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Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Habaj J, Krzemińska I, Datta J. A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Materials: Current Development and Future Opportunities in an Environmentally Friendly Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5512. [PMID: 38791552 PMCID: PMC11121908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.H.); (I.K.); (J.D.)
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2
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Zhang T, Xie H, Xie S, Hu A, Liu J, Kang J, Hou J, Hao Q, Liu H, Ji H. A Superior Two-Dimensional Phosphorus Flame Retardant: Few-Layer Black Phosphorus. Molecules 2023; 28:5062. [PMID: 37446723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of flame retardants in flammable polymers has been an effective way to protect both lives and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus flame retardants have the potential to be follow-on flame retardants after halogenated variants, because of their low toxicity, high efficiency and compatibility. Recently, the emerging allotrope of phosphorus, two-dimensional black phosphorus, as a flame retardant has been developed. To further understand its performance in flame-retardant efficiency among phosphorus flame retardants, in this work, we built model materials to compare the flame-retardant performances of few-layer black phosphorus, red phosphorus nanoparticles, and triphenyl phosphate as flame-retardant additives in cellulose and polyacrylonitrile. Aside from the superior flame retardancy in polyacrylonitrile, few-layer black phosphorus in cellulose showed the superior flame-retardant efficiency in self-extinguishing, ~1.8 and ~4.4 times that of red phosphorus nanoparticles and triphenyl phosphate with similar lateral size and mass load (2.5~4.8 wt%), respectively. The char layer in cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus after combustion was more continuous and smoother than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, and the amount of residues of cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus in thermogravimetric analysis were 10 wt%, 14 wt% and 14 wt% more than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, respectively. In addition, although exothermic reactions, the combustion enthalpy changes in the few-layer black phosphorus (-127.1 kJ mol-1) are one third of that of red phosphorus nanoparticles (-381.3 kJ mol-1). Based on a joint thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and microscopic analysis, the superior flame retardancy of the few-layer black phosphorus was attributed to superior combustion reaction suppression from the two-dimensional structure and thermal nature of the few-layer black phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2# Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huanyu Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuai Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ajuan Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Hou
- School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Qing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2# Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2# Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hengxing Ji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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3
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Alosime EM, Basfar AA. A Systematic Investigation on the Influence of Intumescent Flame Retardants on the Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)/Liner Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Blends. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031023. [PMID: 36770690 PMCID: PMC9921819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their high filler loadings, commercial-grade clean flame-retardant materials have unstable mechanical properties. To address this issue, intumescent polymers can be used to develop clean flame retardants with very low levels of smoke and toxicity generation. An intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system composed of red phosphorus (RP), zinc borate (ZB), and a terpolymer of ethylene, butyl acrylate, and maleic anhydride (EBM) was used to prepare EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) and EVA/LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene) composites; their mechanical and flammability properties were systematically investigated. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the EVA/LLDPE (as base material) composite containing RP and ZB mixed with nonhalogenated flame retardant, mainly magnesium hydroxide (MH) and coadditives, including processing aids and thermal stabilizers, was established. RP was found to have little effect on the tensile properties of EVA/LLDPE 118W/120 phr flame-retardant (MH + RP) composites. There was a minute difference in the effective trend of RP between tensile strength and elongation at break. Following the addition of ZB, the elongation at break of the composites gradually decreased with increasing RP content and then leveled off when the RP content was over 10 phr. Mechanical properties (elongation at break and tensile strength) can be best maintained at below 10 phr content of RP. The mechanical properties decreased with lower amounts of EBM content. In addition, flame retardancy increased when the EBM content decreased. The findings further revealed that MH and RP have poor compatibility, yielding poor mechanical properties. The LOI greatly increased with RP content, even though the total content of flame retardants (main + intumescent flame retardant) was the same in all formulations. Only over 5 phr RP content formulations passed V-0 of the UL-94 test. When under 5 phr, the RP content formulations did not pass V-0 of the UL-94 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid M. Alosime
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed A. Basfar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Sunflower Oil as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethane Foams: Effects of Flame-Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235282. [PMID: 36501676 PMCID: PMC9737309 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, polyurethane (PU) manufacturers seek green alternatives for sustainable production. In this work, sunflower oil is studied as a replacement and converted to a reactive form through epoxidation and oxirane opening to produce rigid PU foams. Confirmatory tests such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and hydroxyl value among others were performed to characterize the synthesized polyol. Despite the versatility of rigid PU foams, they are highly flammable, which makes eco-friendly flame retardants (FRs) desired. Herein, expandable graphite (EG) and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP), both non-halogenated FR, were incorporated under different concentrations to prepare rigid PU foams. Their effects on the physio-mechanical and fire-quenching properties of the sunflower oil-based PU foams were elucidated. Thermogravimetric and compression analysis showed that these foams presented appreciable compressive strength along with good thermal stability. The closed-cell contents (CCC) were around 90% for the EG-containing foams and suffered a decrease at higher concentrations of DMMP to 72%. The burning test showed a decrease in the foam's flammability as the neat foam had a burning time of 80 s whereas after the addition of 13.6 wt.% of EG and DMMP, separately, there was a decrease to 6 and 2 s, respectively. Hence, our research suggested that EG and DMMP could be a more viable alternative to halogen-based FR for PU foams. Additionally, the adoption of sunflower polyol yielded foams with results comparable to commercial ones.
