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Kharmoudi H, Lamtai A, Elkoun S, Robert M, Diez C. Effect of Additives on Thermal Degradation and Crack Propagation Properties of Recycled Polyethylene Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2060. [PMID: 39065377 PMCID: PMC11281069 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Additives, such as antioxidants (AOs), carbon black (CB) and compatibilizers (COs), are used in recycled polymer blends for different reasons. AOs slow thermal degradation, CB gives blends a black color and protect them against ultraviolet (UV) light, and compatibilizers improve compatibility between the different phases of the mixture and consequently enhance the mechanical properties of the final blend. In this paper, the three additives were added to recycled polyethylene (PE) blends to study their effect on the final properties and to determine the best formulations that help improve the mechanical properties of recycled PE blends. Stress Crack Resistance (SCR) was accessed by performing Notched Crack Ligament Stress (NCLS) and Un-notched Crack Ligament Stress (UCLS). On the other hand, Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) was used to determine the oxidation time of the blends and the effect of each additive on this property. Based on the results of this study, it was proven that adding carbon black and antioxidants delay the thermal degradation of recycled PE blends and consequently improve the OIT. Otherwise, resistance to stress cracking is improved only by adding a compatibilizer to the reference blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hniya Kharmoudi
- Center for Innovation in Technological Eco-Design (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K2R1, Canada (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, Montreal, QC H3A OC3, Canada
| | - Alae Lamtai
- Center for Innovation in Technological Eco-Design (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K2R1, Canada (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, Montreal, QC H3A OC3, Canada
| | - Said Elkoun
- Center for Innovation in Technological Eco-Design (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K2R1, Canada (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, Montreal, QC H3A OC3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Robert
- Center for Innovation in Technological Eco-Design (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K2R1, Canada (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC, Montreal, QC H3A OC3, Canada
| | - Carl Diez
- Soleno Inc. Maitrise de L’eau Pluviale, 1160 QC-133, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J2X 4B6, Canada;
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2
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Boz Noyan EC, Rehle F, Boldizar A. Rheological and Functional Properties of Mechanically Recycled Post-Consumer Rigid Polyethylene Packaging Waste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1855. [PMID: 38673212 PMCID: PMC11052374 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The properties of recycled post-consumer rigid polyethylene packaging waste were studied, using sorted waste washed in the laboratory with water alone and with added detergent, and compared with large-scale high-intensity washed flakes. The washed flakes were compounded using three different temperature profiles in a twin-screw extruder and then injection molded. A higher compounding temperature reduced the thermo-oxidative stability, the average molecular mass, and the viscosity of the samples. Rheological measurements suggested that changes in chain branching occurred at different compounding temperatures. The strength and the elongation at break were also influenced by the compounding temperature in both the molten and solid states. Detergent washing maintained the thermo-oxidative stability in contrast to washing with water. The large-scale washed samples had a relatively high thermo-oxidative stability, a higher melt elasticity, and a lower elongation at break in both the molten and solid states than the laboratory-scale washed samples. The thermal properties, melt elasticity, Young's modulus, yield stress, and yield strain of the samples were not, however, significantly affected by either the compounding temperature or the washing medium and intensity. The results indicated that recycled post-consumer rigid polyethylene packaging waste has properties that can support further applications in new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ceren Boz Noyan
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.B.N.); (F.R.)
| | - Franziska Rehle
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.B.N.); (F.R.)
- The International Reference Center for Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainable Transition (CIRAIG), Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, 3333 Queen Mary Rd Suite 310, Montreal, QC H3V 1A2, Canada
| | - Antal Boldizar
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.B.N.); (F.R.)
