1
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Yi L, Lu J, Su J, Zhai S, Han J. A nimble strategy for enabling bioderived flame retardants with strikingly enhanced interfacial compatibility in poly (lactic acid) composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132260. [PMID: 38734338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of bioderived flame retardants in biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has profound practical implications for extending the widespread application of PLA composites and protecting the environment. Nevertheless, there are still certain challenges that require prompt attention, especially the ineffectiveness of bio-based flame retardants and their deterioration of the mechanical properties of PLA. This work introduced triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), which has multiple epoxy functions, into the self-assembly process of phytic acid (PA) and chitosan (CS). The epoxy-modified bioderived flame retardant PA@CS-TGIC (PCT) was well dispersed in the PLA matrix and had a strong interfacial adhesion, while also TGIC had a synergistic char-forming effect. By compounding epoxy-modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP), 3%PCT/MAPP-PLA composites may reach a LOI value of 28.8 % and UL-94 V-0 rating. Simultaneously, the melting droplets had been considerably reduced. Tensile strength of the 3%PCT/MAPP-PLA composites was 67.0 MPa, 10.8 % higher than that of pure PLA. This work paves a new avenue for the development of PLA composites with robust mechanical and flame retardant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Yi
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Su
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shimin Zhai
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Han
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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2
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Ke Q, Bai J, Zhang G, Zhang J, Yang M. Simultaneously Enhancing the Flame Retardancy, Water Resistance, and Mechanical Properties of Flame-Retardant Polypropylene via a Linear Vinyl Polysiloxane-Coated Ammonium Polyphosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092074. [PMID: 37177219 PMCID: PMC10181116 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to improve the water resistance, flame retardancy, mechanical performance, and balance of halogen-free flame-retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. For this purpose, a linear vinyl polysiloxane (PD) was synthesized and then self-crosslinked under benzoyl peroxide to prepare surface-coated ammonium polyphosphate (APP@PD). Apparently, this linear vinyl polysiloxane self-crosslinking coating strategy was completely different from the commonly used sol-gel-coated APP with silane monomers. After coating, the water contact angles (WCA) of APP and APP@PD were 26.8° and 111.7°, respectively, showing high hydrophobicity. More importantly, PP/APP@PD/dipentaerythritol (DPER) showed a higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) and better UL-94 V-0 rate in comparison with PP/APP/DPER composites. After water immersion at 70 °C for 168 h, only PP/APP@PD/DPER kept the UL-94 V-0 rate and lowered the deterioration of the LOI, reflecting the better water-resistance property of APP@PD. Consistently, the cone calorimeter test results displayed a 26.2% and 16.7% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP), respectively. Meanwhile, the time to peak smoke production rate (TPSPR) increased by 90.2%. The interfacial free energy (IFE) between APP@PD and PP was calculated to evaluate the interfacial interaction between PP and APP@PD. A reduction of 84.2% in the IFE between APP@PD and PP is responsible for the improvement in compatibility and the increase in flame retardancy, water resistance, and mechanical properties of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qining Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junchen Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Zhang C, Jiang Y, Li S, Huang Z, Zhan XQ, Ma N, Tsai FC. Recent trends of phosphorus-containing flame retardants modified polypropylene composites processing. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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4
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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5
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Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene-Based Flame Retardant Composites by Surface Modification of Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173524. [PMID: 36080598 PMCID: PMC9460618 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant refers to a substance that can be added to a material having the property of being efficiently combusted to improve the material physically and chemically. It should not affect the physical properties required for the final product. Halogen-based compounds are representative flame retardants with excellent flame retardancy. However, their use is limited due to restrictions on the use of chemicals introduced due to human safety. Magnesium hydroxide, one alternative material of halogen flame retardants, is widely used as an eco-friendly flame retardant. However, the most significant disadvantage is high load. To find a solution to this problem, many studies have been conducted by mixing magnesium hydroxide with other additives to create a synergistic effect. In this study, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polypropylene-based flame retardant composites as a function of mixing surface-modified magnesium hydroxide with phosphorus-based flame retardants were investigated. All materials including PP, additives, and flame retardants were mixed using an extrusion process. Specimens were prepared by an injection process of the compound made after mixing. As a result of the evaluation of the mechanical properties by the modified flame retardant, the relational expression of the mechanical performance degradation as a function of the amount of addition was obtained, and the tensile (CBATS) and bending strength (CBABS) were performed on the amount of flame retardant added. The relational expression obtained in this study is considered to be a formula for predicting the strength reduction according to the addition amount of the modified flame retardant and can be used in industry. In addition, it was found that the addition amount of the modified flame retardant had a greater effect on the lowering of the bending strength.