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5
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Cui Y, Pan H, Xu Z, Li Y, Cao L. Synergistic effects of silicon based material with intumescent flame retardant in thermoplastic polyurethane: Pre‐polymerization and dynamic vulcanization based facile approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyin Cui
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hongwei Pan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhengshuai Xu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yongxu Li
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Lan Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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6
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Chen X, Lan W, Dou W. Polystyrene nanospheres coated red phosphorus flame retardant for polyamide 66. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Wei Lan
- School of Physical Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Wei Dou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
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7
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Cui Y, Pan H, Shi C, Zhuang H, Wang Q, Zong C. A method to essentially increase the compatibility of thermoplastic polyurethane/methyl vinyl silicone rubber based thermoplastic vulcanizate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyin Cui
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Hongwei Pan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Changrui Shi
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Huichao Zhuang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Qingfu Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Chengzhong Zong
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
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9
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Chen K, Yang D, Shi Y, Feng Y, Fu L, Liu C, Chen M, Yang F. Synergistic function of
N‐P‐Cu
containing supermolecular assembly networks in intumescent flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Dong Yang
- Athioula A. Martins Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Libi Fu
- College of Civil Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Chuan Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Fuqiang Yang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
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10
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Cheng C, Lu Y, Ma W, Li S, Yan J, Du S. Preparation and characterization of polydopamine/melamine microencapsulated red phosphorus and its flame retardance in epoxy resin. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20391-20402. [PMID: 35479930 PMCID: PMC9034026 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03164c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydopamine/melamine composite microencapsulated red phosphorus (RP@PDA/MA) was prepared and applied as the flame retardant for epoxy resin (EP) in this work. For comparison, polydopamine (PDA) coated red phosphorus (RP@PDA) was also prepared. The microstructure, chemical composition and thermal decomposition of the as prepared samples were systematically characterized. The results showed that PDA and PDA/MA shell structures were fabricated successfully via convenient water-based processes at room temperature. The flame retardance of red phosphorus (RP), RP@PDA, and RP@PDA/MA on EP was evaluated. The results showed that EP blending with 7 wt% RP@PDA/MA passed V-0 degree in the vertical burning test (UL-94), reached a limited oxygen index (LOI) of 30.9% and decreased the peak heat release rate of EP by 65.1% in the cone calorimeter test. The satisfactory flame retardance can be attributed to the intumescent flame retardant system consisting of RP@PDA/MA. The PDA and PDA/MA shell structures also improved the compatibility between RP and EP, thus RP@PDA and RP@PDA/MA had less significant impact on the tensile-strain properties of EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Army Engineering University of PLA-Shijiazhuang Campus Shijiazhuang Hebei 050003 P. R. China
| | - Yanling Lu
- Army Engineering University of PLA-Shijiazhuang Campus Shijiazhuang Hebei 050003 P. R. China
| | - Weining Ma
- Army Engineering University of PLA-Shijiazhuang Campus Shijiazhuang Hebei 050003 P. R. China
| | - Shaojie Li
- Army Engineering University of PLA-Shijiazhuang Campus Shijiazhuang Hebei 050003 P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- Hebei Jiaotong Vocational and Technical College Shijiazhuang Hebei 050003 P. R. China
| | - Shiguo Du
- Army Engineering University of PLA-Shijiazhuang Campus Shijiazhuang Hebei 050003 P. R. China
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11
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Zagożdżon I, Parcheta P, Datta J. Novel Cast Polyurethanes Obtained by Using Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Polyol: Synthesis, Thermal Analysis and Combustion Behaviors. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112699. [PMID: 34063787 PMCID: PMC8196663 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing polyol applications in polyurethane synthesis can prevent volatilization of flame retardants and their migration on the surface of a material. In this work, novel cast polyurethanes were prepared by a one-step method with the use of different amounts of phosphorus-containing polyol, 4,4′–diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The chemical structure, thermal, physicochemical and mechanical properties and flame resistance of the prepared materials were investigated. The results obtained for cast flame-retarded polyurethanes were compared with cast polyurethane synthesized with commonly known polyether polyol. It has been shown that with an increasing amount of phosphorus content to polyurethane’s chemical structure, an increased flame resistance and char yield were found during combustion tests. Phosphorus polyol worked in both the condensed (reduced heat and mass exchange) and gas phase (inhibition of flame propagation during burning). The obtained materials contained phosphorus polyol, indicating higher thermal stability in an oxidative environment than an inert atmosphere.