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3
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de Souza F, Gupta RK. Bacteria for Bioplastics: Progress, Applications, and Challenges. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8666-8686. [PMID: 38434856 PMCID: PMC10905720 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bioplastics are one of the answers that can point society toward a sustainable future. Under this premise, the synthesis of polymers with competitive properties using low-cost starting materials is a highly desired factor in the industry. Also, tackling environmental issues such as nonbiodegradable waste generation, high carbon footprint, and consumption of nonrenewable resources are some of the current concerns worldwide. The scientific community has been placing efforts into the biosynthesis of polymers using bacteria and other microbes. These microorganisms can be convenient reactors to consume food and agricultural wastes and convert them into biopolymers with inherently attractive properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and appreciable mechanical and chemical properties. Such biopolymers can be applied to several fields such as packing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, medical, biomedical, and agricultural. Thus, intending to elucidate the science of microbes to produce polymers, this review starts with a brief introduction to bioplastics by describing their importance and the methods for their production. The second section dives into the importance of bacteria regarding the biochemical routes for the synthesis of polymers along with their advantages and disadvantages. The third section covers some of the main parameters that influence biopolymers' production. Some of the main applications of biopolymers along with a comparison between the polymers obtained from microorganisms and the petrochemical-based ones are presented. Finally, some discussion about the future aspects and main challenges in this field is provided to elucidate the main issues that should be tackled for the wide application of microorganisms for the preparation of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe
Martins de Souza
- National
Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburgh
State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National
Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburgh
State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pittsburgh State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
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4
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Jang YJ, Nguyen S, Hillmyer MA. Chemically Recyclable Linear and Branched Polyethylenes Synthesized from Stoichiometrically Self-Balanced Telechelic Polyethylenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4771-4782. [PMID: 38323928 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a widely used commercial plastic due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and water vapor barrier properties. However, less than 10% of HDPE is mechanically recycled, and the chemical recycling of HDPE is challenging due to the inherent strength of the carbon-carbon backbone bonds. Here, we report chemically recyclable linear and branched HDPE with sparse backbone ester groups synthesized from the transesterification of telechelic polyethylene macromonomers. Stoichiometrically self-balanced telechelic polyethylenes underwent transesterification polymerization to produce the PE-ester samples with high number-average molar masses of up to 111 kg/mol. Moreover, the transesterification polymerization of the telechelic polyethylenes and the multifunctional diethyl 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalate generated branched PE-esters. Thermal and mechanical properties of the PE-esters were comparable to those of commercial HDPE and tunable through control of the ester content in the backbone. In addition, branched PE-esters showed higher levels of melt strain hardening compared with linear versions. The PE-ester was depolymerized into telechelic macromonomers through straightforward methanolysis, and the resulting macromonomers could be effectively repolymerized to generate a high molar mass recycled PE-ester sample. This is a new and promising method for synthesizing and recycling high-molar-mass linear and branched PE-esters, which are competitive with HDPE and have easily tailorable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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5
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Tyukanko V, Demyanenko A, Semenyuk V, Dyuryagina A, Alyoshin D, Tarunin R, Voropaeva V. Development of an Ultrasonic Method for the Quality Control of Polyethylene Tanks Manufactured Using Rotational Molding Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102368. [PMID: 37242943 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tanks made of three different brands of rotational polyethylene (DOW, ELTEX, and M350) with three degrees of sintering (normal sintering (NS), incomplete sintering (ICS), and thermally degraded sintering (TDS)) and three thicknesses (7.5 mm, 8.5 mm, and 9.5 mm) were explored. It was found that the thickness of the walls of the tanks did not have a statistically significant effect on the parameters of the ultrasonic signal (USS). An increase in temperature caused a decrease in the USS parameters. According to the temperature coefficient of stability, the ELTEX brand of plastic can be distinguished (from DOW and M350). The ICS degree of the sintering of the tanks was revealed from a significantly lower amplitude of the bottom signal, compared with NS and TDS degree samples. By analyzing the amplitude of the third harmonic of the ultrasonic signal (β), three degrees of the sintering of containers NS, ICS, and TDS were revealed (with an accuracy of about 95%). Equations β = f(T, PIAT) were derived for each brand of rotational polyethylene (PE), and two-factor nomograms were constructed. Based on the results of this research, a method for the ultrasonic quality control of polyethylene tanks manufactured using rotational molding was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Tyukanko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexandr Demyanenko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Vladislav Semenyuk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Antonina Dyuryagina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Dmitry Alyoshin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Roman Tarunin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Vera Voropaeva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