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6
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Li Y, Qi L, Liu Y, Qiao J, Wang M, Liu X, Li S. Recent Advances in Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polyolefin Cable Sheath Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142876. [PMID: 35890652 PMCID: PMC9322620 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous advancements of urbanization, the demand for power cables is increasing to replace overhead lines for energy transmission and distribution. Due to undesirable scenarios, e.g., the short circuit or poor contact, the cables can cause fire. The cable sheath has a significant effect on fire expansion. Thus, it is of great significance to carry out research on flame-retardant modification for cable sheath material to prevent fire accidents. With the continuous environmental concern, polyolefin (PO) is expected to gradually replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for cable sheath material. Moreover, the halogen-free flame retardants (FRs), which are the focus of this paper, will replace the ones with halogen gradually. The halogen-free FRs used in PO cable sheath material can be divided into inorganic flame retardant, organic flame retardant, and intumescent flame retardant (IFR). However, most FRs will cause severe damage to the mechanical properties of the PO cable sheath material, mainly reflected in the elongation at break and tensile strength. Therefore, the cooperative modification of PO materials for flame retardancy and mechanical properties has become a research hotspot. For this review, about 240 works from the literature related to FRs used in PO materials were investigated. It is shown that the simultaneous improvement for flame retardancy and mechanical properties mainly focuses on surface treatment technology, nanotechnology, and the cooperative effect of multiple FRs. The principle is mainly to improve the compatibility of FRs with PO polymers and/or increase the efficiency of FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leijie Qi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Junjie Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Maotao Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shasha Li
- State Grid Hebei Baoding Electric Power Company Limited, Baoding 071051, China;
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7
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Wang F, Liu H, Yan L. Fabrication of Polypyrrole-Decorated Tungsten Tailing Particles for Reinforcing Flame Retardancy and Ageing Resistance of Intumescent Fire-Resistant Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081540. [PMID: 35458290 PMCID: PMC9033142 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypyrrole-decorated tungsten tailing particles (PPY-TTF) were prepared via the in situ polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of tungsten tailing particles (TTF), and then carefully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) analyses. The effect of PPY-TTF on the flame retardancy, smoke suppression property and ageing resistance of intumescent fire-resistant coatings was investigated by a fire protection test, smoke density test and cone calorimeter test. The results show that PPY-TTF exerts excellent cooperative effect on enhancing the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of the intumescent fire-retardant coatings, which is ascribed to the formation of more cross-linking structures in the condense phase that enhance the compactness and thermal stability of intumescent char. The cooperative effect of PPY-TTF in the coatings depends on its content, and the coating containing 3 wt% PPY-TTF exhibits the best cooperative effect among the samples, showing a 10.7% reduction in mass loss and 35.4% reduction in flame-spread rating compared to that with 3% TTF. The accelerated ageing test shows that the presence of PPY-TTF greatly slows down the blistering and powdering phenomenon of the coatings, thus endowing the coating with the super durability of fire resistance and smoke suppression property. This work provides a new strategy for the resource utilization of tungsten tailing in the field of flame-retardant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Long Yan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-181-6365-0767
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8
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Tian X, Xu S, Wu K, Zeng H, Hu J, Guo Y. Fabrication of an novel
NiCo
‐based bimetallic hydroxide encapsulated with polyphosphazene with simultaneously improved the flame retardancy and smoke suppression for polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian‐Yao Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering Xiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Sheng Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering Xiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Kun Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering Xiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Hong‐Yan Zeng
