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Wang X, Zhou P, Zhang Z, Huang Q, Chen X, Ji L, Cheng X, Shi Y, Yu S, Tang J, Sun C, Zhao X, Yu J. A Drosophila model of gestational antimony exposure uncovers growth and developmental disorders caused by disrupting oxidative stress homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:418-429. [PMID: 37666440 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The toxic heavy metal antimony (Sb) is ubiquitous in our daily lives. Various models have shown that Sb induces neuronal and reproductive toxicity. However, little is known about the developmental toxicity of Sb exposure during gestation and the underlying mechanisms. To study its effects on growth and development, Drosophila stages from eggs to pupae were exposed to different Sb concentrations (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/mL Sb); RNA sequencing was used to identify the underlying mechanism. The model revealed that prenatal Sb exposure significantly reduced larval body size and weight, the pupation and eclosion rates, and the number of flies at all stages. With 1.2 mg/mL Sb exposure in 3rd instar larvae, 484 genes were upregulated and 694 downregulated compared to controls. Biological analysis showed that the disrupted transcripts were related to the oxidative stress pathway, as verified by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) intervention experiments. Sb exposure induced oxidative stress imbalance could be rectified by chelation and antioxidant effects of NAC/GSH. The Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) model further demonstrated that NAC and GSH greatly ameliorated cell death induced by Sb exposure. In conclusion, gestational Sb exposure disrupted oxidative stress homeostasis, thereby impairing growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Peiyao Zhou
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Qiuru Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Li Ji
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xinmeng Cheng
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shali Yu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Chi Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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2
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Tang W, Zhu H, Xi W, Qiu Y, Qian L. Cage‐shaped octaphenyl silsesquioxane with micro‐nano dispersibility for strengthening intumescent flame retardancy in polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing People's Republic of China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Benecke‐Changshun Auto Trim (Zhangjiagang) Co. Ltd Zhangjiagang Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Xi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing People's Republic of China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing People's Republic of China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing People's Republic of China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing People's Republic of China
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3
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Role of polypyrrole-based SrO–CuO nanocomposite on flame retardancy and heat dissipation applications. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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4
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Sisal-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Flame-Retardant Composites: Preparation and Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040893. [PMID: 36850176 PMCID: PMC9964811 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural-fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites with a series of advantages including light weight, chemical durability, renewable resources, low in cost, etc., are being widely used in many fields such as the automotive industry, packaging, and construction. However, the flammability of plant fiber and the PP matrix restricts the application range, security, and use of these composites. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the flame retardants of such composites. In this paper, sisal-fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP/SF) flame-retardant composites were prepared using the two-step melt blending method. The flame retardant used was an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) composed of silane-coated ammonium polyphosphate (Si-APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The influence of different blending processes on the flammability and mechanical properties of the composites was analyzed. The findings suggested that PP/SF flame-retardant composites prepared via different blending processes showed different flame-retardant properties. The (PP/SF)/IFR composite prepared by PP/SF secondary blending with IFR showed excellent flame-retardant performance, with a limited oxygen index of about 28.3% and passing the UL-94 V-0 rating (3.2 mm) in the vertical combustion test. Compared with the (PP/IFR) /SF composite prepared by a matrix primarily blended with IFR and then secondly blended with SF, the peak heat release rate (pk HRR) and total heat release (THR) of the (PP/SF)/IFR composite decreased by 11.3% and 13.7%, respectively. In contrast, the tensile strength of the (PP/SF)/IFR system was 5.3% lower than that of the (PP/IFR)/SF system; however, the overall mechanical (tensile, flexural, and notched impact) properties of the composites prepared using three different mixing processes were similar.
