K-PLA in the UL 94 test is outperformed. All flame retarded biocomposites show somewhat lower thermal stability and increased amounts of residue. MH decreases the fire load significantly, and the greatest reduction in peak heat release rate is obtained for K-PLA/15MH/5LS. Synergistic effects are observed between EG and APP (ratio 2:1) in flammability and fire properties. Synergistic multicomponent systems containing EG and APP, or MH with adjuvants offer a promising route to green flame retarded natural fiber reinforced PLA biocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanni D. Sypaseuth
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuela Gallo
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Serhat Çiftci
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang G, Bai S. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and melamine phosphate on flame-retardant polystyrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wilke A, Langfeld K, Ulmer B, Andrievici V, Hörold A, Limbach P, Bastian M, Schartel B. Halogen-Free Multicomponent Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Styrene–Ethylene–Butylene–Styrene Elastomers Based on Ammonium Polyphosphate–Expandable Graphite Synergy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Wilke
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Langfeld
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ulmer
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vlad Andrievici
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hörold
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Limbach
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Bastian
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang J, Yuan B, Mu X, Feng X, Tai Q, Hu Y. Two-Dimensional Metal Phenylphosphonates as Novel Flame Retardants for Polystyrene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junling Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School
of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaowei Mu
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaming Feng
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qilong Tai
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Terminal group effects of phosphazene-triazine bi-group flame retardant additives in flame retardant polylactic acid composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
42
|
Huang J, Tang Q, Liao W, Wang G, Wei W, Li C. Green Preparation of Expandable Graphite and Its Application in Flame-Resistance Polymer Elastomer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jindu Huang
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qianqiu Tang
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Weibin Liao
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gengchao Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Xinghua Rubber Belt Co., Ltd., Haian, Jiangsu 226600, P. R. China
| | - Chunzhong Li
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guo Y, Chang CC, Halada G, Cuiffo MA, Xue Y, Zuo X, Pack S, Zhang L, He S, Weil E, Rafailovich MH. Engineering flame retardant biodegradable polymer nanocomposites and their application in 3D printing. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
44
|
Murariu M, Dubois P. PLA composites: From production to properties. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:17-46. [PMID: 27085468 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA), a biodegradable polyester produced from renewable resources, is used for various applications (biomedical, packaging, textile fibers and technical items). Due to its inherent properties, PLA has a key-position in the market of biopolymers, being one of the most promising candidates for further developments. Unfortunately, PLA suffers from some shortcomings, whereas for the different applications specific end-use properties are required. Therefore, the addition of reinforcing fibers, micro- and/or nanofillers, and selected additives within PLA matrix is considered as a powerful method for obtaining specific end-use characteristics and major improvements of properties. This review highlights recent developments, current results and trends in the field of composites based on PLA. It presents the main advances in PLA properties and reports selected results in relation to the preparation and characterization of the most representative PLA composites. To illustrate the possibility to design the properties of composites, a section is devoted to the production and characterization of innovative PLA-based products filled with thermally-treated calcium sulfate, a by-product from the lactic acid production process. Moreover, are emphasized the last tendencies strongly evidenced in the case of PLA, i.e., the high interest to diversify its uses by moving from biomedical and packaging (biodegradation properties, "disposables") to technical applications ("durables").
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Murariu
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), University of Mons & Materia Nova Research Centre, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), University of Mons & Materia Nova Research Centre, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen Y, Wang W, Liu Z, Yao Y, Qian L. Synthesis of a novel flame retardant containing phosphazene and triazine groups and its enhanced charring effect in poly(lactic acid) resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen C, Gu X, Jin X, Sun J, Zhang S. The effect of chitosan on the flammability and thermal stability of polylactic acid/ammonium polyphosphate biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:1586-1593. [PMID: 27987872 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports our recent efforts on introducing chitosan (CS) in association with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into polylactic acid (PLA) by melt blending to improve the flame retardancy of the biocomposites. The flammability of the composites was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test and cone calorimetry test (CONE). The results showed that the PLA sample containing 2% CS and 5% APP achieved the maximal LOI value of 33.1, passed the UL-94 V-0 rating, and decreased the peak heat release rate to 425.6kW/m2. The morphology characterization of char residue by scanning electron microscope indicated a dense, homogeneous and continuous residue char could be formed by the presence of APP and CS in PLA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravity analysis suggested that CS could act as a novel carbon agent owning to its high content of carbon atoms and multi-hydroxyl groups, and the interaction between CS and APP could provide synergistic effects in improving the flame retardancy of PLA biocomposites. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that the presence of APP and CS could promote the crystallization of PLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Feng X, Wang X, Cai W, Qiu S, Hu Y, Liew KM. Studies on Synthesis of Electrochemically Exfoliated Functionalized Graphene and Polylactic Acid/Ferric Phytate Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposites as New Fire Hazard Suppression Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25552-62. [PMID: 27588582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Practical application of functionalized graphene in polymeric nanocomposites is hampered by the lack of cost-effective and eco-friendly methods for its production. Here, we reported a facile and green electrochemical approach for preparing ferric phytate functionalized graphene (f-GNS) by simultaneously utilizing biobased phytic acid as electrolyte and modifier for the first time. Due to the presence of phytic acid, electrochemical exfoliation leads to low oxidized graphene sheets (a C/O ratio of 14.8) that are tens of micrometers large. Successful functionalization of graphene was confirmed by the appearance of phosphorus and iron peaks in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum. Further, high-performance polylactic acid/f-GNS nanocomposites are readily fabricated by a convenient masterbatch strategy. Notably, inclusion of well-dispersed f-GNS resulted in dramatic suppression on fire hazards of polylactic acid in terms of reduced peak heat-release rate (decreased by 40%), low CO yield, and formation of a high graphitized protective char layer. Moreover, obviously improvements in crystallization rate and thermal conductivities of polylactic acid nanocomposites were observed, highlighting its promising potential in practical application. This novel strategy toward the simultaneous exfoliation and functionalization for graphene demonstrates a simple yet very effective approach for fabricating graphene-based flame retardants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Anhui 230026, P.R. China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Shuilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Anhui 230026, P.R. China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Anhui 230026, P.R. China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Kim Meow Liew
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
- Department of Architectural and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang YY, Shih YF. Flame-retardant recycled bamboo chopstick fiber-reinforced poly(lactic acid) green composites via multifunctional additive system. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
49
|
Jin X, Chen C, Sun J, Zhang X, Gu X, Zhang S. The synergism between melamine and expandable graphite on improving the flame retardancy of polyamide 11. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316628965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG) has attracted more and more attention in fire science society due to its excellent char-forming ability, however, it cannot meet commercial flame-retardant requirements because of the low intensity of the char. This work reported our very recent efforts on improving the char quality of EG by introducing melamine (MEL) in order to enhance the fire resistance and thermal stability of polyamide 11 (PA 11) composite. The flammability characterized by limiting oxygen index, UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimeter (cone) tests shows that the presence of both EG and MEL can significantly improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of PA 11 composites. The scanning electron microscopic analysis shows that EG and MEL are beneficial to form compact char layers that can isolate the matrix from heat and oxygen. It is proposed that the formation of hydrogen bonds between MEL and PA 11 are crucial for improving the flame retardancy of the composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Synergistic flame-retardant effect of expandable graphite and phosphorus-containing compounds for epoxy resin: Strong bonding of different carbon residues. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|