1
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Shi C, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Closed-Loop Recycling of Mixed Plastics of Polyester and CO 2-Based Polycarbonate to a Single Monomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405083. [PMID: 38837601 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Physical blending is an effective strategy for tailoring polymeric materials to specific application requirements. However, physically blended mixed plastics waste adds additional barriers in mechanical or chemical recycling. This difficulty arises from the intricate requirement for meticulous sorting and separation of the various polymers in the inherent incompatibility of mixed polymers during recycling. To overcome this impediment, this work furthers the emerging single-monomer - multiple-materials approach through the design of a bifunctional monomer that can not only orthogonally polymerize into two different types of polymers - specifically lactone-based polyester and CO2-based polycarbonate - but the resultant polymers and their mixture can also be depolymerized back to the single, original monomer when facilitated by catalysis. Specifically, the lactone/epoxide hybrid bifunctional monomer (BiLO) undergoes ring-opening polymerization through the lactone manifold to produce polyester, PE(BiLO), and is also applied to ring-opening copolymerization with CO2, via the epoxide manifold, to yield polycarbonate, PC(BiLO). Remarkably, a one-pot recycling process of a BiLO-derived PE/PC blend back to the constituent monomer BiLO in >99 % selectivity was achieved with a superbase catalyst at 150 °C, thereby effectively obviating the requirement for sorting and separation typically required for recycling of mixed polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
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2
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Smith M, McGuire TM, Buchard A, Williams CK. Evaluating Heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) (M = Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn) Catalysts for the Chemical Recycling of Poly(cyclohexene carbonate). ACS Catal 2023; 13:15770-15778. [PMID: 38125977 PMCID: PMC10728899 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polymer chemical recycling to monomers (CRM) is important to help achieve a circular plastic economy, but the "rules" governing catalyst design for such processes remain unclear. Here, carbon dioxide-derived polycarbonates undergo CRM to produce epoxides and carbon dioxide. A series of dinuclear catalysts, Mg(II)M(II) where M(II) = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, are compared for poly(cyclohexene carbonate) depolymerizations. The recycling is conducted in the solid state, at 140 °C monitored using thermal gravimetric analyses, or performed at larger-scale using laboratory glassware. The most active catalysts are, in order of decreasing rate, Mg(II)Co(II), Mg(II)Ni(II), and Mg(II)Zn(II), with the highest activity reaching 8100 h-1 and with >99% selectivity for cyclohexene oxide. Both the activity and selectivity values are the highest yet reported in this field, and the catalysts operate at low loadings and moderate temperatures (from 1:300 to 1:5000, 140 °C). For the best heterodinuclear catalysts, the depolymerization kinetics and activation barriers are determined. The rates in both reverse depolymerization and forward CHO/CO2 polymerization catalysis show broadly similar trends, but the processes feature different intermediates; forward polymerization depends upon a metal-carbonate intermediate, while reverse depolymerization depends upon a metal-alkoxide intermediate. These dinuclear catalysts are attractive for the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide-derived plastics and should be prioritized for recycling of other oxygenated polymers and copolymers, including polyesters and polyethers. This work provides insights into the factors controlling depolymerization catalysis and steers future recycling catalyst design toward exploitation of lightweight and abundant s-block metals, such as Mg(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine
L. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Institute
for Sustainability, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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3
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Liu Y, Lu XB. Current Challenges and Perspectives in CO 2-Based Polymers. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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4
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Recyclable polythioesters and polydisulfides with near-equilibrium thermodynamics and dynamic covalent bonds. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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McGuire TM, Deacy AC, Buchard A, Williams CK. Solid-State Chemical Recycling of Polycarbonates to Epoxides and Carbon Dioxide Using a Heterodinuclear Mg(II)Co(II) Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18444-18449. [PMID: 36169420 PMCID: PMC9562274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Polymer chemical
recycling to monomers (CRM) could help
improve
polymer sustainability, but its implementation requires much better
understanding of depolymerization catalysis, ensuring high rates and
selectivity. Here, a heterodinuclear [Mg(II)Co(II)] catalyst is applied
for CRM of aliphatic polycarbonates, including poly(cyclohexene carbonate)
(PCHC), to epoxides and carbon dioxide using solid-state conditions,
in contrast with many other CRM strategies that rely on high dilution.