- College of Chemical Engineering Xiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Jie Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering Xiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Yi‐Hui Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering Xiangtan University Xiangtan China
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9
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Phytic acid doped polyaniline-coupled g-C3N4 nanosheets for synergizing with APP promoting fire safety and waterproof performance of epoxy composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Effects of kaolinite on thermal, mechanical, fire behavior and their mechanisms of intumescent flame-retardant polyurea. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Wang F, Liu H, Yan L. Comparative Study of Fire Resistance and Char Formation of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings Reinforced with Three Types of Shell Bio-Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244333. [PMID: 34960882 PMCID: PMC8703845 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three types of shell bio-fillers, including eggshell (CES), conch shell (CHS) and clamshell (CMS), were prepared by cleaning, ultrasonication and pulverizing processes of biowastes, and then applied to intumescent fire-retardant coatings. The effects of shell bio-fillers with different polymorphs on the fire resistance and char-forming of intumescent fire-retardant coatings were investigated by cone calorimeter test, fire protection tests, smoke density test, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and the fire resistance and char-forming mechanism of bio-fillers in intumescent fire-retardant coatings were proposed. The results show that three kinds of bio-fillers exert an excellent synergistic effect on enhancing the fire resistance and char-forming properties of the intumescent fire-retardant coatings, while clamshell has the best synergistic efficiency among the bio-fillers. Especially, IFRC-CMS coating containing 3 wt% clamshell shows the best fire protection performance and lowest smoke production and heat release, which offers an equilibrium backside temperature of 134.6 °C at 900 s, a flame-spread rating of 14.4, and a smoke density rating value of 22.8%. The synergistic efficiency of bio-fillers in the intumescent coatings depends on the polymorphs of CaCO3 in bio-fillers, and aragonite CaCO3 shows a higher synergistic efficiency compared to calcite CaCO3 and the mixture of aragonite and calcite CaCO3. The CMS composed of aragonite shows the best synergistic effect, CHS composed of aragonite and calcite comes second, and CES composed of calcite has the weakest synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Long Yan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-181-6365-0767
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12
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Wang Y, Deng J, Zhao J, Shi H. Deterioration mechanism on flame retardancy of aliphatic waterborne polyurethane-based hybrid coatings under ultraviolet radiation: Experiment and pyrolysis kinetics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Yan J, Xu P, Zhang P, Fan H. Surface-modified ammonium polyphosphate for flame-retardant and reinforced polyurethane composites. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Comparative Study of Fire Resistance and Anti-Ageing Properties of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings Reinforced with Conch Shell Bio-Filler. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162620. [PMID: 34451159 PMCID: PMC8400100 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conch shell bio-filler (CSBF) was prepared by washing, ultrasonicating, and pulverizing of conch shells and then was applied in waterborne intumescent fire-retardant coatings. The influence of CSBF on fire resistance and anti-ageing properties of intumescent fire-retardant coatings were studied by using different analytical methods. The fire protection and smoke density tests showed that when the mass fraction of CSBF was 3%, the resulting FRC3 coating had the optimum synergistic flame-retardant and smoke-suppression effects concomitant with a flame-spread rating of 10.7, equilibrium backside temperature of 152.4 °C at 900 s, and smoke-density rating value of 10.4%, which were attributed to the establishment of a more dense and stable intumescent char layer against heat and mass transfer. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the presence of CSBF increased the thermal stability and char-forming performance of the coatings, and the char residue of FRC3 rose to 34.6% at 800 °C from 28.6% of FRC0 without CSBF. The accelerated ageing test suggested that the incorporation of CSBF reduced the migration and decomposition of the flame retardants and the yellowing, blistering, and powdering phenomenon, thus improving the structural stability of the coating, resulting in better durability of flame retardancy and smoke-suppression performance.
