1
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Xu T, Gao D, Yin H, Yang Q, Zhao J, Wang X, Niu H. Synthesis and Flame Retardant Behavior of Phosphorous- and Nitrogen-Containing Copolymer and Its Application in Polypropylene. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400376. [PMID: 39008820 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide (PEPA)-functionalized acrylate monomer, PEPAA, is designed and utilized for the synthesis of macromolecular flame retardants poly(PEPAA-co-AM) with varying PEPAA/AM ratio through copolymerization with acrylamide (AM). The poly(PEPAA-co-AM) is then incorporated into polypropylene (PP) to prepare PP/poly(PEPAA-co-AM) composites. The flame retardant effect of poly(PEPAA-co-AM) on PP is investigated using cone calorimetric test (CCT), and compared with that of PEPAA homopolymer (P-PEPAA), AM homopolymer (PAM), and blends of P-PEPAA/PAM. The results demonstrate that, in comparison with P-PEPAA, PAM, and blends of P-PEPAA/PAM, the incorporation of poly(PEPAA-co-AM) significantly enhances the flame retardancy of PP. Notably, the best flame retardancy is achieved when the ratio of PEPAA/AM copolymerization in poly(PEPAA-co-AM) is 2/8. The morphology and composition of residual chars from combustion are analyzed using SEM-EDS while the residual graphitization degree is examined through Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, TG-FTIR-MS is utilized to investigate the pyrolysis products in gas phase during thermal decomposition of poly(PEPAA-co-AM). Based on these experimental results, a flame retardant mechanism for poly(PEPAA-co-AM) is proposed. The PP/poly(PEPAA-co-AM) composites not only retain the excellent processing properties of pure PP but also exhibit enhanced mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Dali Gao
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Hua Yin
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Qingquan Yang
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Hui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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2
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Li P, Wang J, Wang C, Xu C, Ni A. The Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of the Epoxy Modified by an Efficient DOPO-Based Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:631. [PMID: 38475315 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, the mechanical performance reduction caused by excessive phosphorus content in the halogen-free flame-retardant EP has been an obstacle to its extensive application. This study presents the effective synthesis of a novel flame-retardant BDD with great efficiency, achieving an optimum phosphorus level of merely 0.25 wt %. The structure of BDD was verified by FTIR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR and XPS spectra. To investigate the flame-retardant properties of BDD, several EPs with various phosphorus levels were synthesized. The addition of phosphorus to the EP significantly increases its LOI value from 25.8% to 33.4% at a phosphorus level of 0.25 wt%. Additionally, the resin achieves a V-0 grade in the UL 94 test. The P-HRR and THR of the modified resin measured by the cone calorimeter are also significantly reduced. At the same time, the addition of a modest quantity of BDD has a minimal impact on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin. This study shows that the removal of hydroxyl groups significantly enhances the fire resistance of phosphate-based flame retardants, thereby providing a novel approach to synthesizing efficient flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changzeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengxin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aiqing Ni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Anna S, Karolina M, Sylwia C. Buckwheat Hulls/Perlite as an Environmentally Friendly Flame-Retardant System for Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081913. [PMID: 37112060 PMCID: PMC10141548 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents an innovative approach to the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams using natural waste in the form of buckwheat hulls in combination with an inorganic additive-perlite. A series of tests were presented in which various contents of flame-retardant additives were used. Based on the test results, it was found that the addition of the buckwheat hull/perlite system affected the physical and mechanical properties of the obtained foams, i.e., apparent density, impact strength, and compressive and flexural strength. The structure of the system had also changed, directly affecting the hydrophobic properties of the foams. In addition, it was observed that the addition of buckwheat hull/perlite modifiers improved the burning behavior of composite foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Strąkowska Anna
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Miedzińska Karolina
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Członka Sylwia
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
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4
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Wang X, Wang J, Zhao W, Liu J, Long S, Wang D. Effects of flame retardants containing
POC
and
PC
structures on the flame retardant properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Long
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Dun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
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5
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Liu X, Ma L, Sheng Y, Liu S, Wei G, Wang X. Synergistic flame‐retardant effect of modified hydrotalcite and expandable graphite for silicone rubber foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Liu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Youjie Sheng
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Shangming Liu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Gaoming Wei
- College of Energy Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou China
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6
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Pyrolysis Combustion Characteristics of Epoxy Asphalt Based on TG-MS and Cone Calorimeter Test. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144973. [PMID: 35888440 PMCID: PMC9315708 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To examine the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of epoxy asphalt, the heat and smoke release characteristics were analyzed via TG-MS and cone calorimeter tests, and the surface morphology of residual carbon after pyrolysis and combustion was observed via scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the smoke produce rate of epoxy asphalt was high in the early stage, and then sharply decreased. Moreover, the total smoke produced was close to that of base asphalt, and the surface of residual carbon presented an irregular network structure, which was rough and loose, and had few holes, however most of them existed in the form of embedded nonpenetration. The heat and smoke release characteristics of epoxy asphalt showed that it is not a simple fusion of base asphalt and epoxy resin. Instead, they promote, interact with, and affect each other, and the influence of epoxy resin was greater than that of base asphalt.