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12
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Wu Q, Liu Y, Han Z, Su M, Sun J, Zhang S, Gu X, Li H. Surface modification of bamboo fibers by diammonium phosphate and their applications in flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yanxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhongqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing China
| | - Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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13
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Wang H, Wang S, Du X, Du Z, Wang H, Cheng X. A novel
DOPO
‐containing
HTBN
endowing waterborne polyurethane with excellent flame retardance and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiaosheng Du
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu China
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14
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Abrams R, Clayden J. Photocatalytic Difunctionalization of Vinyl Ureas by Radical Addition Polar Truce–Smiles Rearrangement Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11600-11606. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Abrams
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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15
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Abrams R, Clayden J. Photocatalytic Difunctionalization of Vinyl Ureas by Radical Addition Polar Truce–Smiles Rearrangement Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Abrams
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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16
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Wang H, Du X, Wang S, Du Z, Wang H, Cheng X. Improving the flame retardancy of waterborne polyurethanes based on the synergistic effect of P-N flame retardants and a Schiff base. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12078-12088. [PMID: 35496638 PMCID: PMC9050904 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01230k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel reactive intumescent fire retardant hexa-[4-[(2-hydroxy-ethylimino)-methyl]-phenoxyl]-cyclotriphosphazene (HEPCP), containing both cyclotriphosphazene and Schiff base structures, is successfully prepared. The chemical structures of HEPCP and flame-retardant waterborne polyurethane (WPU) (FR-WPU) were characterized via31P, 1H NMR and FT-IR. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed that HEPCP exhibited excellent thermal stability and produced rich char residue under high temperature compared with the control sample. The Schiff base and cyclotriphosphazene had a synergistic effect on the WPU. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of up to 26.7% were recorded; the dripping behavior was simultaneously improved and achieved a V-1 rating in the UL-94 test by incorporating 0.5 wt% phosphorus. In contrast to the pure WPU, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of the FR-WPU/HEPCP5 decreased by 43.8%. The char residues increased from 0.63% to 6.96%, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a relatively continuous and membranous substance, with few holes. The results of TGA-FIR, Py-GC/MS and SEM indicated that HEPCP displayed a fire-retardant mechanism in the condensed-phase. In addition, the thermomechanical behaviors and the mechanical properties indicated that both mechanical properties and Tgh increased. A novel reactive intumescent fire retardant hexa-[4-[(2-hydroxy-ethylimino)-methyl]-phenoxyl]-cyclotriphosphazene (HEPCP), containing both cyclotriphosphazene and Schiff base structures, is successfully prepared.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 PR China +86-28-85401296
| | - Xiaosheng Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 PR China +86-28-85401296
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 PR China +86-28-85401296
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 PR China +86-28-85401296.,The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 PR China +86-28-85401296.,The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 PR China +86-28-85401296.,The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 PR China
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17
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Wang D, Guo J, Su M, Sun J, Zhang S, Yang W, Gu X, Li H. The Application of a Novel Char Source From Petroleum Refining Waste in Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Polyurethane. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials Beijing China
| | - Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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18
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Huang X, Tian Z, Zhang D, Jing Q, Li J. The synergetic effect of antimony (Sb2O3) and melamine cyanurate (MCA) on the flame-retardant behavior of silicon rubber. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-03098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Zhou Q, Liu C, Zhou K, Xuan X, Shi C. Synergistic effect between solid wastes and intumescent flame retardant on flammability and smoke suppression of thermoplastic polyurethane composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhou
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan Hubei 430074 PR China
| | - Changkun Liu
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan Hubei 430074 PR China
| | - Keqing Zhou
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan Hubei 430074 PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Rock‐Soil Drilling and Excavation and ProtectionChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan)Ministry of Education Wuhan Hubei 430074 PR China
| | - Xu Xuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metro Fire and Passenger Transportation SafetyChina Academy of Safety Science and Technology Beijing 100012 PR China
| | - Congling Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metro Fire and Passenger Transportation SafetyChina Academy of Safety Science and Technology Beijing 100012 PR China
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20
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Electrostatic action induced interfacial accumulation of layered double hydroxides towards highly efficient flame retardance and mechanical enhancement of thermoplastic polyurethane/ammonium polyphosphate. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Zhou Y, He W, Wang N, Xu D, Chen X, He M, Guo J. Thermoplastic polyurethane/polytetrafluoroethylene/bridged dopo derivative composites: Flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Weidi He
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Dinghong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Min He
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
