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Guo L, Qiu C, Yuan R, Li X, Li X, Li K, Zhu W, Liu X, Li A, Liu H, Chen X, Song H. Boosting Molecular Cross-Linking in a Phenolic Resin for Spherical Hard Carbon with Enriched Closed Pores toward Enhanced Sodium Storage Ability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27419-27428. [PMID: 38743926 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Phenolic resin (PF) is considered a promising precursor of hard carbon (HC) for advanced-performance anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its facile designability and high residual carbon yield. However, understanding how the structure of PF precursors influences sodium storage in their derived HC remains a significant challenge. Herein, the microstructure of HC is controlled by the degree of cross-linking of resorcinol-benzaldehyde (RB) resin. We reveal that robust molecular cross-linking in RB resin induced by hydrothermal treatment promotes closed-pore formation in the derived HC. The mechanism is devised for the decomposition of a highly cross-linked RB three-dimensional network into randomly stacked short-range graphitic microcrystals during high-temperature carbonization, contributing to the abundant closed pores in the derived HC. In addition, the high cross-linking degree of RB resin endows its derived HC with a small-sized spherical morphology and large interlayer spacing, which improves the rate performance of HC. Consequently, the optimized hydrothermal treatment HC anode shows a higher specific capacity of 372.7 mAh g-1 and better rate performance than the HC anode without hydrothermal treatment (276.0 mAh g-1). This strategy can provide feasible molecular cross-linking engineering for the development of closed pores in PF-based HC toward enhanced sodium storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liewen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Renlu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Kairan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Wanxiong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification and Coal-Based Advanced Materials, Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Huaihe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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2
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Flament C, Berthel B, Salvia M, Graton O, Alix I. Average and Local Effect of Thermal Fatigue on the Coefficients of the Thermal Expansion of a Complex Continuous Composite Fibre Used for Car Clutch Facing: A Multi-Technique Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5833. [PMID: 37687526 PMCID: PMC10488659 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The clutch facing is a complex organic matrix composite in dry clutch systems. When the clutch engages, there is a sliding contact between the clutch facing and the mating surfaces, resulting in temperature increases of up to 300 °C. These thermal cycles activate several mechanisms that can have consequences on such material: cracking and, more generally, the ageing of the polymer. The thermomechanical properties of the material therefore evolve according to the number of thermal cycles. This study focused on investigating the local and average evolution of the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of clutch facing as a function of thermal cycles. Several techniques were employed, including image stereocorrelation for determining the CTE, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) tests for monitoring the ageing of the material and acoustic emission for highlighting the damage. The results showed that the average CTE decreased as a function of the temperature and the number of loading cycles, while locally, it increased in some areas and decreased in others. These differences appear to be the result of material heterogeneity (actual yarn tracing, etc.) and interaction between cracking and ageing mechanisms in the polymer matrix. Indeed, thermal cycling led to cracking and additional crosslinking, which is influenced by ageing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Flament
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France (O.G.)
- Valeo Matériaux de Friction, Rue Barthélémy Thimonnier, 87020 Limoges, France;
| | - Bruno Berthel
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France (O.G.)
| | - Michelle Salvia
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France (O.G.)
| | - Olivier Graton
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France (O.G.)
