1
|
Wang Y, van Putten RJ, Tietema A, Parsons JR, Gruter GJM. Polyester biodegradability: importance and potential for optimisation. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2024; 26:3698-3716. [PMID: 38571729 PMCID: PMC10986773 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc04489k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
To reduce global CO2 emissions in line with EU targets, it is essential that we replace fossil-derived plastics with renewable alternatives. This provides an opportunity to develop novel plastics with improved design features, such as better reusability, recyclability, and environmental biodegradability. Although recycling and reuse of plastics is favoured, this relies heavily on the infrastructure of waste management, which is not consistently advanced on a worldwide scale. Furthermore, today's bulk polyolefin plastics are inherently unsuitable for closed-loop recycling, but the introduction of plastics with enhanced biodegradability could help to combat issues with plastic accumulation, especially for packaging applications. It is also important to recognise that plastics enter the environment through littering, even where the best waste-collection infrastructure is in place. This causes endless environmental accumulation when the plastics are non-(bio)degradable. Biodegradability depends heavily on circumstances; some biodegradable polymers degrade rapidly under tropical conditions in soil, but they may not also degrade at the bottom of the sea. Biodegradable polyesters are theoretically recyclable, and even if mechanical recycling is difficult, they can be broken down to their monomers by hydrolysis for subsequent purification and re-polymerisation. Additionally, both the physical properties and the biodegradability of polyesters are tuneable by varying their building blocks. The relationship between the (chemical) structures/compositions (aromatic, branched, linear, polar/apolar monomers; monomer chain length) and biodegradation/hydrolysis of polyesters is discussed here in the context of the design of biodegradable polyesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Tietema
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan M Gruter
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Avantium Support BV Zekeringstraat 29 1014 BV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caixia Zhao, Xu Y, Yang S, Zou G, Li J, Dai J, Pan X. Poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene oxybisbenzoic) Esters with High Toughness: Synthesis, Characterization and Recovery Properties. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22700547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
|
3
|
Albright VC, Chai Y. Knowledge Gaps in Polymer Biodegradation Research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11476-11488. [PMID: 34374525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental fate of polymers has attracted growing attention in the academic, industrial, and regulatory communities as well as in the general public as global production and use of polymers continue to increase. Biodegradable polymers especially have drawn significant interest. Polymer biodegradation literature published over the past decade was reviewed to compare test methods commonly used for evaluating polymer biodegradation, and to identify key areas for improvement. This paper examines key aspects of study design for polymer biodegradation such as physical form of the test material, use of appropriate reference materials, selection of test systems, and advantages and limitations of various analytical methods for determining biodegradation. Those aspects of study design are critical for determining the outcome of polymer biodegradation studies. This paper identifies several knowledge gaps for assessing polymer biodegradation and provides four key recommendations. (1) develop standardized guidelines for each specific environmental matrix (compost, activated sludge, marine environments, etc.) that can used for all polymer types, (2) develop accelerated biodegradation test methods and predictive methods for polymers, (3) develop an integrated analytical approach using multiple simple, and effective analytical methods, and (4) develop new frameworks for assessing the overall persistence of polymers and are accepted by the greater scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vurtice C Albright
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Yunzhou Chai
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Synthesis of polyarylates and aliphatic polyesters by divalent acyl-1,2,4-triazole: a route to metal-free synthesis at low temperature. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
5
|
|
6
|
Xu S, Wu F, Li Z, Zhu X, Li X, Wang L, Li Y, Tu Y. A green cascade polymerization method for the facile synthesis of sustainable poly(butylene-co-decylene terephthalate) copolymers. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Zhou H, Song J, Ding X, Qu Z, Wang X, Mi J, Wang J. Cellular morphology evolution of chain extended poly(butylene succinate)/organic montmorillonite nanocomposite foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Song
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - X. Ding
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Z. Qu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - X. Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Wang
- Applied Chemistry DepartmentYuncheng University Yuncheng, 044000 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tachibana Y, Hayashi S, Kasuya KI. Biobased Poly(Schiff-Base) Composed of Bifurfural. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:5336-5345. [PMID: 31458743 PMCID: PMC6641737 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, bifurfural, an inedible biobased chemical and a second-generation biomass, was polymerized with several diamines using an environmentally benign process, and the chemical structures of the resulting poly(Schiff base)s were analyzed. Because furan rings, which are only produced from biomass and not from fossil resources, endow polymers with unique properties that include high rigidity and expanded π-conjugation, bifurfural, which contains two furan rings, is of significant interest as a biobased building block. 1H NMR, IR, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectra of the poly(Schiff base)s reveal that they are composed of mixtures of linear and cyclic structures. The UV-vis spectroscopy and molecular orbital theory confirm the extended π-conjugation in the bifurfural/p-phenylenediamine poly(Schiff base) system. Poly(Schiff base)s composed of bifurfural and 1,3-propanediamine, 1,4-butandiamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, and 1,6-hexanediamine were molded at 120 °C into films that exhibited good strengths and were tough to bend. These results indicate that bifurfural-based poly(Schiff base)s are promising biobased materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tachibana
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
- Gunma
University Center for Food Science and Wellness, 4-2 Aramaki, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan
| | - Senri Hayashi
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kasuya
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
- Gunma
University Center for Food Science and Wellness, 4-2 Aramaki, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rajput BS, Ram F, Menon SK, Shanmuganathan K, Chikkali SH. Cross-metathesis of biorenewable dioxalates and diols to film-forming degradable polyoxalates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhausaheb S. Rajput
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road; Pune 411008 India
| | - Farsa Ram
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road; Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Anusandhan Bhawan 2 Rafi Marg; New Delhi 110001 India
| | - Shamal K. Menon
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road; Pune 411008 India
| | - Kadhiravan Shanmuganathan
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road; Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Anusandhan Bhawan 2 Rafi Marg; New Delhi 110001 India
| | - Samir H. Chikkali
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road; Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Anusandhan Bhawan 2 Rafi Marg; New Delhi 110001 India
| |
Collapse
|