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22
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Liu X, Sun J, Zhang S, Guo J, Tang W, Li H, Gu X. Effects of carboxymethyl chitosan microencapsulated melamine polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and water resistance of thermoplastic polyurethane. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Dong Q, Chen K, Jin X, Sun S, Tian Y, Wang F, Liu P, Yang M. Investigation of Flame Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foams Containing DOPO Immobilized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E75. [PMID: 30960059 PMCID: PMC6402015 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a multi-functional nanoparticle (TiO₂-KH570-DOPO) has been successfully synthesized through the attachment of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxyl silane on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as the solvent in order to increase the grafting level. The chemical structure of TiO₂-KH570-DOPO was fully characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The modified TiO₂ was incorporated into flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). The fire performance of FPUF blends was evaluated using microscale combustion calorimetry. Peak heat release rate and total heat release values were reduced from 657.0 W/g and 28.9 kJ/g for neat FPUF sample to 519.2 W/g and 26.8 kJ/g of FPUF specimen containing 10 wt % of TiO₂-KH570-DOPO. Analysis of thermal stability and the observation of char formation suggests that TiO₂-KH570-DOPO is active in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiao Dong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China.
- Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Keyu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Shibing Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Yingliang Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Mingshu Yang
- National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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24
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Zhang C, Shi M, Zhang Y, Yang W, Jiao Z, Yang L. EG/TPU composites with enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical properties prepared by microlayer coextrusion technology. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23944-23956. [PMID: 35530590 PMCID: PMC9069529 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, expandable graphite (EG)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites with excellent exfoliation, dispersion and two-dimensional plane orientation of the EG fillers were manufactured by microlayer coextrusion technology. The influence of microlayer coextrusion technology on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of microlayer coextruded composites was investigated. The exfoliation, dispersion and orientation of the EG fillers in TPU matrix were characterized by SEM and XRD. The flame retardancy and thermal stability of the composites were characterized by UL 94, LOI, TGA and CCT. The mechanical properties of the composites were characterized by tensile tests. SEM and XRD showed that microlayer coextrusion technology could not only greatly promote exfoliation and dispersion of the EG fillers in TPU matrix, but also could enhance the two-dimensional plane orientation of the EG fillers in TPU matrix. As compared with the conventional blended composites, the microlayer coextruded composites showed enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical properties, with 15 wt% of EG, the as prepared EG/TPU composites showed a V-0 flame retardance level, whereas EG/TPU composite prepared by conventional blending only showed a V-2 flame retardance level. The exfoliation, dispersion and two-dimensional plane orientation of the EG fillers in TPU matrix were believed to play a critical role in the improvement of flame retardancy. The significance of this research was providing a new feasible idea to fabricate flame retardant composites with excellent mechanical properties. In this work, expandable graphite (EG)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites with excellent exfoliation, dispersion and two-dimensional plane orientation of the EG fillers were manufactured by microlayer coextrusion technology.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Meinong Shi
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Youchen Zhang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Liping Yang
- Guangdong Gulf New Materials Institute
- Shenzhen 518172
- China
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25
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Wang H, Wang S, Du X, Wang H, Cheng X, Du Z. Synthesis of a novel flame retardant based on DOPO derivatives and its application in waterborne polyurethane. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7411-7419. [PMID: 35519980 PMCID: PMC9061200 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09838g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An intumescent flame retardant (DOPO-DAM) containing phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized via a two-step process and then, it was incorporated into waterborne polyurethane to serve as a reactive flame retardant for preparing flame-retarded WPU (FR-WPU). The chemical structures of DOPO-DAM and FR-WPU were confirmed by 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and FTIR studies. The thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of FR-WPU were investigated by TGA, TGA-FIR, Py-GC-MS, limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, SEM-EDS analysis, cone calorimeter test and a universal testing machine. The results showed that the conjugation of DOPO-DAM into WPU induced a slight decline in the thermal stability of FR-WPU. However, the incorporation of DOPO-DAM into WPU significantly enhanced the flame retardancy by reducing the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR) and total smoke production (TSP). In addition, the morphology, elemental composition and content of the residual char of the flame-retarded WPU indicated the important function of DOPO-DAM in the condensed phase. Thus, DOPO-DAM exhibited gas-phase and condensed-phase flame retardant effects on the WPU films. An intumescent flame retardant (DOPO-DAM) containing phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized via a two-step process and it was incorporated into waterborne polyurethane to serve as a reactive flame retardant for preparing flame-retarded WPU (FR-WPU).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Shuang Wang
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xiaosheng Du
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Haibo Wang
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xu Cheng
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Zongliang Du