| | - Isabelle Alix
- Valeo Matériaux de Friction, Rue Barthélémy Thimonnier, 87020 Limoges, France;
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Sinhoreti MAC, Tomaselli LDO, Rocha MG, Oliveira D, Roulet JF, Geraldeli S. Effect of elastomeric urethane monomer on physicochemical properties and shrinkage stress of resin composites. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:135-142. [PMID: 37909636 PMCID: PMC10642279 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an elastomeric urethane monomer (Exothane-24) in different concentrations on physicochemical properties, gap formation, and polymerization shrinkage stress of experimental resin composites. All experimental composites were prepared with 50 wt.% of Bis-GMA and 50 wt.% of TEGDMA, to which 0 wt.% (control), 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.%, and 40 wt.% of Exothane-24 were added. Filler particles (65 wt.%) were then added to these resin matrixes. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS: n = 10), flexural strength (FS: n = 10), flexural modulus (FM: n = 10), hardness (H: n = 10), hardness reduction (HR: n = 10), degree of conversion (DC: n = 5), gap width (GW: n = 10), and polymerization shrinkage stress in Class I (SS-I: n = 10) and Class II (SS-II: n = 10) simulated configuration. All test data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05; = 0.2). Exothane-24 in all concentrations decreased the H, HR, DC, GW, SS-I, and SS-II (p < 0.05) without affecting the UTS, and FS (p > 0.05). Reduction in FM was observed only in the Exothane 40% and 30% groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). Exothane-24 at concentrations 20% and 30% seems suitable since it reduced GW and polymerization SS without affecting the properties of the composite resins tested, except for H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division,
Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Oliveira Tomaselli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division,
Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus Garcia Rocha
- Restorative Dental Science Department, Operative Dentistry
Division, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dayane Oliveira
- Restorative Dental Science Department, Operative Dentistry
Division, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jean-François Roulet
- Restorative Dental Science Department, Operative Dentistry
Division, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Saulo Geraldeli
- Division of Biomedical Materials, School of Dental Medicine, East
Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Wang C, Eisenreich F, Tomović Ž. Closed-Loop Recyclable High-Performance Polyimine Aerogels Derived from Bio-Based Resources. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209003. [PMID: 36495005 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerogels are an intriguing class of highly porous and ultralight materials which have found widespread applications in thermal insulation, energy storage, and chemical absorption. These fully cross-linked polymeric networks, however, pose environmental concerns as they are typically made from fossil-based feedstock and the recycling back to their original monomers is virtually impossible. In addition, organic aerogels suffer from low thermal stability and potential fire hazard. To overcome these obstacles and create next-generation organic aerogels, a set of polyimine aerogels containing reversible chemical bonds which can selectively be cleaved on demand is prepared. As precursors, different primary amines and cyclophosphazene derivatives made from bio-based reagents (vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) to elevate the thermal stability and reduce the environmental impact are used. The resulting polyimine aerogels exhibit low shrinkage, high porosity, large surface area, as well as pronounced thermal stability and flame resistance. More importantly, the aerogels show excellent recyclability under acidic conditions with high monomer recovery yields and purities. This approach allows for preparation of fresh aerogels from the retrieved building blocks, thus demonstrating efficient closed-loop recycling. These high-performance, recyclable, and bio-based polyimine aerogels pave the way for advanced and sustainable superinsulating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Wang
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Željko Tomović
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
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5
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Minu S, Ramani R, Shekar RI, Kotresh TM, Padaki NV. Influence of dodecyl surfactants on the cross-linking, plasticization and damping behavior of epoxy novolac resins. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7380-7393. [PMID: 36125086 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of modified epoxy novolac resins (ENRs) were prepared by incorporating dodecyl chain surfactants with polar groups such as amine, carboxylic acid, phenol, resorcinol and benzene sulfonic acid. Except for the case of benzene sulfonic acid, no macrophase separation is seen in any of the modified ENRs. The addition of these dodecyl surfactants to ENR hinders the cross-linking reaction as revealed from their dynamic and isothermal DSC curing measurements and reduced glass transition temperatures (Tg). The cross-link density evaluated from the storage modulus (E') in the rubbery region using DMTA measurements is found to be low with the addition of surfactants in agreement with their plasticization behavior. The stiffness of the materials obtained at low temperatures showed a moderate increase for ENRs with carboxylic acid and phenol surfactants. Upon heating, their storage modulus drops at low temperatures compared to ENR supporting the mechanism of plasticization in them. This high value of E' for the plasticized material in the glassy phase is different from the generally known behavior. Such unusually high storage modulus together with increased 'd' spacing from the XRD results seems to indicate 'partial segmental confinement' of epoxy chains. It is believed that high damping obtained in these two materials is due to 'partial segmental confinement' of epoxy chains because of interaction with lauric acid and phenolic surfactants and the associated internal and interfacial friction in them. Dielectric relaxation measurements support the plasticization process based on the high dielectric loss and ionic conductivity in the surfactant modified ENR, as compared to the pristine ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiadasan Minu
- Defence Bio-Engineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), ADE Campus, C. V. Raman Nagar, Bangalore-560 093, India.