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7
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Cheng Y, Zhang L, Li C. Preparation of flame retardant glass fiber via emulsion impregnation and application in polyamide 6. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
As a commonly used reinforcement, glass fiber (GF) can improve the mechanical properties of thermoplastics. However, previous studies have suggested that GF was not good for the flame retardancy of thermoplastics because of “wick effect.” Herein, a novel flame retardant emulsion was synthesized, containing film-former, lubricant, silane coupling agent, and ammonium polyphosphate modified by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (mAPP). The GF impregnated with flame retardant emulsion and aluminum diethlyphosphinate (ADP) were blended with polyamide 6 (PA6) to prepare flame retardant GF reinforced PA6 (FRGFPA6/ADP). The LOI of FRGFPA6/ADP-15 can reach 34.7%, which is much higher than that of GF reinforced PA6 (GFPA6) and it also pass the UL-94 test and reach V-0 rating without dripping. The mHRR, pHRR, and THR of FRGFPA6/ADP-15 are reduced by 44.2, 121.0, and 26.3% compared to GFPA6. After burning, the surface of flame retardant GF can form a carbon layer, which improved the efficiency of interfacial flame retardancy between GF and PA6 and weakened the “wick effect.” At the same time, ADP is added to the matrix to release free radicals to capture oxygen in the air, and carbon layer is formed to isolate the air. The synergistic effect of ADP and mAPP increased the flame retardancy of GFPA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Chunzhong Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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8
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Han Y, Jin L, Xu T, Zhao H, Wang X, Yuan L, Chen L. A novel phosphorus compound acting as a substitute of
DOPO
for flame retard of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Liang Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Tingting Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lailai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lixin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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9
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10
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Zhao Z, Wang J, Wang J, Chen K, Zhang B, Chen Q, Guo P, Wang X, Liu F, Huo S, Yang S. Facile fabrication of single-component flame-retardant epoxy resin with rapid curing capacity and satisfied thermal resistance. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Han Y, Zhao H, Chen J, Wang X, Chen L, Ran D, Wang Z, Zeng P. A new phosphorus flame‐retard curing agent for epoxy resin/anhydride system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Jichuan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Di Ran
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Panjin Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
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12
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Jiang J, Huo S, Zheng Y, Yang C, Yan H, Ran S, Fang Z. A Novel Synergistic Flame Retardant of Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213648. [PMID: 34771209 PMCID: PMC8588180 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCP) is a common flame retardant for epoxy resin (EP). To improve the thermostability and fire safety of HPCP-containing EP, we combined UiO66-NH2 (a kind of metal-organic frame, MOF) with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) by hydrothermal reaction to create a novel synergistic flame retardant (H-U) of HPCP for EP. For the EP containing HPCP and H-U, the initial decomposition temperature (T5%) and the temperature of maximum decomposition rate (Tmax) increased by 11 and 17 °C under nitrogen atmosphere compared with those of the EP containing only HPCP. Meanwhile, the EP containing HPCP and H-U exhibited better tensile and flexural properties due to the addition of rigid nanoparticles. Notably, the EP containing HPCP and H-U reached a V-0 rating in UL-94 test and a limited oxygen index (LOI) of 35.2%. However, with the introduction of H-U, the flame retardant performances of EP composites were weakened in the cone calorimeter test, which was probably due to the decreased height of intumescent residual char.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Jiang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Siqi Huo
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
| | - Yi Zheng
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
| | - Chengyun Yang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
| | - Hongqiang Yan
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (S.R.)
| | - Shiya Ran
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (S.R.)