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15
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Ali I, Kim NK, Bhattacharyya D. Effects of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Mechanical and Fire Performance of Flax Polypropylene Composites with Intumescent Flame Retardant. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134094. [PMID: 34279433 PMCID: PMC8271726 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) additives in natural fiber-based polymer composites enhances the fire-retardant properties, but it generally has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties, such as tensile and flexural strengths. In this work, the feasibility of graphene as a reinforcement additive and as an effective synergist for IFR-based flax-polypropylene (PP) composites was investigated. Noticeable improvements in tensile and flexural properties were achieved with the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) in the composites. Furthermore, better char-forming ability of GNP in combination with IFR was observed, suppressing HRR curves and thus, lowering the total heat release (THR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) detected a reduction in the decomposition rate due to strong interfacial bonding between GNP and PP, whereas the maximum decomposition rate was observed to occur at a higher temperature. The saturation point for the IFR additive along with GNP has also been highlighted in this study. A safe and effective method of graphene encapsulation within PP using the fume-hood set-up was achieved. Finally, the effect of flame retardant on the flax–PP composite has been simulated using Fire Dynamics Simulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-272-074-878
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16
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The encapsulation of intumescent flame retardants by poly-siloxane for thermoplastic polyolefin: Fire safety and water resistance. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Synergistic effect between a novel silane-containing hyperbranched polyphosphamide and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polypropylene composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Seidi F, Movahedifar E, Naderi G, Akbari V, Ducos F, Shamsi R, Vahabi H, Saeb MR. Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081701. [PMID: 32751298 PMCID: PMC7464193 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Ghasem Naderi
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Vahideh Akbari
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
| | - Franck Ducos
- Université de Lorraine, IUT de Moselle Est, IUTSGM, 57600 Forbach, France;
| | - Ramin Shamsi
- Research and Development Center, Marun Petrochemical Company, Mahshahr 63531 69311, Iran;
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
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19
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A coating method combined with bulk addition for efficient flame retardant thermoplastic polyolefin sheet material. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Qi C, Yuan B, Dong H, Li K, Shang S, Sun Y, Chen G, Zhan Y. Supramolecular self‐assembly modification of ammonium polyphosphate and its flame retardant application in polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congrui Qi
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Haoran Dong
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Sheng Shang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yaru Sun
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Gongqing Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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21
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Dong H, Yuan B, Qi C, Li K, Shang S, Sun Y, Chen G, Zhang H, Chen X. Preparation of piperazine cyanurate by hydrogen‐bonding self‐assembly reaction and its application in intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Dong
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral ResourcesWuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Congrui Qi
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Sheng Shang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yaru Sun
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Gongqing Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hongming Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral ResourcesWuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- School of Chemical EngineeringJiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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22
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Combustion Performance and Thermal Stability of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111826. [PMID: 31698868 PMCID: PMC6918124 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the thermal stability and combustion performance of basalt fiber reinforced polypropylene (BFRPP) composite and pure polypropylene (PP) were compared. The results show that the basalt fiber has no positive effect on increasing the initial decomposition temperature of PP, but it could reduce the maximum thermal decomposition rate and increase the temperature of the maximum thermal decomposition rate. Adding basalt fiber to PP could slightly reduce the limiting oxygen index. At the same oxygen concentration, the BFRPP burned significantly more slowly than the PP. In addition, during the combustion, it was observed that the BFRPP showed a better anti-melt dripping effect than the PP. The results from the cone calorimeter test show that, under the same external heat flux, the time-to-ignition (TTI) of BFRPP was less than that of PP. This indicated that BFRPP was easier to ignite than PP. It was also found that the reciprocal of the square root of the TTI of both has a linear relationship with external heat flux. BFRPP has a lower peak heat release rate and total heat release than PP. Moreover, BFRPP produced less smoke than PP when burned.