| | - Ramasubbu Ramani
- Defence Bio-Engineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), ADE Campus, C. V. Raman Nagar, Bangalore-560 093, India.
| | - Ramakrishna Indu Shekar
- Defence Bio-Engineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), ADE Campus, C. V. Raman Nagar, Bangalore-560 093, India.
| | - Teggina Math Kotresh
- Defence Bio-Engineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), ADE Campus, C. V. Raman Nagar, Bangalore-560 093, India.
| | - Naveen Vijay Padaki
- Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI), Central Silk Board (CSB), BTM Layout, Bangalore-560 068, India
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Makwana K, Ichake AB, Valodkar V, Padmanaban G, Badiger MV, Wadgaonkar PP. Cardol: Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) - Derived Starting Material for the Preparation of Partially Bio-Based Epoxy Resins. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Xing X, Zhang P, Zhao Y, Ma F, Zhang X, Xue F, Wang S, Jing X. Pyrolysis mechanism of phenylboronic acid modified phenolic resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Liu X, Li Y, Xing X, Zhang G, Jing X. Fully recyclable and high performance phenolic resin based on dynamic urethane bonds and its application in self-repairable composites. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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9
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Zhang G, Zhang L, Ren Q, Yan L, Zhang F, Lv W, Shi Z. Tailoring a Phenolic Resin Precursor by Facile Pre-oxidation Tactics to Realize a High-Initial-Coulombic-Efficiency Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31650-31659. [PMID: 34189907 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the leading anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), hard carbon (HC) still faces the puzzle of low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) in achieving commercialization. From the perspective of precursors, the low ICE has been attributed to the large specific surface area and porosity produced by the rapid decomposition of polymers during the carbonization. Therefore, increasing the cross-linking degree of precursors will be an effective shortcut to improve the ICE. Herein, a facile pre-oxidation tactic was successfully employed to tailor the cross-linking degree of phenolic resin precursors to precisely control the specific surface area of the obtained HC. As the pre-oxidation time is increased, the optimal HC with the lowest specific surface area shows an ICE elevated by 22.2% (from 62.5 to 84.7%) compared to the original pre-oxidation HC and delivers a high reversible capacity of 334.3 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1. Besides, the pre-oxidation also introduces abundant carbonyl groups, which increase the disorder degree of HC and supply abundant adsorption sites of Na+, thus enhancing the rate performance. When matched with a layered O3-NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode, the full cell achieves an energy density of ca. 256.2 Wh kg-1 with superior rate performance. This work sheds light on the positive effect of pre-oxidation in elevating the ICE of HC and provides effective guidance to achieve a high ICE for other HC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Qingjuan Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Wenjie Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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Li P, Wang T, He J, Jiang J, Lei F. Diffusion of water and protein drug in 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether crosslinked galactomannan hydrogels and its correlation with the physicochemical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1987-2000. [PMID: 34087302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to obtain a better and safer galactomannan-based material for drug release applications. A novel epoxy-crosslinked galactomannan hydrogel (EGH) was prepared from guar gum using 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether as a crosslinking agent. The diffusion rate constant of water molecules in freeze-dried EGH positively correlated with water uptake/equilibrium swelling rate (WU/ESR), and the water molecules participated in Fickian diffusion. The ESR, WU/ESR, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) loading capacity of a customized EGH with a crosslinking density of 