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
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26
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Geng Z, Yang S, Zhang L, Huang Z, Pan Q, Li J, Weng J, Bao J, You Z, He Y, Zhu B. Self-Extinguishing Resin Transfer Molding Composites Using Non-Fire-Retardant Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2554. [PMID: 30558309 PMCID: PMC6315867 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Introducing fire-retardant additives or building blocks into resins is a widely adopted method used for improving the fire retardancy of epoxy composites. However, the increase in viscosity and the presence of insoluble additives accompanied by resin modification remain challenges for resin transfer molding (RTM) processing. We developed a robust approach for fabricating self-extinguishing RTM composites using unmodified and flammable resins. To avoid the effects on resin fluidity and processing, we loaded the flame retardant into tackifiers instead of resins. We found that the halogen-free flame retardant, a microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) additive, was enriched on fabric surfaces, which endowed the composites with excellent fire retardancy. The composites showed a 79.2% increase in the limiting oxygen index, a 29.2% reduction in heat release during combustion, and could self-extinguish within two seconds after ignition. Almost no effect on the mechanical properties was observed. This approach is simple, inexpensive, and basically applicable to all resins for fabricating RTM composites. This approach adapts insoluble flame retardants to RTM processing. We envision that this approach could be extended to load other functions (radar absorbing, conductivity, etc.) into RTM composites, broadening the application of RTM processing in the field of advanced functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shuaishuai Yang
- SAMAC Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shangfei Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201324, China.
| | - Lianwang Zhang
- Avic Advanced Composites Center, Shijun South Street, Aviation Industrial Park, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Qichao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jidi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jianan Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jianwen Bao
- Avic Advanced Composites Center, Shijun South Street, Aviation Industrial Park, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China.
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yong He
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
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27
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Yang B, Li X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Cui J, Guo J, Tian L. An efficient flame retardant for epoxy resin: Preparation and pyrolytic behaviour. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318815730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using 4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane as a curing agent, three kinds of monomers, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone, diphenyl chlorophosphite and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate (NCO), were introduced into a thermosetting resin (DGEBA). The flame retardancy properties of the composites were studied, and the results were compared with those of 5 wt% bis(bis(4-((diphenoxyphosphoryl)oxy)phenyl)methyl) 1,4-phenylenedicarbamate (DHPP-OH-NCO), 10 wt% DHPP-OH-NCO and 15 wt% DHPP-OH-NCO curing agents. The results showed that 15 wt% DHPP-OH-NCO had an improved flame retardancy, the limited oxygen index reached 33.5% and the vertical burning test (UL94) achieved a V-0 level. A cone calorimeter experiment showed that the addition of the flame retardant significantly reduced the amount of generated smoke and heat. Macroscopic digital images, scanning electron microscopy images and thermogravimetric analysis results further revealed that the epoxy resin (EP) with DHPP-OH-NCO exhibited greater char yields. The flame retardancy mechanism of the flame retardant was preliminarily shown by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The combined test results demonstrate that a high-efficiency phosphorous-containing flame retardant for EPs was successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Yang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lurong Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yabin Zhang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
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28
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Wei Z, Chen X, Jiao C. Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of fumaric acid in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibiao Wei
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 People's Republic of China
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29
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Preparation and characterization of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)–magnesium hydroxide (MH)–hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) composite flame-retardant materials. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Zhang S, Liu X, Jin X, Li H, Sun J, Gu X. The novel application of chitosan: Effects of cross-linked chitosan on the fire performance of thermoplastic polyurethane. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 189:313-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Li X, Zhang K, Shi R, Ma X, Tan L, Ji Q, Xia Y. Enhanced flame-retardant properties of cellulose fibers by incorporation of acid-resistant magnesium-oxide microcapsules. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:246-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Li JA, Zhang PZ, Liu K, Shoberu A, Zou JP, Zhang W. Phosphinoyl Radical-Initiated α,β-Aminophosphinoylation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:4704-4706. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-An Li
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Pei-Zhi Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Adedamola Shoberu
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zou
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
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33
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Xu WZ, Xu BL, Wang GS, Wang XL, Liu L. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and α-type zirconium phosphate on flame retardancy of polyurethane elastomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Ling Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Song Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
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