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23
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Zhang N, Zhang J, Yan H, Guo X, Sun Q, Guo R. A novel organic-inorganic hybrid K-HBPE@APP performing excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression for polypropylene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:856-865. [PMID: 31009907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the flammability and severe dripping of polypropylene (PP), a novel organic-inorganic hybrid K-HBPE@APP (microencapsulated APP by a hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) via silane coupling agent (KH-550)) was obtained and used as a high-efficient flame retardant and smoke suppressant. Herein, HBPE acted as the charring agent for APP. 20 wt% of K-HBPE@APP imparted PP excellent flame retardancy, V-0 rating (UL-94 test) and 82.6% decrease in the peak of heat release rate (PHRR). However, PP with 25 wt% of mechanically mixed APP and HBPE achieved V-1 rating (UL-94 test) and 77.3% decrease in PHRR. That is because the direct contact and sufficient interaction between APP and HBPE gives full play to their synergy. Besides, K-HBPE@APP accelerated the formation of cross-linked POC/SiOSi/SiOC/SiOP/POΦ structures, leading to a strong and compact char layer with a result of dramatic reduction in heat release rate and smoke production. Furthermore, K-HBPE@APP was highly water-resistant and has good compatibility with PP matrix. In particular, the flame-retarded PP had similar tensile strength to pure PP and enhanced impact strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naien Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Hong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Xiaorong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Ruijie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
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24
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Electrostatic action induced interfacial accumulation of layered double hydroxides towards highly efficient flame retardance and mechanical enhancement of thermoplastic polyurethane/ammonium polyphosphate. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Zhang Y, He S, Wu J, Ma J, Shao S, He L, Li X, Fang Z, Cao H, Xi Z. Application of waste silicon rubber composite treated by N
2
plasma in the flame‐retardant polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Shili He
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Junjie Ma
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Shengdong Shao
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Lingjie He
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- Henan EPRI Hitech Group Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou 450052 China
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26
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Synthesis of a Novel Phosphorous-Nitrogen Based Charring Agent and Its Application in Flame-retardant HDPE/IFR Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11061062. [PMID: 31248169 PMCID: PMC6631776 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel phosphorous-nitrogen based charring agent named poly(1,3-diaminopropane-1,3,5-triazine-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate) (PDTBP) was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that PDTBP was successfully synthesized. Compared with the traditional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system contained APP and pentaerythritol (PER), the novel IFR system (APP/PDTBP, weight ratio of 2:1) could significantly promote the flame retardancy, water resistance, and thermal stability of HDPE. The HDPE/APP/PDTBP composites (PE3) could achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating with LOI value of 30.8%, and had a lower migration percentage (2.2%). However, the HDPE/APP/PER composites (PE5) had the highest migration percentage (4.7%), lower LOI value of 23.9%, and could only achieve a UL-94 V-1 rating. Besides, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire hazard value of PE3 were markedly decreased compared to PE5. PE3 had higher tensile strength and flexural strength of 16.27 ± 0.42 MPa and 32.03 ± 0.59 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the possible flame-retardant mechanism of the APP/PDTBP IFR system indicated that compact and continuous intumescent char layer would be formed during burning, thus inhibiting the degradation of substrate material and improving the thermal stability of HDPE.