48.9% were 48.7 ± 0.15 g/g, 95.3%, and 56.4 mg/g, respectively. The release of BSA from freeze-dried EGH was affected by the WU/ESR and the pH; the release equilibrium time was ~40 h at pH 1.2, decreasing to ~24 h at pH 7.4. Furthermore, the cumulative release rate increased from 63.5% to 80.7% and the t50 decreased from 59 to 41 min upon changing from the acidic to basic pH. The release process conformed to the Ritger-Peppas and Hixson-Crowell models, and represented Fickian diffusion and chain relaxation. The EGH showed no cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells. Together, these results demonstrate the properties of a novel galactomannan-based hydrogel that can potentially be employed as a vehicle for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fuhou Lei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
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Xing X, Niu X, Liu Y, Yang C, Wang S, Li Y, Jing X. In-depth understanding on the early stage of phenolic resin thermal pyrolysis through ReaxFF-molecular dynamics simulation. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Guan M, Li H, Chen X, Zhang S. Preparation and electrochemical performance of activated carbon microspheres from recycled novolak phenol formaldehyde. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 120:635-641. [PMID: 33172738 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an attempt is made to obtain porous activated carbon microspheres (ACMs) as supercapacitor electrodes by recycling waste novolak phenol formaldehyde (NPF) resins. These NPF-ACMs were prepared by a three-step procedure of hydrothermal synthesis, carbonization, and activation in turn. The effects of temperature, time, and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) addition on NPF-based microspheres were studied by the orthogonal method. The optimal preparation process of NPF-based microspheres was the following: 230 °C, 4 h, and a mass ratio of SDS: NPF of 24:1 by hydrothermal synthesis. Based on the above optimal conditions, NPF-ACMs were made, the yield of the microspheres after carbonization and chemical activation are 54% and 38%, and their electrochemical properties were analyzed. The NPF-ACMs had uniform size, a high surface area of 2528 m2 g-1, good dispersion, a low impedance of 0.46 Ω, highest specific capacitance of 118.6 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, good rate capability with 79% retention from 0.1 to 10 A g-1. Moreover, it showed high capacitance retention of 99.5% after 1000 cycles at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1. The results showed that waste NPF can be used as promising ACMs of the electrode material to increase its utilization value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Guan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210027, China.
| | - Hui Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xianwen Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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13
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Synthesis of Silicon Hybrid Phenolic Resins with High Si-Content and Nanoscale Phase Separation Structure. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a set of silicon hybrid phenolic resins (SPF) with high Si-content were prepared by mixing phenolic resins with self-synthesized silicon resins. In order to obtain the nanoscale phase structure, condensation degree and the amount of Si-OH groups in silicon resins were controlled by the amount of inhibitor ethanol in the hydrolytic condensation polymerization of siloxane. Increasing the amount of ethanol resulted in more silanol groups and a lower degree of condensation for silicon resins, which then led to more formation of Si-O-Ph bonds in hybrid resin and improved compatibility between silicon resin and phenolic resin. When 400% ethanol by weight of siloxane was used in the sample SPF-4, nanoscale phase separation resulted. The residual weight of the cured SPF-4 at 1000 °C (R1000) significantly increased compared to pure phenolic resins. The result of the oxyacetylene flame ablation and the Cone Calorimeter test confirmed the improved ablative property and flammability after the modification. The performance improvement of the cured SPF-4 was attributed to the nanoscale phase structure and high silicon content, which promoted the formation of dense silica protective layers during pyrolysis.