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6
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Arcos C, Muñoz L, Cordova D, Muñoz H, Walter M, Azócar MI, Leiva Á, Sancy M, Rodríguez-Grau G. The Effect of the Addition of Copper Particles in High-Density Recycled Polyethylene Matrices by Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235220. [PMID: 36501616 PMCID: PMC9739686 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the recycling process and copper particle incorporation on virgin and recycled pellet HDPE were investigated by thermo-chemical analysis, mechanical characterization, and antibacterial analysis. Copper particles were added to pellet HDPE, virgin and recycled, using a tabletop single screw extruder. Some copper particles, called copper nano-particles (Cu-NPs), had a spherical morphology and an average particle size near 20 nm. The others had a cubic morphology and an average particle size close to 300 nm, labeled copper nano-cubes (Cu-NCs). The thermo-chemical analysis revealed that the degree of crystallization was not influenced by the recycling process: 55.38 % for virgin HDPE and 56.01% for recycled HDPE. The degree of crystallization decreased with the addition of the copper particles. Possibly due to a modification in the structure, packaging organization, and crystalline ordering, the recycled HDPE reached a degree of crystallization close to 44.78% with 0.5 wt.% copper nano-particles and close to 36.57% for the recycled HDPE modified with 0.7 wt.% Cu-NCs. Tensile tests revealed a slight reduction in the tensile strength related to the recycling process, being close to 26 MPa for the virgin HDPE and 15.99 MPa for the recycled HDPE, which was improved by adding copper particles, which were near 25.39 MPa for 0.7 wt.% copper nano-cubes. Antibacterial analysis showed a reduction in the viability of E. coli in virgin HDPE samples, which was close to 8% for HDPE containing copper nano-particles and lower than 2% for HDPE having copper nano-cubes. In contrast, the recycled HDPE revealed viability close to 95% for HDPE with copper nano-particles and nearly 50% for HDPE with copper nano-cubes. The viability of S. aureus for HDPE was lower than containing copper nano-particles and copper nano-cubes, which increased dramatically close to 80% for recycled HDPE with copper nano-particles 80% and 75% with copper nano-cubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Arcos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Metalúrgica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (G.R.-G.)
| | - Lisa Muñoz
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Deborah Cordova
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Hugo Muñoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Metalúrgica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Mariana Walter
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Manuel I. Azócar
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Ángel Leiva
- Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Mamié Sancy
- Escuela de Construcción Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- CIEN UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Rodríguez-Grau
- Escuela de Construcción Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (G.R.-G.)
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7
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Zhang J, Hirschberg V, Rodrigue D. Mechanical fatigue of recycled and virgin high‐/low‐density polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and CERMA Université Laval Quebec Canada
| | - Valerian Hirschberg
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering and CERMA Université Laval Quebec Canada
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8
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Gao W, Li Y, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Tang W. Influence of surface modification of zinc oxide on physical properties of high density polyethylene. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Aldhafeeri T, Alotaibi M, Barry CF. Impact of Melt Processing Conditions on the Degradation of Polylactic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142790. [PMID: 35890566 PMCID: PMC9320002 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) during processing, which reduces the molecular weight of PLA and its properties, prior studies have recommended low processing temperatures. In contrast, this work investigated the impact of four factors affecting shear heating (extruder type, screw configuration, screw speed, and feed rate) on the degradation of PLA. The polylactic acid was processed using a quad screw extruder (QSE) and a comparable twin screw extruder (TSE), two screw configurations, higher screw speeds, and several feed rates. The processed PLA was characterized by its rheological, thermal, and material composition properties. In both screw configurations, the QSE (which has a greater free volume) produced 3–4 °C increases in melt temperature when the screw speed was increased from 400 rpm to 1000 rpm, whereas the temperature rise was 24–25 °C in the TSE. PLA processed at low screw speeds, however, exhibited greater reductions in molecular weight—i.e., 9% in the QSE and 7% in the TSE. Screw configurations with fewer kneading blocks, and higher feed rates in the QSE, reduced degradation of PLA. At lower processing temperatures, it was found that an increase in melt temperature and shear rate did not significantly contribute to the degradation of PLA. Reducing the residence time during processing minimized the degradation of PLA in a molten state.