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Tang W, Qian L, Prolongo SG, Wang DY. Small core of piperazine/silane aggregation initiate efficient charring flame retardant effect in polypropylene composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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6
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Lin F, Zhang M, Li X, Mao S, Wei Y. Synergistic Effects of Diatoms on Intumescent Flame Retardant High Impact Polystyrene System. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204453. [PMID: 36298033 PMCID: PMC9609494 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, aiming to improve the flame retardancy performance of high impact polystyrene (HIPS), HIPS compounds were synthesized with the addition of intumescent flame retardant (IFR: mass ratio of APP and PER was 3:1) and diatoms into HIPS matrix by melt blending method. It was found the IFR/diatoms system exhibited high flame retardant efficiency and catalytic carbonization effect to HIPS matrix in the burning process. The LOI value of HIPS-2 compound with the addition of 28 wt% IFR and 2 wt% diatoms was increased to 29.0% and passed V-0 rating. The value of PHRR for HIPS-2 compound is about 460.58 kW/m2 compared with 937.22 kW/m2 of pure HIPS and the value of THR for HIPS-2 compound is about 32.9 MJ/m2 compared with 62.7 MJ/m2 of pure HIPS, suggesting that the addition of IFR/diatoms system can decrease the values of PHRR and THR, which shows the synergistic effect between IFR and diatoms on reducing heat release. The 21.9% reduction in Av-EHC and 41.4% reduction in TSP seen on introducing an IFR/diatoms system indicates effective smoke suppression, which potentially would significantly reduce the death rate in real fire accidents. The TG-IR results indicated that the IFR/diatoms flame retardant system functioned in the gas phase to suppress the flame. The SEM images showed the char residue produced was more compact and continuous, which suggests that the IFR/diatoms flame retardant system exhibits barrier and catalytic effects to block heat transferring and promote char forming. The tensile strength and impact strength of HIPS-2 compound were 22.95 MPa and 2.63 KJ/m2, respectively. The tensile strength and impact strength were increased by 34.13% and 19.55% compared with that of pure HIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Province Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030621, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Shanxi Province Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030621, China
- Shanxi Advance Technology Low Carbon Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030021, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Shanxi Province Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030621, China
| | - Shuangdan Mao
- Shanxi Advance Technology Low Carbon Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030021, China
| | - Yinghui Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Correspondence:
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Ur Rehman Z, Niaz AK, Song JI, Heun Koo B. Excellent Fire Retardant Properties of CNF/VMT Based LBL Coatings Deposited on Polypropylene and Wood-Ply. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:303. [PMID: 33477966 PMCID: PMC7844820 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, layer by layer (LBL) fire retardant coatings were produced on wood ply and Polypropylene Homopolymer/Flax fiber composites. FE-SEM and EDAX analysis was carried out to analyze the surface morphology, thickness, growth rate and elemental composition of the samples. Coatings with a high degree of uniformity were formed on Polypropylene composite (PP/flax), while coatings with highest thickness were obtained on wood ply (wood). FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were further used for the molecular identifications of the coatings, which confirmed the maximum deposition of the solution components on the wood substrate. A physiochemical analysis and model was proposed to explain the forces of adhesion between the substrate and solution molecules. Fire protection and thermal properties were studied using TGA and UL-94 tests. It was explored, that the degradation of the coated substrates was highly protected by the coatings as follows: wood > PP/flax > PP. From the UL-94 test, it was further discovered that more than 83% of the coated wood substrate was protected from burning, compared to the 0% of the uncoated substrate. The flammability resistance of the samples was ranked as wood > PP/flax > PP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bon Heun Koo
- College of Mechatronic Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Korea; (Z.U.R.); (A.K.N.); (J.-I.S.)
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Alassali A, Abis M, Fiore S, Kuchta K. Classification of plastic waste originated from waste electric and electronic equipment based on the concentration of antimony. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120874. [PMID: 31336271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research is a preliminary assessment of antimony concentration in plastic fractions deriving from different e-waste. We considered microwave ovens, desktop computers, laptops, mobile phones, a TV case, a PC monitor and LED lamps (63 items in total). The plastic fraction ranged from 8%-wt in computers and microwave ovens, up to 40%-wt in cell phones and 59%-wt in LED lamps. Specific polymers were identified through Near Infrared spectroscopy. The samples followed three parallel procedures: acid digestion with aqua regia; conversion into ashes at 600 °C then acid digestion with aqua regia; leaching according to UNI10802 reference procedure. Plastic components with significant amounts of antimony were the ones derived from desktop computers (25-1900 mg/kg) and from microwave ovens (830 mg/kg), yet their relative amount compared to the total weight of the item was limited. Items with larger plastic fractions showed lower concentrations of antimony (1-6 mg/kg in mobile phones cases and 160-640 mg/kg in plastic components of LED lamps). Leaching tests revealed that the analyzed plastic fractions could be mostly admitted in non-hazardous waste landfills. The analysis of ashed samples highlighted the need to further improve the acidic extraction procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah Alassali
- TUHH - Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Waste Resources Management, Harburger Schlossstrasse 36, 21079 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marco Abis
- TUHH - Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Waste Resources Management, Harburger Schlossstrasse 36, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Fiore
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Kerstin Kuchta
