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Xu Z, Zhan J, Xu Z, Mao L, Mu X, Tao R. A Bridge-Linked Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant for Endowing Vinyl Ester Resin with Low Fire Hazard. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248783. [PMID: 36557916 PMCID: PMC9782668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The high flammability of vinyl ester resin (VE) significantly limits its widespread application in the fields of electronics and aerospace. A new phosphorus-based flame retardant 6,6'-(1-phenylethane-1,2 diyl) bis (dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (PBDOO), was synthesized using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and acetophenone. The synthesized PBDOO was further incorporated with VE to form the VE/PBDOO composites, which displayed an improved flame retardancy with higher thermal stability. The structure of PBDOO was investigated using Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR). The thermal stability and flame retardancy of VE/PBDOO composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical burn test (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimetry. The impacts of PBDOO weight percentage (wt%) on the flame-retardant properties of the formed VE/PBDOO composites were also examined. When applying 15 wt% PBDOO, the formed VE composites can meet the UL-94 V-0 rating with a high LOI value of 31.5%. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of VE loaded 15 wt% of PBDOO decreased by 76.71% and 40.63%, respectively, compared with that of untreated VE. In addition, the flame-retardant mechanism of PBDOO was proposed by analyzing pyrolysis behavior and residual carbon of VE/PBDOO composites. This work is expected to provide an efficient method to enhance the fire safety of VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jing Zhan
- School of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.M.)
| | - Zhirong Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Liangchen Mao
- School of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiaowei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Human Safety, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.M.)
| | - Ran Tao
- School of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
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2
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Yargici Kovanci C, Nofar M, Ghanbari A. Synergistic Enhancement of Flame Retardancy Behavior of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polylactide Composites through Using Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants and Chain Modifiers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235324. [PMID: 36501718 PMCID: PMC9739078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardancy properties of neat PLA can be improved with different phosphorus-based flame retardants (FRs), however, developing flame retardant PLA-based engineering composites with maintained mechanical performance is still a challenge. This study proposes symbiosis approaches to enhance the flame retardancy behavior of polylactide (PLA) composites with 20 wt% short glass fibers (GF). This was first implemented by exploring the effects of various phosphorus-based FRs up to 5 wt% in neat PLA samples. Among the used phosphorus-based FRs, the use of only 3 wt% of diphosphoric acid-based FR (P/N), melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (APPcoated), and APP with melamine synergist (APP/Mel) resulted in achieving the V0 value in a vertical burning test in the neat PLA samples. In addition to their superior efficiency in improving the flame retardancy of neat PLA, P/N had the least negative effect on the final mechanical performance of PLA samples. When incorporated in PLA composites with 20 wt% GF, however, even with the use of 30 wt% P/N, the V0 value could not be obtained due to the candlewick effect. To resolve this issue, the synergistic effect of P/N and aromatic polycarbodiimide (PCDI) cross-linker or Joncryl epoxy-based chain-extender (CE) on the flame retardancy characteristics of composites was examined. Due to the further chain modification, which also enhances the melt strength of PLA, the dripping of composites in the vertical burning test terminated and the V0 value could be reached when using only 1 wt% PCDI or CE. According to the scanning electron microscopic analysis, the use of noted chain modifiers further homogenized the distribution and refined the particle size of P/N within the PLA matrix. Hence this could synergistically contribute to the enhancements of the fire resistance performance of the PLA composites. Such incorporation of P/N and chain modifiers further leads to the enhancement of the mechanical performance of PLA composites and hence the resultant product can be proposed as a promising durable bioplastic engineering product where fire risk exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yargici Kovanci
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Arcelik A.S. Central R&D Department, Polymer & Chemical, Tuzla, Istanbul 34950, Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Abbas Ghanbari
- National Research Council Canada, 2690 Red Fife Rd., Rosser, MB R0H 1E0, Canada
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3
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Wang X, Gong W, Meng X, Li C, Gao J. Preparation of a biobased core‐shell flame retardant and its application in polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Weiguang Gong
- Research and Development Center for Sports Materials East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jin Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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4
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Development of multifunctional highly-efficient bio-based fire-retardant poly(lactic acid) composites for simultaneously improving thermal, crystallization and fire safety properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:646-656. [PMID: 35777508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is still a huge challenge to prepare high performance eco-friendly poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with high thermal stability, good processability, excellent crystallization behavior, good transparency and highly-efficient fire safety. In this paper, a novel bio-based nucleation agent N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-P,P-diphenylphosphinic amide (FPPA) was prepared and used for the fabrication of fire safety PLA/FPPA composites. The chemical structure of FPPA was measured by FTIR, NMR and MS. Further, the crystallization behavior, thermal stability, fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA/FPPA composites were performed by TGA, DSC, polarization microscope, LOI, UL94, cone calorimeter, DMA and, SEM, Raman, GC-MS, and TGA-FTIR. The results showed that the multifunctional FPPA not only had a high thermal stability and was a good nucleation agent for PLA. Moreover, only loading of 3 wt% FPPA increased the LOI of PLA from 19.0 to 33.8 % with UL-94 V-0 classification. Furthermore, the heat release rate and total heat release values of PLA/3%FPPA composite reduced by 6.3 % and 15.3 % in cone-calorimeter test. Such high fire safety was mainly attributed to specific fire safety radicals due to thermal degradation of FPPA to interrupt composites burning in gas phase. Besides, transparency and mechanical properties were almost not changed because of low loading of FPPA in PLA. This multifunctional bio-based fire-retardant for PLA with good comprehensive performance promises broad application in engineering electronics, automobiles, 3D printing and construction materials.