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10
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Jilili Y, Zhen W, Li H, Luo D. Preparation of modified hydrotalcite based on click chemistry and its effect on the shear induced crystallization, rheological behavior and thermal degradability of poly (lactic acid) film. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2033773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yikelamu Jilili
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Weijun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
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11
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Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are versatile materials used in a variety of sectors that have seen a rapid increase in their global production. Millions of tonnes of plastic wastes are generated each year, which puts pressure on plastic waste management methods to prevent their accumulation within the environment. Recycling is an attractive disposal method and aids the initiative of a circular plastic economy, but recycling still has challenges to overcome. This review starts with an overview of the current European recycling strategies for solid plastic waste and the challenges faced. Emphasis lies on the recycling of polyolefins (POs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which are found in plastic packaging, as packaging contributes a signification proportion to solid plastic wastes. Both sections, the recycling of POs and PET, discuss the sources of wastes, chemical and mechanical recycling, effects of recycling on the material properties, strategies to improve the performance of recycled POs and PET, and finally the applications of recycled POs and PET. The review concludes with a discussion of the future potential and opportunities of recycled POs and PET.
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12
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Martey S, Addison B, Wilson N, Tan B, Yu J, Dorgan JR, Sobkowicz MJ. Hybrid Chemomechanical Plastics Recycling: Solvent-free, High-Speed Reactive Extrusion of Low-Density Polyethylene. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4280-4290. [PMID: 34089238 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is ubiquitous in the packaging industry owing to its flexibility, toughness, and low cost. However, it is typically contaminated with other materials, seriously limiting options for mechanical recycling. Interest in chemical recycling techniques such as pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction is growing, but most of these processes face technoeconomic challenges that have limited commercial deployment. This study concerns a hybrid chemomechanical approach using reactive twin-screw extrusion (TSE) for tailoring the molecular weight and chain structure of reclaimed LDPE. Two types of zeolite catalysts at several loading levels are evaluated over a range of processing conditions. Structural, thermal, and rheological properties of the extruded samples are investigated and compared to virgin LDPE and LDPE extruded without the catalyst. NMR spectroscopy is used to investigate changes in the structure of the polymer. LDPE extruded with microporous Y zeolite shows lower degradation temperature and increased short chain branching. Mesoporous MCM-41 also induces increased branching but has no effect on the degradation temperature. The theoretical mechanical energy input for the chemical modification is calculated by using process modeling. The demonstrated hybrid reactive extrusion process provides a potential low-cost, simple approach for repurposing LDPE-based flexible packaging as coatings and adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Martey
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave, 01854, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Bennett Addison
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, 80401, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Nolan Wilson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, 80401, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Blvd, 48824, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jianger Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Blvd, 48824, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John R Dorgan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Blvd, 48824, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Margaret J Sobkowicz
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave, 01854, Lowell, MA, USA
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13
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Cecon VS, Da Silva PF, Vorst KL, Curtzwiler GW. The effect of post-consumer recycled polyethylene (PCRPE) on the properties of polyethylene blends of different densities. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Hallstein J, Gomoll A, Lieske A, Büsse T, Balko J, Brüll R, Malz F, Metzsch‐Zilligen E, Pfaendner R, Zehm D. Unraveling the cause for the unusual processing behavior of commercial partially bio‐based poly(butylene succinates) and their stabilization. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Hallstein
- Research Division Plastics Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - André Gomoll
- Research Division Synthesis and Polymer Technology Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Antje Lieske
- Research Division Synthesis and Polymer Technology Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Thomas Büsse
- Research Division Synthesis and Polymer Technology Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Jens Balko
- Research Division Synthesis and Polymer Technology Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Research Division Plastics Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - Frank Malz
- Research Division Plastics Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - Elke Metzsch‐Zilligen