- TUHH - Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Waste Resources Management, Harburger Schlossstrasse 36, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Kang BH, Yang XY, Lu X. Effect of hollow glass microsphere on the flame retardancy and combustion behavior of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Pallmann J, Ren Y, Mahltig B, Huo T. Phosphorylated sodium alginate/APP/DPER intumescent flame retardant used for polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pallmann
- School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
- Hochschule NiederrheinUniversity of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Textile and Clothing Technology 41065, Mönchengladbach Germany
| | - Yuan‐Lin Ren
- School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite, Ministry of EducationTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
| | - Boris Mahltig
- Hochschule NiederrheinUniversity of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Textile and Clothing Technology 41065, Mönchengladbach Germany
| | - Tong‐Guo Huo
- School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite, Ministry of EducationTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
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Wang X, Wang Z, Li J. Effects of a semi‐bio‐based triazine derivative on intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Wang
- School of Material Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Zongbao Wang
- School of Material Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
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12
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Wang L, Wang Z, Sun Y, Liang X, Xiang H. Sb2O3 modified PVDF-CTFE electrospun fibrous membrane as a safe lithium-ion battery separator. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Vásquez-Rendón M, Álvarez-Láinez ML. Tailoring the mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of high-performance PEI/PBT blends exhibiting dual-phase continuity. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Fei B. Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E876. [PMID: 30960801 PMCID: PMC6403615 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PLA has become a commodity polymer with wide applications in a number of fields. However, its high flammability with the tendency to flow in fire has limited its viability as a perfect replacement for the petrochemically-engineered plastics. Traditional flame retardants, which may be incorporated into PLA without severely degrading the mechanical properties, are the organo-halogen compounds. Meanwhile, these compounds tend to bioaccumulate and pose a risk to flora and fauna due to their restricted use. Research into PLA flame retardants has largely focused on organic and inorganic compounds for the past few years. Meanwhile, the renewed interest in the development of environmentally sustainable flame retardants (FRs) for PLA has increased significantly in a bid to maintain the integrity of the polymer. A review on the development of new flame retardants for PLA is presented herein. The focus is on metal oxides, phosphorus-based systems, 2D and 1D nanomaterials, hyperbranched polymers, and their combinations, which have been applied for flame retarding PLA are discussed. The paper also reviews briefly the correlation between FR loadings and efficiency for various FR systems, and their effects on processing and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Liao YJ, Wu XL, Zhu L, Yi T. Synthesis and properties of novel styrene acrylonitrile/polypropylene blends with enhanced toughness. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:78. [PMID: 29987505 PMCID: PMC6037637 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although polypropylene (PP) has been widely used, its brittleness restricts even further applications. Methods In this study, we have used a melt blending process to synthesize styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)/PP blends containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% SAN. The effects of adding various amount of SAN on the blends characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal behavior and morphology were investigated. Results The results demonstrated that SAN had no obviously effect on crystal form but reduced the crystallinity of PP and increased the viscosity. The heat deflection temperature and Vicat softening temperature were enhanced for all SAN/PP blends, in particular for blends with low SAN content (5 and 10 wt%). The morphology of SAN/PP blends with 10 wt% SAN revealed the presence of nanoparticles dispersed on the surface, while SAN/PP blends with 20 wt% SAN exhibited the presence of spherical droplets and dark holes. All SAN/PP blends showed higher impact strength compared to pure PP, especially for SAN/PP blend containing 10 wt% SAN for which the impact strength was 2.3 times higher than that of pure PP. Conclusions The reason for significant increase in impact properties seemed to have a strong correlation with nanoparticles morphology and the decrease of PP crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Liao
- School of Materials Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wu
- School of Materials Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.
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Iqbal MA, Iqbal MA, Fedel M. Fire Retardancy of Aluminum Hydroxide Reinforced Flame Retardant Modified Epoxy Resin Composite. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427218040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Impact of technological innovation and regulation development on e-waste toxicity: a case study of waste mobile phones. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7100. [PMID: 29740013 PMCID: PMC5940856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Technology innovation has accelerated progress in Information and Communications Technology (ICT), especially in the mobile phones sector. Concurrently, local, national, and international governments are enforcing stricter regulations to protect natural resources and human health. The paper attempts to address the question: Have technological innovations and regulation development had a positive impact on ecosystems and public health? We identified 36 waste mobile phones (WMPs) manufactured between 2002 and 2013, assessed their metals concentration, leachability, and potential impact on environment and human health using digestion, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and USEtox model, respectively. The results highlight that regulations did not have significant impact on total metal content, except some heavy metals, while technology innovation recorded stronger impact. WMPs should be classified as hazardous due to excessive lead content. Copper posed the most significant ecotoxicity risk, and chromium showed the most significant risk for both cancerous and non-cancerous diseases. Additionally, we demonstrated that WMPs toxicity increased with technology innovation.