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Wang Q, Hong H, Liao R, Yuan B, Li H, Lu H, Liu J, Yan C. Glomalin-related soil protein: The particle aggregation mechanism and its insight into coastal environment improvement. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112940. [PMID: 34710815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), a ubiquitous microbial product, plays a crucial role in particle aggregation and metal adsorption, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, GRSP fraction was extracted from estuarine ecosystems and systematically characterized to elucidate the aggregation mechanisms and its impact on coastal environment improvement. We found that GRSP fraction (gravimetric mass of extracted GRSP, 5.1-24.3 mg g-1) was a globally relevant novel bioflocculant and that protein (linked to Bradford protein assay, 1.64-4.37 mg g-1) was the active flocculant constituent. The zeta potential, FTIR, XPS, and 13C NMR analyses identified its key constituents and structure, and revealed that the charge neutralization and bridging were GRSP fraction aggregation mechanisms. Thermogravimetric-infrared spectrometry analysis showed that GRSP fraction was highly thermostable, and the main volatile pyrolysis products included H2O, CO2, CO, and CH4. The SEM-EDX and XPS Fe valence spectroscopy suggested that GRSP fraction contained rich Fe (11.91 ± 0.48%) and could form Fe-rich flocs with particles. We also found that GRSP fraction has a high adsorption capacity (76-95%) for Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, and its flocculation properties provide new insights into metal adsorption. The analysis of particle aggregation mechanism and its metal adsorption capacity is of great significance to elucidate the role of GRSP fraction in coastal environment improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hualong Hong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ran Liao
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Tsinghua International Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hanyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haoliang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chongling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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6
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Aytan E, Aytan TA, Kahraman MV. Phosphorus Ester Containing Mesoporous Silica as Novel High‐Effective Flame Retardant in Polyurethane and Polyester Coatings. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Aytan
- Marmara University Department of Chemistry 34722 Istanbul Turkey
- Kimteks Poliüretan Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. 34415 Istanbul Turkey
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7
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Wei Z, Chen X, Jiao C, Ma M. Research on the fire safety effect of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer based on sodium fumarate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibiao Wei
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong PR China
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics Tongji University Shanghai PR China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong PR China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- School of Civil Engineering Qingdao University of Technology Qingdao PR China
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8
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Wei Q, Zhang G, Yao J, Chen X, Wang G, Yang X. One-step bulk fabrication of a CaO/carbon heterogeneous catalyst from calcium citrate for rapid synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) by transesterification of ethylene carbonate (EC). NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Providing a simpler, more economical and more innovative method for rapid preparation of carbon-based inorganic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology
| | - Gang Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology
| | - Jie Yao
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Gongying Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Xiangui Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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9
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Guo Y, Cheng C, Huo T, Ren Y, Liu X. Highly effective flame retardant lignin/polyacrylonitrile composite prepared via solution blending and phosphorylation. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Wang YY, Yu HY, Yang L, Abdalkarim SYH, Chen WL. Enhancing long-term biodegradability and UV-shielding performances of transparent polylactic acid nanocomposite films by adding cellulose nanocrystal-zinc oxide hybrids. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:893-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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DOPO-Functionalized Molybdenum Disulfide and its Impact on the Thermal Properties of Polyethylene and Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9111637. [PMID: 31752223 PMCID: PMC6915400 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of conventional or biodegradable polymers with improved thermal and fire-resistant properties is an important task for their successful application in various branches of the industry. In this work, few-layered molybdenum disulfide was functionalized with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and introduced into polyethylene and poly(lactic acid) matrixes. The obtained polyethylene composite samples displayed improved thermal stability, significant reduction in CO emissions, improved fire-resistant properties, and over 100% increases in thermal conductivity. Poly(lactic acid) composites displayed less impressive results, but have managed to improve some values, such as CO emissions, peak heat release rate, and total heat release in comparison to pristine polymer.