- Research Division Plastics Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Research Division Plastics Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - Daniel Zehm
- Research Division Synthesis and Polymer Technology Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Potsdam‐Golm Germany
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15
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Khalid HU, Ismail MC, Nosbi N. Degradation Monitoring of HDPE Material in CO 2-Saturated NaCl Environment through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2823. [PMID: 34070568 PMCID: PMC8198556 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extensive damage due to saturated seawater and CO2 exposure under high temperature and pressure in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The degradation of square-shaped HDPE samples having 1 mm thickness was investigated at 70 bars with 60, 75, and 90 °C separately for three weeks in an autoclave chamber. A clear indication of aging was observed in terms of chain scission by the formation of the methyl group (1262 cm-1), and the appearance of degradation products, including the alcohol and hydroxyl groups. The decline in glass transition temperature (Tg), melting point (Tm), and crystallinity (Xc) result from branching and formation of degradation products in the aged samples. TGA results reveal that the degradation shifts the characteristic temperatures (T5% and T10%) to lower values compared to virgin HDPE. FESEM images show clear surface cracks and rough patches after 3 weeks. The Xc value increased due to chain mobility at higher temperatures (90 °C). The impedance is relatively high 1011 ohms.cm-2 for a virgin sample, but it drops down to 109 and 106 after degradation. Impedance and dielectric loss were correlated, and the significance of dielectric loss was observed at lower frequencies. These characterizations will contribute to more efficient and detailed evaluation criteria for degradation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Usman Khalid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak 32610, Malaysia; (M.C.I.); (N.N.)
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16
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Salehi A, Pircheraghi G. Thermo‐oxidative degradation during sintering of polyethylene particles. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amirmehdi Salehi
- Polymeric Materials Research Group (PMRG), Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pircheraghi
- Polymeric Materials Research Group (PMRG), Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
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17
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Forsgren L, Noyan ECB, Vega A, Yarahmadi N, Boldizar A. The thermo-oxidative durability of polyethylene reinforced with wood-based fibres. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Liu S, Wang K, Zhang Z, Ren Y, Chen L, Sun X, Liang W. Effects of
ethylene‐octene copolymer (POE)
on the brittle to ductile transition of
high‐density polyethylene
/
POE
blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuncheng Liu
- Institute of Plastics Machinery and Engineering College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Kejian Wang
- Institute of Plastics Machinery and Engineering College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- Institute of Plastics Machinery and Engineering College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yueqing Ren
- Advanced Materials and Analysis Center National Institute of Clean and Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Advanced Materials and Analysis Center National Institute of Clean and Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Advanced Materials and Analysis Center National Institute of Clean and Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Wenbin Liang
- Advanced Materials and Analysis Center National Institute of Clean and Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
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19
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Schyns ZOG, Shaver MP. Mechanical Recycling of Packaging Plastics: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000415. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoé O. G. Schyns
- Department of Materials The University of Manchester Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department of Materials The University of Manchester Manchester M1 7DN UK
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20
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The effect of UV irradiation on polyamide 6/carbon-fiber composites based on three-dimensional printing. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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21
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Liu XR, Wang Y, Liu LY, Dong X, Wang DJ. Time and Temperature Dependence of the Structural Evolution for Polyamide 1012. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Jiang T, Qi Y, Wu Y, Zhang J. Application of antioxidant and ultraviolet absorber into HDPE: Enhanced resistance to UV irradiation. E-POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHerein, high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix was applied as the polymer matrix for its excellent overall performance and low price. In the study, antioxidants (0.5 phr) and ultraviolet absorber (1 phr) were added into the polymer matrix (100 phr) to investigate their influence on UV resistance, respectively. The macroscopic properties and microstructure changes of the samples were both investigated through the characterizations of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This work also conceived the three methods of capturing free radicals generated by photoaging, decomposing peroxides generated by photoaging, and absorbing ultraviolet light to achieve anti-aging effects. The results showed that the UV absorber improves the UV resistance of the material better than the antioxidant. After irradiation for 600 h under the aging condition of 0.51 w/m2@λ = 340 nm, the samples added with UV absorber also still maintain their mechanical properties at a high level. For comparison, the samples added with antioxidants presents poor mechanical properties only after irradiation for 200 h. Besides, the crystallinity of HDPE and HDPE added with antioxidant significantly increased after irradiation, but the crystallinity of HDPE introduced with UV absorber presents slight changes before and after irradiation. Meanwhile, all the irradiated samples also maintained the original excellent thermal stability. According to the obtained results, the aging mechanism was also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankai Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing210009, China