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
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13
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Li S, Wang J, Wen S, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang C. Synergistic effect of aluminum diethylphosphinate/sodium stearate modified vermiculite on flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of amino coatings. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34059-34070. [PMID: 35497317 PMCID: PMC9042321 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05731f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various inorganic fillers are proved to be desirable synergists to improve the fire resistance of fire-retardant coatings. Herein, a functional filler (ANE) with flame retardant property was prepared by intercalating aluminum diethylphosphinate into microwave expanded vermiculite and grafting sodium stearate on its surface. The structure of ANE was fully characterized by FTIR, XRD, XPS and SEM analyses. Then ANE was applied to melamine modified urea-formaldehyde resin to produce fire-retardant coatings. The fire resistance test, TGA and cone calorimeter test demonstrate that ANE imparts great heat insulation, thermal stability, and flame retardancy to the coatings. Moreover, the introduction of ANE exhibits an excellent synergistic effect on reducing the heat release and smoke emission of the coatings. Specifically, with the addition of 3 wt% ANE, the heat release rate and smoke density grade of the coatings are decreased by 25.24% and 60.32%, respectively, compared to that without ANE. The excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression performances of the coatings are mainly attributed to the formation of more cross-linking structures in the carbon layers, resulting in a more stable and compact char structure. In addition, the good hydrophobicity of ANE coatings can ensure the durability of flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Jihu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Shaoguo Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yabo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Jijia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Changrui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
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14
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Chan YY, Ma C, Zhou F, Hu Y, Schartel B. A liquid phosphorous flame retardant combined with expandable graphite or melamine in flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yam Chan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
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15
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Zhang YMZ, Huang MY, Zhou J, Li DZ, Lei Y. Synthesis and characterization of a chalcone-derived epoxy containing pyrazoline ring with excellent flame resistance. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008321993523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional epoxy resins are made by the reaction of petroleum-based bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. The disadvantages of these petroleum-based epoxy including certain biological toxicity and flammability. To solve these problems, we first synthesized a diphenol compound 3,5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline (TPP), which was prepared by condensation reaction of bio-based chalcone with hydrazine hydrate to replace standard petroleum-based bisphenol A. Then it was condensed with epichlorohydrin under alkaline condition to form a fully aromatic pyrazoline ring epoxy (TPP-EP). For further research, we use 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent. When compared with bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA/DDM), TPP-EP/DDM possessed a higher glass transition temperature (233°C vs. 176°C), and even showed that the residual carbon (in N2) and the storage modulus (at 30°C) increased by 201% and 74%, respectively. What’s more, TPP-EP/DDM system also had good inherent flame retardancy. The limiting oxygen index of TPP-EP/DDM was 33.1, reaching the V-0 level tested by UL-94. From the cone test, the THR, p-HRR, p-SPR and TSP values of TPP-EP/DDM systems also showed different degrees of reduction. Since TPP-EP contained tertiary amine active groups that could be used as a kind of catalytic curing agents for epoxy resins, thus the compound had certain self-curing properties. This work was of great significance for the synthesis of pyrazoline bio-based environmentally friendly flame-retardant epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-min-zi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Pang Q, Kang F, Deng J, Lei L, Lu J, Shao S. Flame retardancy effects between expandable graphite and halloysite nanotubes in silicone rubber foam. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13821-13831. [PMID: 35423935 PMCID: PMC8697518 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of expandable graphite (EG) and modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on the flame retardant properties of silicone rubber foam (SiF) was studied in this paper. Modified HNTs were obtained by surface modification of the silane-coupling agent A-171. The flame retardancy of SiF was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion and cone calorimeter tests. The mechanical properties of SiF were analyzed by a universal mechanical testing machine. The LOI results showed that EG/HNTS@A-171 could enhance the LOI of SiF. The cone calorimeter test results showed that EG/HNTS@A-171 effectively reduced the peak heat release rate, the total heat release rate, the smoke production rate, the total smoke production rate, the CO production rate and the CO2 production rate and increased the carbon residue rate. TGA shows that main chain pyrolysis temperature of the SiF is delayed by 123 °C. The mechanical properties test results showed that EG/HNTS@A-171 improved the tensile strength of SiF. These results indicated that EG/HNTS@A-171 can significantly improve the flame retardant performance of SiF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Pang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Furu Kang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Jun Deng
