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Olszewski A, Kosmela P, Vēvere L, Kirpluks M, Cabulis U, Piszczyk Ł. Effect of bio-polyol molecular weight on the structure and properties of polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR) foams. Sci Rep 2024; 14:812. [PMID: 38191496 PMCID: PMC10774441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in polyurethane materials has raised the question of the environmental impact of these materials. For this reason, the scientists aim to find an extremely difficult balance between new material technologies and sustainable development. This work attempts to validate the possibility of replacing petrochemical polyols with previously synthesized bio-polyols and their impact on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR). To date, biobased polyols were frequently used in the manufacturing of PU, but application of bio-polyols synthesized via solvothermal liquefaction using different chains of polyethylene glycol has not been comprehensively discussed. In this work, ten sets of rigid polyurethane foams were synthesized. The influence of bio-polyols addition on foam properties was investigated by mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry. The structure was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a gas pycnometer. The tests revealed a significant extension of foam growth time, which can be explained by possible steric hindrances and the presence of less reactive secondary hydroxyl groups. Moreover, an increase average size of pores and aspect ratio was noticed. This can be interpreted by the modification of the cell growth process by the introduction of a less reactive bio-polyol with different viscosity. The analysis of foams mechanical properties showed that the normalized compressive strength increased up to 40% due to incorporation of more cross-linked structures. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the addition of bio-based polyols increased temperature of 2% (T2%) and 5% (T5%) mass degradation. On the other hand, evaluation of flammability of manufactured foams showed increase of total heat release (HRR) and smoke release (TSR) what may be caused by reduction of char layer stability. These findings add substantially to our understanding of the incorporation of bio-polyols into industrial polyurethane systems and suggest the necessity of conducting further research on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Olszewski
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Laima Vēvere
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Łukasz Piszczyk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Lenz JU, Pospiech D, Komber H, Korwitz A, Kobsch O, Paven M, Albach RW, Günther M, Schartel B. Effective Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Additives for Crosslinked Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foams: Comparison of Chemical Structures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:172. [PMID: 36614510 PMCID: PMC9821766 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (FR) on rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams is studied by systematic variation of the chemical structure of the FR, including non-NCO-reactive and NCO-reactive dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO)- and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-containing compounds, among them a number of compounds not reported so far. These PIR foams are compared with PIR foams without FR and with standard FRs with respect to foam properties, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior. Although BPPO and DOPO differ by just one oxygen atom, the impact on the FR properties is very significant: when the FR is a filler or a dangling (dead) end in the PIR polymer network, DOPO is more effective than BPPO. When the FR is a subunit of a diol and it is fully incorporated in the PIR network, BPPO delivers superior results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U. Lenz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Doris Pospiech
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Korwitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Kobsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maxime Paven
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60, 51365 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Albach
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60, 51365 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Martin Günther
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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4
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Enhancement of fire performance for rigid polyurethane foam composites by incorporation of aluminum hypophosphite and expanded graphite. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Lu W, Jin Z. Synthesis of phosphorus/nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardants from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde for rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Zhou H, Tan S, Wang C, Wu Y. Enhanced flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam with low loading of liquid halogen-free phosphonium thiocyanate. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Chan YY, Ma C, Zhou F, Hu Y, Schartel B. A liquid phosphorous flame retardant combined with expandable graphite or melamine in flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yam Chan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
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8
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Flame retardant flexible polyurethane foams based on phosphorous soybean-oil polyol and expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Ababsa HS, Safidine Z, Mekki A, Grohens Y, Ouadah A, Chabane H. Fire behavior of flame-retardant polyurethane semi-rigid foam in presence of nickel (II) oxide and graphene nanoplatelets additives. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Zhang W, Zhao Z, Lei Y. Flame retardant and smoke-suppressant rigid polyurethane foam based on sodium alginate and aluminum diethylphosphite. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:46-52. [PMID: 33551667 PMCID: PMC7850414 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1879451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the flame-retardant effect and thermal behaviour of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), the flame retardancy of sodium alginate (SA), aluminium diethyl phosphite (ADPO2) and expandable graphite (EG) were proposed. First, the structures of RPUF with or without flame retardancy were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the combustion behaviours and thermal performance of the flame-retardant polyurethane were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, and UL-94 tests. Finally, the cone calorimeter results reveled the RPUF/5ADPO2/7.5SA/7.5EG exhibit excellent thermodynamic properties. The results of the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP), and smoke production rate (SPR) could demonstrate the smoke-suppressant and flame-retardant of polyurethane. The system of RPUF/ADPO2/SA/EG showed excellent flame-retardant in polyurethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of safety engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zidong Zhao
- Department of Mining Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering, Western Australian School of Mines, Curtin University, Kalgoorlie Australia
| | - Yun Lei
- Department of gas research, Shenyang Research Institute, China Coal Technology & Engineering Group Corp, Fushun, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology, Fushun, China
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11
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Improving the Flame Retardance of Polyisocyanurate Foams by Dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-Oxide-Containing Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081242. [PMID: 31357499 PMCID: PMC6723653 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new flame retardants (FR) based on dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO) incorporating acrylates and benzoquinone were developed previously. In this study, we examine the fire behavior of the new flame retardants in polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams. The foam characteristics, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior are investigated. The fire properties of the foams containing BPPO-based derivatives were found to depend on the chemical structure of the substituents. We also compare our results to state-of-the-art non-halogenated FR such as triphenylphosphate and chemically similar phosphinate, i.e. 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10- phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), based derivatives to discuss the role of the phosphorus oxidation state.