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Gao S, Zhao X, Liu G. Synthesis of an integrated intumescent flame retardant and its flame retardancy properties for polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Li X, Tang S, Zhou X, Gu S, Huang K, Xu J, Wang X, Li Y. Synergistic effect of amino silane functional montmorillonite on intumescent flame-retarded SEBS and its mechanism. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Shawei Tang
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Shengheng Gu
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- DSM Resolve; P.O. Box 18 Geleen 6160 MD The Netherlands
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
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20
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Shen Y, Gong W, Zheng B, Meng X, Gao L. Synergistic effect of Ni-based bimetallic catalyst with intumescent flame retardant on flame retardancy and thermal stability of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Rheological behavior of poly(acrylonitrile) concentrated solutions: effect of Sb2O3 nanoparticles on shear and extensional flow. Colloid Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-016-3907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Chen M, Ogunseitan OA, Wang J, Chen H, Wang B, Chen S. Evolution of electronic waste toxicity: Trends in innovation and regulation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:147-154. [PMID: 26854858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid innovation in printed circuit board, and the uncertainties surrounding quantification of the human and environmental health impacts of e-waste disposal have made it difficult to confirm the influence of evolving e-waste management strategies and regulatory policies on materials. To assess these influences, we analyzed hazardous chemicals in a market-representative set of Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs, 1996-2010). We used standard leaching tests to characterize hazard potential and USEtox® to project impacts on human health and ecosystem. The results demonstrate that command-and-control regulations have had minimal impacts on WPCBs composition and toxicity risks; whereas technological innovation may have been influenced more by resource conservation, including a declining trend in the use of precious metals such as gold. WPCBs remain classified as hazardous under U.S. and California laws because of excessive toxic metals. Lead poses the most significant risk for cancers; zinc for non-cancer diseases; copper had the largest potential impact on ecosystem quality. Among organics, acenaphthylene, the largest risk for cancers; naphthalene for non-cancer diseases; pyrene has the highest potential for ecotoxicological impacts. These findings support the need for stronger enforcement of international policies and technology innovation to implement the strategy of design-for-the-environment and to encourage recovery, recycling, and reuse of WPCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle (SWUST), Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, China; Program in Public Health and School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Oladele A Ogunseitan
- Program in Public Health and School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle (SWUST), Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle (SWUST), Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle (SWUST), Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle (SWUST), Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, China
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Kim N, Lin R, Bhattacharyya D. Effects of wool fibres, ammonium polyphosphate and polymer viscosity on the flammability and mechanical performance of PP/wool composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xie H, Lai X, Zhou R, Li H, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Guo J. Effect and mechanism of N-alkoxy hindered amine on the flame retardancy, UV aging resistance and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liang B, Hong X, Zhu M, Gao C, Wang C, Tsubaki N. Synthesis of novel intumescent flame retardant containing phosphorus, nitrogen and boron and its application in polyethylene. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li X, Cao Z, Fang Z, Hull TR, Stec AA. Synthesis of Zinc Phosphonated Poly(ethylene imine) and Its Fire-Retardant Effect in Low-Density Polyethylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504200y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Lab
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Lab
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhenhu Cao
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Lab
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - T. Richard Hull
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
| | - Anna A. Stec
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
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Xia Y, Jin F, Mao Z, Guan Y, Zheng A. Effects of ammonium polyphosphate to pentaerythritol ratio on composition and properties of carbonaceous foam deriving from intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Review on flammability of biofibres and biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:149-82. [PMID: 25037340 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The subject on flammability properties of natural fibre-reinforced biopolymer composites has not been broadly researched. This is not only evidenced by the minimal use of biopolymer composites and/or blends in different engineering areas where fire risk and hazard to both human and structures is of critical concern, but also the limited amount of published scientific work on the subject. Therefore, it is necessary to expand knowledge on the flammability properties of biopolymers and add value in widening the range of their application. This paper reviews the literature on the recent developments on flammability studies of bio-fibres, biopolymers and natural fibre-reinforced biocomposites. It also covers the different types of flame retardants (FRs) used and their mechanisms, and discusses the principles and methodology of various flammability testing techniques.
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Flame retardant mechanism of an efficient flame-retardant polymeric synergist with ammonium polyphosphate for polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zheng A, Xia Y, Li N, Mao Z, Guan Y. Synergistic effects of tetrabutyl titanate on intumescent flame-retarded polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237; China
| | - Yin Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237; China
| | - Na Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237; China
| | - Zongwen Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237; China
| | - Yong Guan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237; China
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Effects of dihydrogen phosphate intercalated layered double hydroxides on the crystal behaviors and flammability of polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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