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12
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Aromatic vs. Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polyphosphoesters as Flame Retardants in Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213901. [PMID: 31671913 PMCID: PMC6864611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current trend for future flame retardants (FRs) goes to novel efficient halogen-free materials, due to the ban of several halogenated FRs. Among the most promising alternatives are phosphorus-based FRs, and of those, polymeric materials with complex shape have been recently reported. Herein, we present novel halogen-free aromatic and aliphatic hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs), which were synthesized by olefin metathesis polymerization and investigated them as a FR in epoxy resins. We compare their efficiency (aliphatic vs. aromatic) and further assess the differences between the monomeric compounds and the hbPPEs. The decomposition and vaporizing behavior of a compound is an important factor in its flame-retardant behavior, but also the interaction with the pyrolyzing matrix has a significant influence on the performance. Therefore, the challenge in designing a FR is to optimize the chemical structure and its decomposition pathway to the matrix, with regards to time and temperature. This behavior becomes obvious in this study, and explains the superior gas phase activity of the aliphatic FRs.
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14
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Chen X, Wei Z, Wang W, Jiao C. Properties of flame-retardant TPU based on para-aramid fiber modified with iron diethyl phosphinate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibiao Wei
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenduo Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhuang BR, Zhan YP, Huang WY, Ye HL, Xie YQ. Smoke suppression properties of Si-Al mesoporous structure on medium density fiberboard. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 357:271-278. [PMID: 29890423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this article, smoke suppression of Si-Al mesoporous structure on medium density fiberboard (MDF) was investigated by cone calorimeter test (CCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The CCT results show that the Si-Al mesoporous structure can effectively decrease heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), total smoke production (TSP), smoke rate (SR), CO and CO2 concentration, etc. Particularly, the SR curves of MDF present that Si-Al mesoporous structure are considered to be a filter, which can net the solid particles and volatile flammable components in the smoke and fix onto wood fiber. Remarkably, the CO and CO2 concentration curves of MDF indicate that the Si-Al mesoporous structure has an excellent adsorption property, which can rapidly absorb CO and CO2 that generated in wood combustion process. On the other hand, the FTIR and TGA results reveal that the Si-Al mesoporous structure can significantly improve the structure of char residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao-Rong Zhuang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhan
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Wei-Yuan Huang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Hui-Ling Ye
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yong-Qun Xie
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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16
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Shi X, Peng X, Zhu J, Lin G, Kuang T. Synthesis of DOPO-HQ-functionalized graphene oxide as a novel and efficient flame retardant and its application on polylactic acid: Thermal property, flame retardancy, and mechanical performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 524:267-278. [PMID: 29655146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites with improved flame retardancy has been an urgent task in practical because of the huge benefits of biodegradable polymers. In this work, 10-(2,5-dihydroxyl phenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-HQ)-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) (FGO-HQ) was used as a novel and highly efficient flame retardant (FR) to improve the flame retardancy of polylactide (PLA) nanocomposites. Contributed by the bi-phase flame retardant action, including the physical barrier char in solid phase and the decreased flammable volatiles in gas phase, the resultant PLA/FGO-HQ nanocomposites presented excellent flame resistance at the loading of 6 wt% FR: UL-94 reached V-0 rating; peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased by 24.0% and 43.0%, respectively; smoke production rate (SPR) and total smoke release (TSR) decreased by 46% and 83%, respectively. For further confirming its flame-resistance mechanism, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy were employed. Results indicated that the incorporation of FGO-HQ can effectively reduce the evaporation of flammable gaseous product in gas phase through quenching free radicals. Meanwhile, graphitized carbons are formed in the residual char and PLA/FGO-HQ sample can achieve a good thermal stability in the combustion with phosphorus-containing compounds and aromatic structure in the solid phase. Furthermore, the tensile strength of PLA nanocomposites presented good mechanical properties with the addition of FR as well. These results suggested that the incorporation of FGO-HQ FR not only improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites but also without sacrificing their mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangyi Lin
- College of Electro Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Tairong Kuang