The depolymerizations are performed in the solid state giving very
high activity and selectivity (PCHC, TOF = 25700 h–1, CHO selectivity >99 %, 0.02 mol %, 140 °C). Reactions may
also be performed in air without impacting on the rate or selectivity
of epoxide formation. The depolymerization can be performed on a 2
g scale to isolate the epoxides in up to 95 % yield with >99 %
selectivity.
In addition, the catalyst can be re-used four times without compromising
its productivity or selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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6
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Yu Y, Gao B, Liu Y, Lu XB. Efficient and Selective Chemical Recycling of CO 2 -Based Alicyclic Polycarbonates via Catalytic Pyrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204492. [PMID: 35770495 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers to their constituent monomers is the foremost challenge in building a sustainable circular plastics economy. Here, we report a strategy for highly efficient depolymerization of various CO2 -based alicyclic polycarbonates to epoxide monomers in solvent-free conditions by a simple CrIII -Salen complex mediated catalytic pyrolysis process. The chemical recycling of the widely studied poly(cyclohexene carbonate) exhibits excellent reactivity (TOF up to 3000 h-1 , 0.1 mol % catalyst loading) and high epoxide monomer selectivity (>99 %). Mechanistic investigation reveals that the process proceeds in a sequential fashion via a trans-carbonate intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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7
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Yu Y, Gao B, Liu Y, Lu XB. Efficient and Selective Chemical Recycling of CO2‐based Alicyclic Polycarbonates via Catalytic Pyrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Bang Gao
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Ye Liu
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of fine chemicals,Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of fine chemicals, 2 Linggong road 116024 Dalian CHINA
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8
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Singer FN, Deacy AC, McGuire TM, Williams CK, Buchard A. Chemical Recycling of Poly(Cyclohexene Carbonate) Using a Di-Mg II Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201785. [PMID: 35442558 PMCID: PMC9322669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers to true monomers is pivotal for a circular plastics economy. Here, the first catalyzed chemical recycling of the widely investigated carbon dioxide derived polymer, poly(cyclohexene carbonate), to cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide is reported. The reaction requires dinuclear catalysis, with the di-MgII catalyst showing both high monomer selectivity (>98 %) and activity (TOF=150 h-1 , 0.33 mol %, 120 °C). The depolymerization occurs via a chain-end catalyzed depolymerization mechanism and DFT calculations indicate the high selectivity arises from Mg-alkoxide catalyzed epoxide extrusion being kinetically favorable compared to cyclic carbonate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances N Singer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Thomas M McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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9
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Rupf S, Pröhm P, Plajer AJ. Lithium achieves sequence selective ring-opening terpolymerisation (ROTERP) of ternary monomer mixtures. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6355-6365. [PMID: 35733883 PMCID: PMC9159086 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatom-containing degradable polymers have strong potential as sustainable replacements for petrochemically derived materials. However, to accelerate and broaden their uptake greater structural diversity and new synthetic methodologies are required. Here we report a sequence selective ring-opening terpolymerisation (ROTERP), in which three monomers (A, B, C) are selectively enchained into an (ABA'C) n sequence by a simple lithium catalyst. Degradable poly(ester-alt-ester-alt-trithiocarbonate)s are obtained in a M n range from 2.35 to 111.20 kDa which are not easily accessible via other polymerisation methodologies. The choice of alkali metal is key to achieve high activity and to control the terpolymer sequence. ROTERP is mechanistically compatible with ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) allowing switchable catalysis for blockpolymer synthesis. The ROTERP demonstrated in this study could be the first example of an entirely new family of sequence selective terpolymerisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rupf
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
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10
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Singer FN, Deacy AC, McGuire TM, Williams CK, Buchard A. Chemical Recycling of Poly(Cyclohexene Carbonate) Using a Di‐Mg
II
Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances N. Singer
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Arron C. Deacy
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
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11
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Liu Y, Lu X. Chemical recycling to monomers: Industrial
Bisphenol‐A‐Polycarbonates
to novel aliphatic polycarbonate materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Xiao‐Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
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12
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Alberti C, Rijono D, Wehrmeister M, Cheung E, Enthaler S. Depolymerization of Poly(1,2‐propylene carbonate) via Ring Closing Depolymerization and Methanolysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Desiree Rijono
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Moritz Wehrmeister