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27
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Liu L, Lv R. Synthesis of a DOPO-triazine additive and its flame-retardant effect in rigid polyurethane foam. E-POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphen-anthrene-10-oxide)-based halogen-free flame retardant (ODOPM-CYC) was synthesized and incorporated in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The structure of ODOPM-CYC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 1H NMR and 31P NMR. The effects of ODOPM-CYC on the flame resistance, mechanical performances, thermal properties and cell structure of RPUF were also investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of ODOPM-CYC strikingly enhanced flame retardant properties of RPUF. The flame retarded RPUF acquired a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26% and achieved UL-94 V-0 rating with the phosphorus content of 3 wt%. The smoke production rate (SPR) also showed an obvious decrease and total smoke release (TSR) was 39.8% lower than that of neat RPUF. Besides, the results demonstrated that the incorporation of ODOPM-CYC provided RPUF better thermal stability but did not show any obvious influence on its thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai201804, China
| | - Rui Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai201804, China
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28
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Liu H, Li S, Zhang Z, Li B, Xu M. An efficient and convenient strategy toward fire safety and water resistance of polypropylene composites through design and synthesis of a novel mono‐component intumescent flame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
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29
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Xu B, Ma W, Shao L, Qian L, Qiu Y. Enhancement of an organic-metallic hybrid charring agent on flame retardancy of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181413. [PMID: 31032003 PMCID: PMC6458352 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An organic triazine charring agent hybrid with zinc oxide (OTCA@ZnO) was prepared and well characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardancy and thermal behaviour of intumescent flame retardant ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) composites combining OTCA@ZnO and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were investigated using limited oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, cone calorimetry and TGA. The structure and morphology of chars were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, laser Raman spectroscopy analysis (LRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results revealed that OTCA@ZnO exhibited excellent thermal stability and dispersity after hybridization. The flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of EVA were significantly improved by introducing APP/OTCA@ZnO. TGA results indicated that APP/OTCA@ZnO presented an excellent synergistic effect and promoted the char formation of EVA composites. Residue analysis results showed more char with high quality connected by richer P-O-C, P-N and P-O-Si structures was formed in APP/OTCA@ZnO system than APP/HOTCA/ZnO system, which consequently suppressed more efficiently the combustion and smoke production due to the in situ catalytic carbonization effect of hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Ma
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Lushan Shao
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
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30
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31
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Lou F, Wu K, Wang Q, Qian Z, Li S, Guo W. Improved Flame-Retardant and Ceramifiable Properties of EVA Composites by Combination of Ammonium Polyphosphate and Aluminum Hydroxide. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E125. [PMID: 30960109 PMCID: PMC6401787 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramifiable flame-retardant ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer composites for wire and cable sheathing materials were prepared through melt compounding with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and fluorophlogopite mica as the addition agents. The effects of ammonium polyphosphate, alumina trihydrate, and APP/ATH hybrid on the flame retardant, as well as on the thermal and ceramifiable properties of EVA composites, were investigated. The results demonstrated that the composites with the ratio of APP:ATH = 1:1 displayed the best flame retardancy and the greatest char residues among the various EVA composites. The tensile strength of the composites was 6.8 MPa, and the residue strength sintered at 1000 °C reached 5.2 MPa. The effect of sintering temperature on the ceramifiable properties, microstructures, and crystalline phases of the sintered specimen was subsequently investigated through X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD and FTIR results demonstrated that the crystal structure of mica was disintegrated, while magnesium orthophosphate (Mg₃(PO₄)₂) was simultaneously produced at an elevated temperature, indicating that the ceramization of EVA composites had occurred. The SEM results demonstrated that a more continuous and compact microstructure was produced with the rise in the sintering temperature. This contributed to the flexural strength improvement of the ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feipeng Lou
- Polymer Processing Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Kai Wu
- Polymer Processing Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Quan Wang
- Polymer Processing Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhongyu Qian
- Polymer Processing Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Shijuan Li
- Polymer Processing Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Weihong Guo
- Polymer Processing Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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32