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14
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Seki Y, Altinisik Tagac A. Surface resistivity, surface wettability and thermal stability of the 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethyl sulfate and methyl-tri-n-butylammonium methyl sulfate modified polyethylene. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1695263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Seki
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
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15
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Zhang P, Wang S, Zhang X, Jing X. The effect of free dihydroxydiphenylmethanes on the thermal stability of novolac resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Lei Z, Ji J, Wu Q, Zhang J, Wang Y, Jing X, Liu Y. Curing behavior and microstructure of epoxy-POSS modified novolac phenolic resin with different substitution degree. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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John G, Nagarajan S, Vemula PK, Silverman JR, Pillai C. Natural monomers: A mine for functional and sustainable materials – Occurrence, chemical modification and polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Zhao W, Hsu SL, Ravichandran S, Bonner AM. Moisture Effects on the Physical Properties of Cross-linked Phenolic Resins. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts (Amherst), Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Shaw Ling Hsu
- Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts (Amherst), Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | - Anne M. Bonner
- Saint-Gobain Research North America, 9 Goddard Road, Northborough, Massachusetts 01532, United States
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19
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Emik S, Yılmaz BY, İyim TB. Investigation of the Usage of Depolymerized Nylon 66 Intermediate in Phenolic Resin Modification. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2018.1482920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Emik
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Yasemin Yılmaz
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tülin Banu İyim
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Study of phenolic resin and their tendency for carbon graphitization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Jiang G, Chen L, Jiang S, Zhou K, Shi X, Mou W. Establishment of highly effective flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin system based on multiple strategies. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Saihua Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Keqing Zhou
- Faculty of Engineering; China University of Geosciences (Wuhan); Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Xingxing Shi
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Wenjie Mou
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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22
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Hai Y, Jiang S, Qian X, Zhang S, Sun P, Xie B, Hong N. Ultrathin Beta-Nickel hydroxide nanosheets grown along multi-walled carbon nanotubes: A novel nanohybrid for enhancing flame retardancy and smoke toxicity suppression of unsaturated polyester resin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 509:285-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Zhao J, Gilani MRHS, Liu Z, Luque R, Xu G. Facile surfactant-free synthesis of polybenzoxazine-based polymer and nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00911b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Facile surfactant-free synthesis of monodisperse polymer and nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres with controllable sizes less than 200 nm based on the benzoxazine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Rafael Luque
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
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24
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Feng J, Li J, Chen L, Qin Y, Zhang X, Gu J, Tadakamalla S, Guo Z. Enhanced thermal stabilities and char yields of carbon fibers reinforced boron containing novolac phenolic resins composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Curing behaviour and properties of a novel benzoxazine resin via catalysis of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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The effects of silicon and ferrocene on the char formation of modified novolac resin with high char yield. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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High char yield novolac modified by Si-B-N-C precursor: Thermal stability and structural evolution. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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He QZ, Wang JY, Song L, Jian XG. Synthesis, curing and properties of poly(phthalazione ether sulfone ketone) copolymers crosslinked by click chemistry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Cheng H, Hong C, Zhang X, Xue H, Meng S, Han J. Super flame-retardant lightweight rime-like carbon-phenolic nanofoam. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33480. [PMID: 27629114 PMCID: PMC5024163 DOI: 10.1038/srep33480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The desire for lightweight nanoporous materials with high-performance thermal insulation and efficient anti-ablation resistance for energy conservation and thermal protection/insulation has greatly motivated research and development recently. The main challenge to synthesize such lightweight materials is how to balance the relationship of low thermal conductivity and flame retardancy. Herein, we propose a new concept of lightweight “rime-like” structured carbon-phenolic nanocomposites to solve this problem, where the 3D chopped network-structured carbon fiber (NCF) monoliths are incorporated with nanoporous phenolic aerogel to retain structural and functional integrity. The nanometer-scaled porous phenolic (NP) was synthesized through polymerization-induced phase separation and ambient pressure drying using phenolic resin (PR) solution as reaction source, ethylene glycol (EG) as solvent and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as catalyst. We demonstrate that the as-prepared NCF-NP nanocomposite exhibits with a low density of 0.25–0.35 g/cm3, low thermal conductivity of 0.125 Wm−1K−1 and outstanding flame retardancy exceeding 2000 °C under arc-jet wind tunnel simulation environment. Our results show that the synthesis strategy is a promising approach for producing nanocomposites with excellent high-temperature heat blocking property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xinghong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Huafei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Songhe Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jiecai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