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Even Cheung
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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13
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterocycle/Heteroallene Ring‐Opening Copolymerization: Selective Catalysis Delivering Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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14
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Chen C, Gnanou Y, Feng X. Organocatalytic selective coupling of episulfides with carbon disulfide for the synthesis of poly(trithiocarbonate)s and cyclic trithiocarbonates. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00405d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective coupling of CS2 with episulfides affords perfectly alternating poly(trithiocarbonate)s or cyclic trithiocarbonates upon the onium salts used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoshuang Feng
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Cai Z, Liu Y, Tao Y, Zhu JB. Recent Advances in Monomer Design for Recyclable Polymers. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Liao X, Cui FC, He JH, Ren WM, Lu XB, Zhang YT. Sustainable Approach for Synthesis and Completely Recycle of Cyclic CO 2-based Polycarbonates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6283-6290. [PMID: 35733884 PMCID: PMC9159078 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is highly desirable to reduce the environmental pollution related to the disposal of end-of-life plastics. Polycarbonates derived from the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides have attracted much attention since they can enable CO2-fixation and furnish biorenewable and degradable polymeric materials. So far, only linear CO2-based polycarbonates have been reported and typically degraded to cyclic carbonates. Here we synthesize a homogeneous dinuclear methyl zinc catalyst ((BDI-ZnMe)2, 1) to rapidly copolymerize meso-CHO and CO2 into poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) with an unprecedentedly cyclic structure. Moreover, in the presence of trace amounts of water, a heterogeneous multi-nuclear zinc catalyst ((BDI-(ZnMe2·xH2O))n, 2) is prepared and shows up to 99% selectivity towards the degradation of PCHC back to meso-CHO and CO2. This strategy not only achieves the first case of cyclic CO2-based polycarbonate but also realizes the complete chemical recycling of PCHC back to its monomers, representing closed-loop recycling of CO2-based polycarbonates. It is highly desirable to reduce the environmental pollution related to the disposal of end-of-life plastics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Feng-Chao Cui
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University 130024 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yue-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
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17
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Cao H, Zhang R, Zhou Z, Liu S, Tao Y, Wang F, Wang X. On-Demand Transformation of Carbon Dioxide into Polymers Enabled by a Comb-Shaped Metallic Oligomer Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Shunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Fosong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
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18
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Honda M, Nakamura R, Sugimoto H. Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and oxetane catalyzed by aluminum porphyrin complex system. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Honda
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamura
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
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19
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Álvarez‐Miguel L, Burgoa JD, Mosquera MEG, Hamilton A, Whiteoak CJ. Catalytic Formation of Cyclic Carbonates using Gallium Aminotrisphenolate Compounds and Comparison to their Aluminium Congeners: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Álvarez‐Miguel
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR) Universidad de Alcalá Campus Universitario 28871 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Jesús Damián Burgoa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR) Universidad de Alcalá Campus Universitario 28871 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Marta E. G. Mosquera
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR) Universidad de Alcalá Campus Universitario 28871 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Alex Hamilton
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre (BMRC) and Department of Biosciences and Chemistry College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences Sheffield Hallam University Howard Street Sheffield S1 1WB United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Whiteoak
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR) Universidad de Alcalá Campus Universitario 28871 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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20
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Deacy A, Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Chen TTD, Williams CK. Sequence Control from Mixtures: Switchable Polymerization Catalysis and Future Materials Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10021-10040. [PMID: 34190553 PMCID: PMC8297863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing demand for higher-performing polymeric materials counterbalanced by the need for sustainability throughout the life cycle. Copolymers comprising ester, carbonate, or ether linkages could fulfill some of this demand as their monomer-polymer chemistry is closer to equilibrium, facilitating (bio)degradation and recycling; many monomers are or could be sourced from renewables or waste. Here, an efficient and broadly applicable route to make such copolymers is discussed, a form of switchable polymerization catalysis which exploits a single catalyst, switched between different catalytic cycles, to prepare block sequence selective copolymers from monomer mixtures. This perspective presents the principles of this catalysis, catalyst design criteria, the selectivity and structural copolymer characterization tools, and the properties of the resulting copolymers. Uses as thermoplastic elastomers, toughened plastics, adhesives, and self-assembled nanostructures, and for programmed degradation, among others, are discussed. The state-of-the-art research into both catalysis and products, as well as future challenges and directions, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory S. Sulley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