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Shuiyuan Shao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
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17
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Fang M, Qian J, Wang X, Chen Z, Guo R, Shi Y. Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Silicon and Its Application in Epoxy Resin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7094-7105. [PMID: 33748623 PMCID: PMC7970578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (TDA) containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon was synthesized successfully via a controllable ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and TDA was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs). The chemical structure and components of TDA were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that after the introduction of TDA, cured EP maintained good thermal stability with a minimum initial decomposition temperature of 337.6 °C, and the char yields of a EP/TDA-5 sample significantly increased by 76.2% compared with that of the neat EP thermoset. Additionally, with the addition of 25.0 wt % TDA (1.05 wt % phosphorus loading), the limited oxygen index value of cured EP increased from 22.5% of pure EP to 33.4%, and vertical burning V-0 rating was easily achieved. Meanwhile, after the incorporation of TDA, the total heat release and total smoke production of the EP/TDA-5 sample obviously reduced by 28.9 and 27.7% in the cone calorimeter test, respectively. Flame-retardant performances and flame-retardant mechanisms were further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon plays an excellent flame-retardant role in both gaseous and condensed phases. In addition, the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of cured EP thermosets are well maintained rather than destroyed. All the results demonstrate that TDA endows epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy and possesses great promise in the industrial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruilin Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Hangzhou
Rongfang Pressure Sensitive New Material Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200237, China
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18
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Strąkowska A, Członka S, Kairytė A, Strzelec K. Effects of Physical and Chemical Modification of Sunflower Cake on Polyurethane Composite Foam Properties. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061414. [PMID: 33803963 PMCID: PMC7999528 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sunflower cake (SC), which is waste during the production of sunflower oil, was selected as a modifier of properties in polyurethane (PUR) foams. The SC was chemically modified with triphenylsilanol (SC_S) and physically modified with rapeseed oil (SC_O). The influence of SC on the rheological properties of the polyol and the kinetics of foam growth were investigated. PUR foams were characterized by morphological, mechanical, and thermal analysis. The results show that the physical and chemical modification of SC contributes to the changes in the properties of the foams in different ways. Too high hydrophobicity of SC_O affects the structure deterioration, and thus the mechanical properties, and in turn, reduces the affinity for water. In turn, chemical modification with silane allows for obtaining foams with the best mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.S.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.S.)
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19
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Bai Z, Wang N, Chen S, Guo X, Guo J, Qin J, Chen X, Lu Z. Influence of nano silica hybrid expandable graphite on flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical property of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Xincheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Jun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geohazard, Ministry of Land and Resources Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu China
| | - Zongcheng Lu
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu China
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20
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21
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Investigation of Fire Protection Performance and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Ply Bio-Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050731. [PMID: 33673492 PMCID: PMC7956635 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid composites composed of bio-based thin-ply carbon fibre prepreg and flame-retardant mats (E20MI) have been produced to investigate the effects of laminate design on their fire protection performance and mechanical properties. These flame-retardant mats rely primarily on expandable graphite, mineral wool and glass fibre to generate a thermal barrier that releases incombustible gasses and protects the underlying material. A flame retardant (FR) mat is incorporated into the carbon fibre bio-based polymeric laminate and the relationship between the fire protection properties and mechanical properties is investigated. Hybrid composite laminates containing FR mats either at the exterior surfaces or embedded 2-plies deep have been tested by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test and cone calorimetry. The addition of the surface or embedded E20MI flame retardant mats resulted in an improvement from a base line of 33.1% to 47.5% and 45.8%, respectively. All laminates passed the vertical burning test standard of FAR 25.853. Cone calorimeter data revealed an increase in the time to ignition (TTI) for the hybrid composites containing the FR mat, while the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (TTR) were greatly reduced. Furthermore, the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) values indicated that both composites with flame retardant mats had achieved the requirements of EN 45545-2. However, the tensile strengths of laminates with surface or embedded flame-retardant mats were reduced from 1215.94 MPa to 885.92 MPa and 975.48 MPa, respectively. Similarly, the bending strength was reduced from 836.41 MPa to 767.03 MPa and 811.36 MPa, respectively.