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Hoang DT, Schorr D, Landry V, Blanchet P, Vanslambrouck S, Dagenais C. Preparation and characterisation of flame retardant encapsulated with functionalised silica-based shell. J Microencapsul 2018; 35:428-438. [PMID: 30189763 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2018.1521477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coatings are nowadays considered as the most effective flame retardant (FR) treatment. Nevertheless, the principal compound in an IFR system, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), is highly sensitive to moisture and IFR coating effectiveness decreases quickly. The main objective of this study is to encapsulate APP in a hybrid silica-based membrane by sol-gel process using alkoxysilane tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) precursor. The morphology and structure of APP and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed that APP was well encapsulated inside the polysiloxane shells. The thermal degradation of APP and MAPP was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. At 800 °C, the MAPP had higher char residue (70.49 wt%) than APP (3.06 wt%). The hydrophobicity of MAPP increased significantly with the water contact angles up to 98°, in comparison to 20° for APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan-Trang Hoang
- a NSERC Industrial Research Chair on Ecoresponsible Wood Construction, Department of Wood and Forest Sciences , Université Laval , Quebec , QC , Canada
| | | | - Véronic Landry
- a NSERC Industrial Research Chair on Ecoresponsible Wood Construction, Department of Wood and Forest Sciences , Université Laval , Quebec , QC , Canada
| | - Pierre Blanchet
- a NSERC Industrial Research Chair on Ecoresponsible Wood Construction, Department of Wood and Forest Sciences , Université Laval , Quebec , QC , Canada
| | - Stéphanie Vanslambrouck
- a NSERC Industrial Research Chair on Ecoresponsible Wood Construction, Department of Wood and Forest Sciences , Université Laval , Quebec , QC , Canada
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33
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Wei YX, Deng C, Chen H, Wan L, Wei WC, Wang YZ. Novel Core-Shell Hybrid Nanosphere towards the Mechanical Enhancement and Fire Retardance of Polycarbonate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28036-28050. [PMID: 30052025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is a huge challenge to achieve highly efficient fire retardance with no mechanical damage to polymers. In our current research, a novel core-shell titanium dioxide@diphenylphosphinic (TiO2@DPP) nanosphere was first synthesized through a hydrothermal reacting process, and applied in simultaneously enhancing the fire retardance and mechanical properties of polycarbonate (PC). The well-designed TiO2@DPP exhibited a significant effect on combustion performance and mechanical reinforcement of PC. At only 0.10 wt % of TiO2@DPP, PC/TiO2@DPP passed the UL-94 V-0 rating, and its oxygen index value rose to 29.3%. Moreover, the peak value of the heat release rate was remarkably decreased by 34.1% in the combustion test, accompanied by the formation of more compacted char layer and the release of more incombustible gas. Equally important another aspect is that the PC containing only 0.10 wt % of TiO2@DPP possessed higher elongation at break and higher tensile strength than pure PC, correspondingly increased by 27.7 and 14.7%. The analysis of the flame-retardant mechanism revealed that the improved fire retardance of PC is primarily ascribed to the barrier action of a cross-linking network containing phosphorus and titanium, the dilution of nonflammable gases such as H2O, and the quenching effect of free radicals which are from the phosphorous group in the gas phase. All these experimental results demonstrate that the core-shell hybrid TiO2@DPP may achieve a simultaneous significant improvement in fire retardance and mechanical properties of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Cong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Le Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Wen-Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
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34
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Wei YX, Deng C, Zhao ZY, Wang YZ. A novel organic-inorganic hybrid SiO2@DPP for the fire retardance of polycarbonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Preparation of a novel polysiloxane and its synergistic effect with ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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The Effects of a Macromolecular Charring Agent with Gas Phase and Condense Phase Synergistic Flame Retardant Capability on the Properties of PP/IFR Composites. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11010111. [PMID: 29324716 PMCID: PMC5793609 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the efficiency of intumescent flame retardants (IFRs), a novel macromolecular charring agent named poly(ethanediamine-1,3,5-triazine-p-4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) (PETAT) with gas phase and condense phase synergistic flame-retardant capability was synthesized and subsequently dispersed into polypropylene (PP) in combination with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) via a melt blending method. The chemical structure of PETAT was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the PETAT and IFR systems were tested by thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) and thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The mechanical properties, thermal stability, flame-retardant properties, water resistance, and structures of char residue in flame-retardant composites were characterized using tensile and flexural strength property tests, TGA, limiting oxygen index (LOI) values before and after soaking, underwritten laboratory-94 (UL-94) vertical burning test, cone calorimetric test (CCT), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDXS), and FTIR. The results indicated that PETAT was successfully synthesized, and when the ratio of APP to PETAT was 2:1 with 25 wt % loading, the novel IFR system could reduce the deterioration of tensile strength and enhance the flexural strength of composites. Meanwhile, the flame-retardant composite was able to pass the UL-94 V-0 rating with an LOI value of 30.3%, and the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and material fire hazard values were considerably decreased compared with others. In addition, composites also exhibited excellent water resistance properties compared with traditional IFR composites. SEM-EDXS and FTIR analyses of the char residues, as well as TG-FTIR analyses of IFR were used to investigate the flame-retardant mechanism of the APP/PETAT IFR system. The results indicated that the efficient flame retardancy of PP/IFR composites could be attributed to the synergism of the free radical-quenching and char layer-protecting mechanisms in the gas phase and condense phase, respectively.