- School of International Education, Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce, Nanjing211168, China
| | - Yanli Qi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing210009, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing210009, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing210009, China
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23
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Expanding Polyethylene and Polypropylene Applications to High-Energy Areas by Applying Polyolefin-Bonded Antioxidants. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Gomes F, Thompson M. Nondestructive evaluation of sintering and degradation for rotational molded polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Investigation of thermal stability of ethylene copolymers with POSS - Study under static and dynamic conditions. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Smith LM, Aitken HM, Coote ML. The Fate of the Peroxyl Radical in Autoxidation: How Does Polymer Degradation Really Occur? Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2006-2013. [PMID: 30016062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bolland and Gee's basic autoxidation scheme (BAS) for lipids and rubbers has long been accepted as a general scheme for the autoxidation of all polymers. This scheme describes a chain process of initiation, propagation, and termination to describe the degradation of polymers in the presence of O2. Central to this scheme is the conjecture that propagation of damage to the next polymer chain occurs via hydrogen atom transfer with a peroxyl radical. However, this reaction is strongly thermodynamically disfavored for all but unsaturated polymers, where the product allylic radical is resonance-stabilized. Paradoxically, there is no denying that the autocatalytic degradation and oxidation of saturated polymers still occurs. Critical analysis of the literature, described herein, has begun to unravel this mystery. One possibility is that the BAS still holds for saturated polymers but only at unsaturated defect sites, where H transfer is thermodynamically favorable. Another is that peroxyl termination rather than H transfer is dominant. If this were the case, tertiary peroxyl radicals (formed at quaternary centers or quaternary branching defects) may terminate to form alkoxy radicals, which can much more readily undergo chain transfer. This process would lead to the creation of hydroxy groups on the degraded polymer. On the other hand, primary and secondary peroxyl radicals would terminate to form nonradical products and halt further degradation. As a result, under this scenario the degree of branching and substitution would have a major effect on polymer stability. Herein we survey studies of polymer degradation products and of the effect of polymer structure on stability and show that indeed peroxyl termination is competitive with peroxyl transfer and possibly dominant under some conditions. It is also feasible that oxygen may not be the only reactive atmospheric species involved in catalyzing polymer degradation. Herein we outline plausible mechanisms involving ozone, hydroperoxyl radical, and hydroxyl radical that have all been suggested in the literature and can account for the experimentally observed formation of hydroperoxides without invoking peroxyl transfer. We also show that oxygen itself has even been reported to slow the degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate)s, which might be expected if peroxyl radicals are unreactive toward hydrogen transfer. Discrepancies between the rate of oxidation and the rate of degradation have been observed for polyolefins and also support the counterintuitive notion that oxygen stabilizes these polymers against degradation. We show that together these studies support alternative mechanisms for polymer degradation. A thorough assessment of kinetic studies reported in the literature indicates that they are limited by their propensity to use models based on the BAS, disregarding the chemical differences intrinsic to each class of polymer. Thus, we propose that further work must be done to fully grasp the complex mechanism of polymer degradation under ambient conditions. Nonetheless, our analysis of the literature points to measures that can be used to enhance or prevent polymer degradation and indicates that we should focus beyond just the role of oxygen toward the specific chemical nature and environment of the polymer at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesa M. Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Heather M. Aitken
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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27
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Polyethylene containing antioxidant moieties exhibiting high thermal-oxidative stability for high temperature applications. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Cuadri A, Martín-Alfonso J. Thermal, thermo-oxidative and thermomechanical degradation of PLA: A comparative study based on rheological, chemical and thermal properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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