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22
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Wang J. A Novel Phosphorus/Silicon-Containing Flame Retardant—Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Flame Retardancy. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220120162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Ning H, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Wang Y. A novel multifunctional flame retardant MXene/nanosilica hybrid for poly(vinyl alcohol) with simultaneously improved mechanical properties. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04897f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new MXene-based flame retardant and a new strategy for the synthesis of multifunctional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Ning
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Zhongying Ma
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
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24
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Chen Z, Xu Y, Yu Y, Chen T, Zhang Q, Li C, Jiang J. Polyaniline-modified Fe2O3 / expandable graphite: A system for promoting the flame retardancy, mechanical properties and electrical properties of epoxy resin. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Wang S, Shi M, Yang W, Yan H, Zhang C, An Y, Zhang F. Experimental investigation of flame retardancy and mechanical properties of
APP
/
EG
/
TPU
multilayer composites prepared by microlayer coextrusion technology. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiwen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Meinong Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Ying An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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26
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Wang C, Huo S, Liu S, Zhang Q, Liu Z. Exfoliated and functionalized boron nitride nanosheets towards improved fire resistance and water tolerance of intumescent fire retardant coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Siqi Huo
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Shi Liu
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan Hubei China
- Hubei Heju Polymer Material Co., Ltd Jingzhou Hubei China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zhitian Liu
- Institute of Materials for Optoelectronics and New Energy, School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan Hubei China
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27
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Netkueakul W, Fischer B, Walder C, Nüesch F, Rees M, Jovic M, Gaan S, Jacob P, Wang J. Effects of Combining Graphene Nanoplatelet and Phosphorous Flame Retardant as Additives on Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102349. [PMID: 33066401 PMCID: PMC7602215 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of combining 0.1–5 wt % graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and 3–30 wt % phosphorous flame retardant, 9,10- dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as fillers in epoxy polymer on the mechanical, flame retardancy, and electrical properties of the epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. GNP was homogeneously dispersed into the epoxy matrix using a solvent-free three-roll milling process, while DOPO was incorporated into the epoxy resin by mechanical stirring at elevated temperature. The incorporation of DOPO reduced the crosslinking density of the epoxy resin. When using polyetheramine as a hardener, the structural rigidity effect of DOPO overshadowed the crosslinking effect and governed the flexural moduli of epoxy/DOPO resins. The flexural moduli of the nanocomposites were improved by adding GNP up to 5 wt % and DOPO up to 30 wt %, whereas the flexural strengths deteriorated when the GNP and DOPO loading were higher than 1 wt % and 10 wt %, respectively. Limited by the adverse effects on mechanical property, the loading combinations of GNP and DOPO within the range of 0–1 wt % and 0–10 wt %, respectively, in epoxy resin were further studied. Flame retardancy index (FRI), which depended on three parameters obtained from cone calorimetry, was considered to evaluate the flame retardancy of the epoxy composites. DOPO showed better performance than GNP as the flame retardant additive, while combining DOPO and GNP could further improve FRI to some extent. With the combination of 0.5 wt % GNP and 10 wt % DOPO, improvement in both mechanical properties and flame retardant efficiency of the nanocomposite was observed. Such a combination did not affect the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites since the percolation threshold was at 1.6 wt % GNP. Our results enhance the understanding of the structure–property relationship of additive-filled epoxy resin composites and serve as a property constraining guidance for the composite manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranan Netkueakul
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Fischer
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (B.F.); (C.W.); (F.N.)
| | - Christian Walder
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (B.F.); (C.W.); (F.N.)