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12
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13
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Günther M, Lorenzetti A, Schartel B. Fire Phenomena of Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10101166. [PMID: 30961091 PMCID: PMC6403833 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) typically exhibit low thermal inertia, resulting in short ignition times and rapid flame spread. In this study, the fire phenomena of RPUFs were investigated using a multi-methodological approach to gain detailed insight into the fire behaviour of pentane- and water-blown polyurethane (PUR) as well as pentane-blown polyisocyanurate polyurethane (PIR) foams with densities ranging from 30 to 100 kg/m3. Thermophysical properties were studied using thermogravimetry (TG); flammability and fire behaviour were investigated by means of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and a cone calorimeter. Temperature development in burning cone calorimeter specimens was monitored with thermocouples inside the foam samples and visual investigation of quenched specimens’ cross sections gave insight into the morphological changes during burning. A comprehensive investigation is presented, illuminating the processes taking place during foam combustion. Cone calorimeter tests revealed that in-depth absorption of radiation is a significant factor in estimating the time to ignition. Cross sections examined with an electron scanning microscope (SEM) revealed a pyrolysis front with an intact foam structure underneath, and temperature measurement inside burning specimens indicated that, as foam density increased, their burning behaviour shifted towards that of solid materials. The superior fire performance of PIR foams was found to be based on the cellular structure, which is retained in the residue to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Günther
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alessandra Lorenzetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Padova University, v. F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Padova University, v. F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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14
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Yao Y, Tian H, Yuan L, Wu Q, Xiang A. Improved mechanical, thermal, and flame-resistant properties of polyurethane-imide foams via expandable graphite modification. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, School of Material and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing China
| | - Huafeng Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, School of Material and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing China
| | - Li Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, School of Material and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing China
| | - Qiangxian Wu
- Green Polymer Laboratory; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Aimin Xiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, School of Material and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing China
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15
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16
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Fire retardant action of zinc phosphinate and polyamide 11 blend containing lignin as a carbon source. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Kicko-Walczak E, Rymarz G. Recent developments in fire-retardant thermoset resins using inorganic-organic hybrid flame retardants. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2017-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Inorganic-organic hybrid modifiers have attracted attention of scholars worldwide because they combine the advantages of both different components and provide a way for modifying the structure and properties of polymeric materials. The article describes and investigates a positive effect of reduced flammability of thermoset resins resulting from the use of nanocomposites containing new inorganic-organic hybrid flame retardants (FRs) that combine conventional phosphorous/nitrogen modifiers interacting with nanofillers. The impact of these inhibitors on the level of flammability of thermoset resin compositions was defined by determining the value of limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric and cone calorimeter analysis of thermal destruction processes. Morphology of composites was assessed using a scanning microscope and an analysis of actual scanning electron micrographic images. The analysis of thermal decomposition of the materials under examination confirmed flammability reducing properties of the inorganic-organic hybrid FR used, and a synergist to generate integrated flame retarding effect was observed between conventional modifiers and nanofillers, in particular carbon nanofillers: expandable graphite, graphene and graphene oxide. The inorganic-organic hybrid FR will provide a new solution to efficient FR polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kicko-Walczak
- Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes , Sklodowskiej-Curie 55 , Toruń 87-100 , Poland
| | - Grażyna Rymarz
- Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes , Sklodowskiej-Curie 55 , Toruń 87-100 , Poland
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18
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Kasmi N, Roso M, Hammami N, Majdoub M, Boaretti C, Sgarbossa P, Vianello C, Maschio G, Modesti M, Lorenzetti A. Microwave-assisted synthesis of isosorbide-derived diols for the preparation of thermally stable thermoplastic polyurethane. Des Monomers Polym 2017; 20:547-563. [PMID: 29491826 PMCID: PMC5812175 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2017.1395502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to prepare thermally stable isosorbide-derived thermoplastic polyurethane, the synthesis of two new chiral exo-exo configured diols, prepared from isosorbide, and two types of diphenols (bisphenol A and thiodiphenol) was described. The synthesis conditions were optimized under conventional heating and microwave irradiations. To prove their suitability in polymerization, these monomers were successfully polymerized using 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Both monomers and polymers have been studied by NMR, FT-IR, TGA, DSC; intrinsic viscosity of polymers has also been determined. The results showed the effectiveness of the synthetic strategy proposed; moreover, a dramatic reduction of the reaction time and an important improvement of the monomers yield using microwave irradiation have been demonstrated. The monomers, as well as the polymers, showed excellent thermal stability both in air and nitrogen. It was also shown that the introduction of sulphur in the polyurethane backbone was effective in delaying the onset of degradation as well as the degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejib Kasmi
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials (LIMA), Faculty of Sciences of Monastir – Boulevard of the Environment, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Martina Roso
- Department of Industrial Engineering & INSTM UdR Padova, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nadia Hammami
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials (LIMA), Faculty of Sciences of Monastir – Boulevard of the Environment, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mustapha Majdoub
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials (LIMA), Faculty of Sciences of Monastir – Boulevard of the Environment, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Carlo Boaretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering & INSTM UdR Padova, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgarbossa