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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17
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Zhao P, Liu Z, Wang X, Pan YT, Kuehnert I, Gehde M, Wang DY, Leuteritz A. Renewable vanillin based flame retardant for poly(lactic acid): a way to enhance flame retardancy and toughness simultaneously. RSC Adv 2018; 8:42189-42199. [PMID: 35558792 PMCID: PMC9092228 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08531e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bio-based PLA composite with excellent fire performance, improved toughness and good processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhao
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
- Fakultät für Maschinenbau
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Xining
- China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Ye-Tang Pan
- IMDEA Materials Institute
- 28906 Getafe, Madrid
- Spain
| | - Ines Kuehnert
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Michael Gehde
- Fakultät für Maschinenbau
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - De-Yi Wang
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
- IMDEA Materials Institute
| | - Andreas Leuteritz
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
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18
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Mngomezulu ME, Luyt AS, Chapple SA, John MJ. Effect of expandable graphite on thermal and flammability properties of poly(lactic acid)-starch/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) blend systems. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mfiso E. Mngomezulu
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus), Private Bag X13; Phuthaditjhaba, 9866 South Africa
| | - Adriaan S. Luyt
- Center for Advanced Materials; Qatar University, PO Box 2713; Doha Qatar
| | - Steve A. Chapple
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing; Polymers and Composites Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
| | - Maya J. John
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing; Polymers and Composites Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 1600; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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19
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Bauer KN, Tee HT, Velencoso MM, Wurm FR. Main-chain poly(phosphoester)s: History, syntheses, degradation, bio-and flame-retardant applications. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Chen X, Wang W, Jiao C. A recycled environmental friendly flame retardant by modifying para-aramid fiber with phosphorus acid for thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 331:257-264. [PMID: 28273575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of fibers is more and more extensive, and the pollution caused by abandoned fibers is getting more serious, which has aroused wide attention. So it is necessary to find a way to solve the problem. In this paper, the para-aramid fiber (AF) was recycled and modified by phosphoric acid, and then was applied as environmental friendly flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU). The flame retardant properties of TPU were tested using cone calorimeter test (CCT) and thermogravimetric/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR). The CCT test showed that AF-P had better flame retardant effect on TPU than pure AF. Remarkably, the pHRR value for the sample with 1.00wt% content of AF-P was decreased by 48.1%; AF-P had improved the char forming progress and the residual mass was 30.6%, which was much more than pure TPU. TG test showed that AF-P could improve the thermal stability of TPU at high temperature. The TG-IR test revealed that AF-P had reduced the release of CO2 at the beginning. Based on the above results, it will make a great influence on the study of reuse of fibers and environmental friendly flame retardant of polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, PR China
| | - Wenduo Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, PR China.
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21
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Chen X, Wang W, Li S, Jiao C. Fire safety improvement of para-aramid fiber in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:789-796. [PMID: 27899240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article mainly studied fire safety effects of para-aramid fiber (AF) in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The TPU/AF composites were prepared by molten blending method, and then the fire safety effects of all TPU composites were tested using cone calorimeter test (CCT), microscale combustion colorimeter test (MCC), smoke density test (SDT), and thermogravimetric/fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR). The CCT test showed that AF could improve the fire safety of TPU. Remarkably, the peak value of heat release rate (pHRR) and the peak value of smoke production rate (pSPR) for the sample with 1.0wt% content of AF were decreased by 52.0% and 40.5% compared with pure TPU, respectively. The MCC test showed that the HRR value of AF-2 decreased by 27.6% compared with pure TPU. TG test showed that AF promoted the char formation in the degradation process of TPU; as a result the residual carbon was increased. The TG-IR test revealed that AF had increased the thermal stability of TPU at the beginning and reduced the release of CO2 with the decomposition going on. Through the analysis of the results of this experiment, it will make a great influence on the study of the para-aramid fiber in the aspect of fire safety of polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, PR China
| | - Wenduo Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, PR China
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, PR China.