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (B.F.); (C.W.); (F.N.)
| | - Marcel Rees
- Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Milijana Jovic
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (M.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (M.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Peter Jacob
- Electronics and Reliability Center, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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28
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Zhai C, Xin F, Cai L, Chen Y, Qian L. Flame retardancy and pyrolysis behavior of an epoxy resin composite flame‐retarded by diphenylphosphinyl‐POSS. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Fei Xin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Liyun Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Huateng Hightech Co., Ltd Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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29
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Acuña P, Lin X, Calvo MS, Shao Z, Pérez N, Villafañe F, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ, Wang DY. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and phenylphosphonic-aniline salt on flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Bio-Polyol and Additionally Reinforced with Silanized and Acetylated Walnut Shells for the Synthesis of Environmentally Friendly Insulating Materials. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153245. [PMID: 32707810 PMCID: PMC7435791 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams produced from walnut shells-derived polyol (20 wt.%) were successfully reinforced with 2 wt.% of non-treated, acetylated, and silanized walnut shells (WS). The impact of non-treated and chemically-treated WS on the morphology, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of PUR composites was determined. The morphological analysis confirmed that the addition of WS fillers promoted a reduction in cell size, compared to pure PUR foams. Among all the modified PUR foams, the greatest improvement of mechanical characteristics was observed for PUR foams with the addition of silanized WS-the compressive, flexural, and impact strength were enhanced by 21, 16, and 13%, respectively. The addition of non-treated and chemically-treated WS improved the thermomechanical stability of PUR foams. The results of the dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed an increase in glass transition temperature and storage modulus of PUR foams after the incorporation of chemically-treated WS. The addition of non-treated and chemically-treated WS did not affect the insulating properties of PUR foams, and the thermal conductivity value did not show any significant improvement and deterioration due to the addition of WS fillers.
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31
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Kairytė A. Application of Walnut Shells-Derived Biopolyol in the Synthesis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2687. [PMID: 32545580 PMCID: PMC7345166 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam properties that were synthesized from walnut shells (WS)-based polyol. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that the liquefaction of walnut shells was successfully performed. The three types of polyurethane (PUR) foams were synthesized by replacement of 10, 20, and 30 wt% of a petrochemical polyol with WS-based polyol. The impact of WS-based polyol on the cellular morphology, mechanical, thermal, and insulating characteristics of PUR foams was examined. The produced PUR foams had apparent densities from 37 to 39 kg m-3, depending on the weight ratio of WS-based polyol. PUR foams that were obtained from WS-based polyol exhibited improved mechanical characteristics when compared with PUR foams that were derived from the petrochemical polyol. PUR foams produced from WS-based polyol showed compressive strength from 255 to 310 kPa, flexural strength from 420 to 458 kPa, and impact strength from 340 to 368 kPa. The foams that were produced from WS-based polyol exhibited less uniform cell structure than foams derived from the petrochemical polyol. The thermal conductivity of the PUR foams ranged between 0.026 and 0.032 W m-1K-1, depending on the concentration of WS-based polyol. The addition of WS-based polyol had no significant influence on the thermal degradation characteristics of PUR foams. The maximum temperature of thermal decomposition was observed for PUR foams with the highest loading of WS-based polyol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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32
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Netkueakul W, Korejwo D, Hammer T, Chortarea S, Rupper P, Braun O, Calame M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Wick P, Wang J. Release of graphene-related materials from epoxy-based composites: characterization, quantification and hazard assessment in vitro. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10703-10722. [PMID: 32374300 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their mechanical strength, thermal stability and electrical conductivity, graphene-related materials (GRMs) have been extensively explored for various applications. Moreover, GRMs have been studied and applied as fillers in polymer composite manufacturing to enhance the polymer performance. With the foreseen growth in GRM production, occupational and consumer exposure is inevitable, thus raising concerns for potential health risks. Therefore, this study aims (1) to characterize aerosol particles released after mechanical abrasion on GRM-reinforced epoxy composites, (2) to quantify the amounts of protruding and free-standing GRMs in the abraded particles and (3) to assess the potential effects of the pristine GRMs as well as the abraded particles on human macrophages differentiated from the THP-1 cell line in vitro. GRMs used in this study included graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). All types of pristine GRMs tested induced a dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species formation, but a decrease in cell viability was only detected for large GNPs at high concentrations (20 and 40 μg mL-1). The particle modes measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) were 300-400 nm and using an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) were between 2-3 μm, indicating the release of respirable particles. A significant fraction (51% to 92%) of the GRMs embedded in the epoxy composites was released in the form of free-standing or protruding GRMs in the abraded particles. The abraded particles did not induce any acute cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranan Netkueakul
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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33