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Yang AH, Deng C, Chen H, Wei YX, Wang YZ. A novel Schiff-base polyphosphate ester: Highly-efficient flame retardant for polyurethane elastomer. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yuan B, Fan A, Yang M, Chen X, Hu Y, Bao C, Jiang S, Niu Y, Zhang Y, He S, Dai H. The effects of graphene on the flammability and fire behavior of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites at different flame scenarios. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wilke A, Langfeld K, Ulmer B, Andrievici V, Hörold A, Limbach P, Bastian M, Schartel B. Halogen-Free Multicomponent Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Styrene–Ethylene–Butylene–Styrene Elastomers Based on Ammonium Polyphosphate–Expandable Graphite Synergy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Wilke
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Langfeld
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ulmer
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vlad Andrievici
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hörold
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Limbach
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Bastian
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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Prabhakar M, Rehman Shah AU, Song JI. Improved flame-retardant and tensile properties of thermoplastic starch/flax fabric green composites. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Deng C, Yin H, Li RM, Huang SC, Schartel B, Wang YZ. Modes of action of a mono-component intumescent flame retardant MAPP in polyethylene-octene elastomer. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li X, Tang S, Zhou X, Gu S, Huang K, Xu J, Wang X, Li Y. Synergistic effect of amino silane functional montmorillonite on intumescent flame-retarded SEBS and its mechanism. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Shawei Tang
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Shengheng Gu
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- DSM Resolve; P.O. Box 18 Geleen 6160 MD The Netherlands
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
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43
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Molaba TP, Chapple S, John MJ. Aging studies on flame retardant treated lignocellulosic fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso Princess Molaba
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence Area; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
- Department of Textile Science Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
| | - Steve Chapple
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence Area; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
- Department of Textile Science Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
| | - Maya Jacob John
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence Area; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
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Shen Y, Gong W, Zheng B, Meng X, Gao L. Synergistic effect of Ni-based bimetallic catalyst with intumescent flame retardant on flame retardancy and thermal stability of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhao Q, Hu Y, Wang X. Mechanical performance and flame retardancy of polypropylene composites containing zeolite and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials; Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Specially Functional Polymers and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyi Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials; Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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Jiang Z, Liu G. Microencapsulation of ammonium polyphosphate with melamine-formaldehyde-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate resin and its flame retardancy in polypropylene. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction scheme of MFT resin pre-polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Gousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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Li RM, Deng C, Deng CL, Dong LP, Di HW, Wang YZ. An efficient method to improve simultaneously the water resistance, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of POE intumescent flame-retardant systems. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The water resistance, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of POE intumescent flame-retardant systems were improved simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Min Li
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Cong Deng
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Cheng-Liang Deng
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Liang-Ping Dong
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Hong-Wei Di
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
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