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22
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Poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites with improved flame retardancy and impact strength by combining of phosphinates and organoclay. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Feng C, Liang M, Jiang J, Huang J, Liu H. Flame retardant properties and mechanism of an efficient intumescent flame retardant PLA composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caimin Feng
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering; Shunde Polytechnic; Foshan 528333 China
| | - Minyi Liang
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering; Shunde Polytechnic; Foshan 528333 China
| | - Jiali Jiang
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering; Shunde Polytechnic; Foshan 528333 China
| | - Jianguang Huang
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering; Shunde Polytechnic; Foshan 528333 China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering; Shunde Polytechnic; Foshan 528333 China
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24
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Ding H, Wang J, Wang C, Chu F. Synthesis of a novel phosphorus and nitrogen-containing bio-based polyols and its application in flame retardant polyurethane sealant. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Lin Y, Yu B, Jin X, Song L, Hu Y. Study on thermal degradation and combustion behavior of flame retardant unsaturated polyester resin modified with a reactive phosphorus containing monomer. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06544a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A halogen-free phosphorus-containing monomer (TAOPO) was successfully synthesized and used as a co-curing agent to prepare intrinsic flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin (FR-UPR) by radical bulk polymerization with different TAOPO content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
- USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
- USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre
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26
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Teoh E, Mariatti M, Chow W. Thermal and Flame Resistant Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Blends Containing Halogen-free Flame Retardant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Chen X, Wang W, Jiao C. In situ synthesis of flame retardant organic–inorganic hybrids by a molten blending method based on thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer and polybutyl titanate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel type of organic–inorganic hybrid prepared using an in situ synthesis method by molten blending polybutyl titanate (BTP) and thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- PR China
| | - Wenduo Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- PR China
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28
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Effect of annealing on the thermal properties of poly (lactic acid)/starch blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 74:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Jin W, Yuan L, Liang G, Gu A. Multifunctional cyclotriphosphazene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids and their flame retarding bismaleimide resins with high thermal conductivity and thermal stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:14931-44. [PMID: 25140735 DOI: 10.1021/am502364k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel hybridized multifunctional filler (CPBN), cyclotriphosphazene/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) hybrid, was synthesized by chemically coating hBN with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and p-phenylenediamine, its structure was systemically characterized. Besides, CPBN was used to develop new flame retarding bismaleimide/o,o'-diallylbisphenol A (BD) resins with simultaneously high thermal conductivity and thermal stability. The nature of CPBN has a strong influence on the flame behavior of the composites. With the addition of only 5 wt % CPBN to BD resin, the thermal conductivity increases 2 times; meanwhile the flame retardancy of BD resin is remarkably increased, reflected by the increased limited oxygen index, much longer time to ignition, significantly reduced heat release rate. The thermogravimetric kinetics, structures of chars and pyrolysis gases, and cone calorimeter tests were investigated to reveal the unique flame retarding mechanism of CPBN/BD composites. CPBN provides multieffects on improving the flame retardancy, especially in forming a protective char layer, which means a more thermally stable and condensed barrier for heat and mass transfer, and thus protecting the resin from further combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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30
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Täuber K, Marsico F, Wurm FR, Schartel B. Hyperbranched poly(phosphoester)s as flame retardants for technical and high performance polymers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00830h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Liao F, Zhou L, Ju Y, Yang Y, Wang X. Synthesis of A Novel Phosphorus–Nitrogen-Silicon Polymeric Flame Retardant and Its Application in Poly(lactic acid). Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5008745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yaqing Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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32
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Guo B, Zhang Y, Chen L, Yu J, Zhu J, Hu Z. Synthesis and characterization of ternary copolyimides derived from aromatic dianhydride and aromatic diisocyanates. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314524462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of polyimide (PI) copolymers were synthesized via a one-step polycondensation procedure from benzophenone-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) with various mole ratios of TDI and MDI ranging from 70:30 to 100:0. The inherent viscosities of the resulting PIs were in the range of 0.51–0.80 dL g−1. The prepared PIs showed good solubility in common organic as well as in less polar solvents. All copolymers afforded tough and flexible films that had good thermal stability with glass transition temperature of 308–325°C and the temperatures of 5% weight loss in air and nitrogen being 420 and 460°C, respectively. The resultant PI films with thickness about 15 μm exhibited high transparency (>88%) in visible region (400–700 nm). Also, the cured PI films possessed good mechanical properties with tensile strength of 60.52–69.31 MPa and tensile modulus of 0.98–1.30 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junrong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Guo B, Chen L, Yu J, Zhu J, Wang G, Hu Z. The pyrolysis behaviors of ternary copolyimide derived from aromatic dianhydride and aromatic diisocyanates. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binghua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Junrong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhen Wang
- Department of Automotive Engineering; Shandong Labor Vocational and Technical College; Jinan 250022 People's Republic of China
| | - Zuming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Modification for Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
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