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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092145. [PMID: 32384706 PMCID: PMC7254395 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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34
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Improved flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites modified with a low additive content of silica-microencapsulated phosphazene flame retardant. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Jin S, Liu Z, Qian L, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Xu B. Epoxy thermoset with enhanced flame retardancy and physical-mechanical properties based on reactive phosphaphenanthrene compound. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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36
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Wang Z, Gao X, Li W. Epoxy resin/cyanate ester composites containing DOPO and wollastonite with simultaneously improved flame retardancy and thermal resistance. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319897095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flame-retardant epoxy (EP) resin/cyanate ester (CE) composites were prepared with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) and wollastonite (Wo). The combustion behavior of the flame-retardant EP/CE composites was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimeter tests. It is found that the EP/CE composite containing 7 wt% DOPO and 3 wt% Wo (sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE) exerts the best flame retardancy (LOI 35.5% and UL-94 V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate and total heat release of sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE increase slightly, while total smoke release decreases about 14% compared with the EP/CE composite containing 10 wt% DOPO (sample 10DO/EP/CE). Thermal studies indicate that the glass transition temperature and temperature at 5% mass loss of sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE are higher than that of sample 10DO/EP/CE. Moreover, the mechanical properties of EP/CE composites were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhou Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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37
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Wang J, Guo Y, Zhao S, Huang R, Kong X. A novel intumescent flame retardant imparts high flame retardancy to epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Physics and Electrical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - ShunPing Zhao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Rong‐Yi Huang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Xue‐Jun Kong
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
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38
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Tang H, Zhou H. A novel nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron ionic pair compound toward fire safety and mechanical enhancement effect for epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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39
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Flame retardant, mechanical and thermal insulating properties of rigid polyurethane foam modified by nano zirconium amino-tris-(methylenephosphonate) and expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Zirnstein B, Schulze D, Schartel B. Combination of Phosphorous Flame Retardants and Aluminum Trihydrate in Multicomponent EPDM Composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zirnstein
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin Germany
| | - Dietmar Schulze
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin Germany
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41
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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42
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Chen R, Dai S, Guo T, Tang H, Fan Y, Zhou H. Transparent low‐flammability epoxy resins with improved mechanical properties using tryptamine‐based DOPO derivative. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Shensong Dai
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Tong Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Hao Tang
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Yuqi Fan
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
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43
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Zhi M, Liu Q, Chen H, Chen X, Feng S, He Y. Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy Properties of Epoxy Resin Modified with Functionalized Graphene Oxide Containing Phosphorus and Silicon Elements. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10975-10984. [PMID: 31460195 PMCID: PMC6648042 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus- and silicon-modified graphene oxide was prepared to improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy properties of epoxy resin. 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) were successfully grafted onto the surface of graphene oxide (GO) through solvothermal synthesis and hydrolysis-condensation reaction, respectively. Subsequently, the functionalized graphene oxide grafted by DOPO and VTES (DOPO-VTES-GO) was incorporated into the epoxy resin by the solution blending method. The effect of DOPO-VTES-GO on the thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of epoxy resin was systematically studied. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability and char residue yield of DOPO-VTES-GO/epoxy were increased obviously compared with those of pure epoxy resin and DOPO-GO/epoxy. Cone calorimeter test results showed that DOPO-VTES-GO/epoxy had better flame retardancy than pure epoxy resin and DOPO-GO/epoxy on reducing the peak of heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production. Furthermore, the char residue after the cone calorimeter tests was investigated by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared measurements. These results demonstrated that the DOPO-VTES-GO can enhance the graphitization degree of char residues and promote the formation of the thermally stable char. In addition, the mechanism of flame retardancy was proposed, and DOPO-VTES-GO exerts the synergistic effect mainly by means of catalytic charring in the condensed phase and capturing hydroxyl or hydrogen radicals from thermal decomposition of epoxy resin in the gas phase. This work provides novel insights into the preparation of phosphorus-silicon-graphene oxide ternary synergistic flame retardants for thermosetting polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuanhua He
- E-mail: . Tel: +86-0838-5187202. Fax: +86-0838-5187202 (Y.H.)