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30
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Bian C, Wang S, Liu Y, Su K, Jing X. Role of Nonbond Interactions in the Glass Transition of Novolac-Type Phenolic Resin: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kehe Su
- Key
Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry
of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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31
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Yao R, Yao Z, Zhou J. Microstructure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Three-dimensional Braided Glass Fiber Reinforced Phenolic Cryogel Composites. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931603500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic cryogel plates (PCPs) and three-dimensional braided glass fiber reinforced phenolic cryogel composite plates (PCCPs) were successfully fabricated by microemulsion-templated sol gel polymerization and freeze-drying methods. Then, pore morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were investigated. The experimental results showed that the aerogels made by freeze-drying method had the best microstructure. In addition, it was discovered that the compressive and tensile strength of the cryogel plates had equally increased for approximately 8 and 30 times after compounding with glass fiber. Simultaneously, the mechanical properties of the 20 wt% and 25% solid content (PCPs) achieved the optimal value compared with PCPs of other contents. Moreover, it was found that the cryogels had excellent thermostability, and their thermal conductivity decreased with the reducing of the solid contents, what's more, the joining of glass fiber had the increased the composites’ thermal conductivity to some degree. Finally, considering the requirement of low density, good mechanical and thermal performance, the 20 wt% solid content PCCP had the best comprehensive performance compared with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yao
- College of Materials and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengjun Yao
- College of Materials and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jintang Zhou
- College of Materials and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Jiangsu, China
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32
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Feng J, Chen L, Gu J, He Z, Yun J, Wang X. Synthesis and characterization of aryl boron-containing thermoplastic phenolic resin with high thermal decomposition temperature and char yield. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-0966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Yun J, Chen L, Zhang X, Feng J, Liu L. The Effect of Introducing B and N on Pyrolysis Process of High Ortho Novolac Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8030035. [PMID: 30979155 PMCID: PMC6432559 DOI: 10.3390/polym8030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, high ortho novolac resins modified with phenylboronic acid were synthesized. The thermal stability of novolac resins cured with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and chemical states of B and N via a pyrolysis process were studied. For the cured o-novolac modified with phenylboronic acid, the temperature with maximum decomposition rate increased by 43.5 °C, and the char yield increased by 5.3% at 800 °C compared with cured o-novolac. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show the existence of hydrogen bonding between N of HMTA and H of phenol in modified resin. Thus, N could still be found at high temperature and C=N structure could be formed via a pyrolysis process. B2O3 was obtained at 400 °C by the cleavage of B–O–C and B–C bonds and it reduces the oxygen loss which may take part in the formation of carbon oxides in the system. The melting B2O3 on the surface of the resin will prevent small molecules and carbon oxides from releasing. Moreover, introducing B into the system helps to decrease the interlayer distance and improve graphite structures via a pyrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Junjun Feng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Linlin Liu
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermal-Structure Laboratory, School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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34
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Cheng H, Xue H, Zhao G, Hong C, Zhang X. Preparation, characterization, and properties of graphene-based composite aerogels via in situ polymerization and three-dimensional self-assembly from graphene oxide solution. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, hierarchical porous graphene-based composite aerogels are synthesized by a simple and facile one-pot polymerization-induced phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Huafei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Guangdong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Changqing Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Xinghong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- P. R. China
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35
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Bian C, Wang S, Liu Y, Jing X. Thermal stability of phenolic resin: new insights based on bond dissociation energy and reactivity of functional groups. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07597e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on bisphenol-F-like model molecules, the bond dissociation energies and Fukui function were calculated to interpret the relationship between the atomistic structure and thermal properties of the phenolic resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Bian
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Xinli Jing
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
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