- Department of Industrial Engineering & INSTM UdR Padova, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Vianello
- Department of Industrial Engineering & INSTM UdR Padova, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maschio
- Department of Industrial Engineering & INSTM UdR Padova, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Modesti
- Department of Industrial Engineering & INSTM UdR Padova, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lorenzetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering & INSTM UdR Padova, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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19
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Eceiza I, Barrio A, Martín L, Veganzones MA, Fernández-Berridi MJ, Irusta L. Thermal and fire behavior of isophorone diisocyanate based polyurethane foams containing conventional flame retardants. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Eceiza
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - A. Barrio
- TECNALIA, Construction Division, Area Anardi 5; Azpeitia E-20730 Spain
| | - L. Martín
- Macrobehaviour-Mesostructure-Nanotechnology SGIker Service, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Plaza Europa 1; Donostia San Sebastian 20018 Spain
| | - M. A. Veganzones
- GIPSA-Lab, CNRS, 11 rue des Mathématiques, Grenoble Campus, BP.46; F-38402 St. Martin d'Hères Cedex France
- NEM Solutions; Paseo Mikeletegi 54 San Sebastian 20009 Spain
| | - M. J. Fernández-Berridi
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - L. Irusta
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
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20
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Yang R, Wang B, Han X, Ma B, Li J. Synthesis and characterization of flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam based on a reactive flame retardant containing phosphazene and cyclophosphonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Fang Y, Qian L, Huang Z, Tang S, Qiu Y. Synergistic charring effect of triazinetrione-alkyl-phosphinate and phosphaphenanthrene derivatives in epoxy thermosets. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The component synergistic charring effect of a TAHP/TAD system caused more balanced flame-retardant actions in the gaseous phase and condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Fang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Zhigang Huang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Shuo Tang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
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22
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Xi W, Qian L, Huang Z, Cao Y, Li L. Continuous flame-retardant actions of two phosphate esters with expandable graphite in rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Akindoyo JO, Beg MDH, Ghazali S, Islam MR, Jeyaratnam N, Yuvaraj AR. Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications – a review. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a class of versatile materials with great potential for use in different applications, especially based on their structure–property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O. Akindoyo
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - M. D. H. Beg
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - Suriati Ghazali
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - M. R. Islam
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology
- University of Kuala Lumpur
- Melaka
- Malaysia
| | - Nitthiyah Jeyaratnam
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
| | - A. R. Yuvaraj
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
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24
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Xi W, Qian L, Chen Y, Wang J, Liu X. Addition flame-retardant behaviors of expandable graphite and [bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-methyl-phosphonic acid dimethyl ester in rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Synthesis and characterization of aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate and its flame-retardant application in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Synthesis, mechanical properties and fire behaviors of rigid polyurethane foam with a reactive flame retardant containing phosphazene and phosphate. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Xu WZ, Liu L, Wang SQ, Hu Y. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite on flame-retardant properties of rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zong Xu
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Qing Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Lab of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
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28
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Li H, Ning N, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liang W, Tian M, Chan TW. Effect of content of organophosphorus on flame retardancy mode of thermoplastic polyurethane. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Xu W, Wang G. Synthesis of polyhydric alcohol/ethanol phosphate flame retardant and its application in PU rigid foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Guojian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education; Shanghai 201804 China
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30
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Research on highly flame-retardant rigid PU foams by combination of nanostructured additives and phosphorus flame retardants. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Li H, Ning N, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liang W, Tian M. Different flame retardancy effects and mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in PPO, TPU and PP. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Qian L, Feng F, Tang S. Bi-phase flame-retardant effect of hexa-phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene on rigid polyurethane foams containing expandable graphite. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Lorenzetti A, Besco S, Hrelja D, Roso M, Gallo E, Schartel B, Modesti M. Phosphinates and layered silicates in charring polymers: The flame retardancy action in polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Wang W, He K, Dong Q, Zhu N, Fan Y, Wang F, Xia Y, Li H, Wang J, Yuan Z, Wang E, Lai Z, Kong T, Wang X, Ma H, Yang M. Synergistic effect of aluminum hydroxide and expandable graphite on the flame retardancy of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Technology; China University of Geosciences; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Kui He
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxiao Dong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Fan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Xia
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Erpo Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Lai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Kong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Ma
- School of Materials Science and Technology; China University of Geosciences; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
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35
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Xue M, Zhang X, Wu Z, Wang H, Gu Z, Bao C, Tian X. A commercial phosphorous-nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
- Anhui Hualing Cable Group Company Limited; Wuwei 238371 China
| | - Zhaofeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Chao Bao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xingyou Tian
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics; Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 China
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