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44
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Wang G, Xu W, Chen R, Li W, Liu Y, Yang K. Synergistic effect between zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 and expandable graphite to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polyurethane elastomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guisong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
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45
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Duan H, Ji S, Yin T, Tao X, Chen Y, Ma H. Phosphorus–nitrogen‐type fire‐retardant vinyl ester resin with good comprehensive properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Duan
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologyWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Sa Ji
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Teng Yin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Huiru Ma
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
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46
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Li J, Zhu C, Zhao Z, Khalili P, Clement M, Tong J, Liu X, Yi X. Fire properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer improved by coating nonwoven flame retardant mat for aerospace application. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Chenkai Zhu
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Zhongjie Zhao
- AVIC Composites Corporation (Beijing) Science and Technology Co., Ltd 66 Shuanghe Road, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300 China
| | - Pooria Khalili
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Mandy Clement
- Technical Fibre Products Ltd, Burneside Mills Kendal Cumbria LA9 6PZ UK
| | - Jianfeng Tong
- AVIC Composites Corporation (Beijing) Science and Technology Co., Ltd 66 Shuanghe Road, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300 China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Xiaosu Yi
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
- AVIC Composites Corporation (Beijing) Science and Technology Co., Ltd 66 Shuanghe Road, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300 China
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47
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Hou Y, Hu Y, Qiu S, Liu L, Xing W, Hu W. Bi 2Se 3 decorated recyclable liquid-exfoliated MoS 2 nanosheets: Towards suppress smoke emission and improve mechanical properties of epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:720-732. [PMID: 30412845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic compounds have been proved superior suppression effect on smoke emission during combustion of polymers. In this work, MoS2/Bi2Se3 (MB) hybrids were prepared by a facile wet chemical method and showed superior performance on smoke suppression of EP matrix during combustion. N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) was employed to exfoliate molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets in a recyclable method, which showed high efficiency and was recyclable. Exfoliated MoS2 exhibited large surface area and used as carriers to synthesize MB hybrids. Considering the catalytic effect of bismuth and molybdenum, the hybrids had a great influence on the smoke emission behaviors of EP composites. The smoke production was obviously suppressed during the flaming combustion (more than 22% and 23% decrease obtained from cone calorimeter and steady state tube furnace, respectively) or smolder processes (more than 23% decrease obtained from smoke chamber) at only 1 wt% content of MB hybrids. What's more, due to superior dispersion state, the addition of MB hybrids also enhanced the mechanical properties of EP matrix, including wear resistance and tensile property. This work provided a safe and green exfoliation method of MoS2 to prepare polymers/MoS2 composites and also constructed a novel binary hybrids for enhancing combination performances of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Hou
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Shuilai Qiu
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Longxiang Liu
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Weiyi Xing
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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48
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A wrapped nano-flame retardant composed of carbon nanotubes and phosphorus-nitrogen containing polymer: synthesis, properties and flame-retardant mechanism. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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49
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Huo S, Wang J, Yang S, Cai H, Zhang B, Chen X, Wu Q, Yang L. Synergistic effect between a novel triazine-based flame retardant and DOPO/HPCP on epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Qilei Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfeng Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan People's Republic of China
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50
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Guo X, Wang X, Liu X, Zheng Y, Xu J, Ma H. Synthesis and application of a dual functional P/N/S-containing microsphere with enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical strength on EP resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Guo
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xiongrui Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Yanyang Zheng
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Haiyun Ma
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Baoding 071002 China
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