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21
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Yu Y, Fang LM, Liu Y, Lu XB. Chemical Synthesis of CO 2-Based Polymers with Enhanced Thermal Stability and Unexpected Recyclability from Biosourced Monomers. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterotrimetallic Carbon Dioxide Copolymerization and Switchable Catalysts: Sodium is the Key to High Activity and Unusual Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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23
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterotrimetallic Carbon Dioxide Copolymerization and Switchable Catalysts: Sodium is the Key to High Activity and Unusual Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13372-13379. [PMID: 33971064 PMCID: PMC8251569 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A challenge in polymer synthesis using CO2 is to precisely control CO2 placement in the backbone and chain end groups. Here, a new catalyst class delivers unusual selectivity and is self-switched between different polymerization cycles to construct specific sequences and desirable chain-end chemistries. The best catalyst is a trinuclear dizinc(II)sodium(I) complex and it functions without additives or co-catalysts. It shows excellent rates across different ring-opening (co)polymerization catalytic cycles and allows precise control of CO2 incorporation within polyesters and polyethers, thereby allowing access to new polymer chemistries without requiring esoteric monomers, multi-reactor processes or complex post-polymerization procedures. The structures, kinetics and mechanisms of the catalysts are investigated, providing evidence for intermediate speciation and uncovering the factors governing structure and composition and thereby guiding future catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford ChemistryChemical Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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24
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterocycle/Heteroallene Ring-Opening Copolymerization: Selective Catalysis Delivering Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202104495. [PMID: 34015162 PMCID: PMC9298364 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heteroatom‐containing polymers have strong potential as sustainable replacements for petrochemicals, show controllable monomer–polymer equilibria and properties spanning plastics, elastomers, fibres, resins, foams, coatings, adhesives, and self‐assembled nanostructures. Their current and future applications span packaging, house‐hold goods, clothing, automotive components, electronics, optical materials, sensors, and medical products. An interesting route to these polymers is the catalysed ring‐opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) of heterocycles and heteroallenes. It is a living polymerization, occurs with high atom economy, and creates precise, new polymer structures inaccessible by traditional methods. In the last decade there has been a renaissance in research and increasing examples of commercial products made using ROCOP. It is better known in the production of polycarbonates and polyesters, but is also a powerful route to make N‐, S‐, and other heteroatom‐containing polymers, including polyamides, polycarbamates, and polythioesters. This Review presents an overview of the different catalysts, monomer combinations, and polymer classes that can be accessed by heterocycle/heteroallene ROCOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Plajer
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemical Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemical Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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25
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Worch JC, Dove AP. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Toward Catalytic Chemical Recycling of Waste (and Future) Plastics. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1494-1506. [PMID: 35617072 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current global materials economy has long been inefficient due to unproductive reuse and recycling efforts. Within the wider materials portfolio, plastics have been revolutionary to many industries but they have been treated as disposable commodities leading to their increasing accumulation in the environment as waste. The field of chemistry has had significant bearing in ushering in the current plastics industry and will undoubtedly have a hand in transforming it to become more sustainable. Existing approaches include the development of synthetic biodegradable plastics and turning to renewable raw materials in order to produce plastics similar to our current petrol-based materials or to create new polymers. Additionally, chemists are confronting the environmental crisis by developing alternative recycling methods to deal with the legacy of plastic waste. Important emergent technologies, such as catalytic chemical recycling or upcycling, have the potential to alleviate numerous issues related to our current and future refuse and, in doing so, help pivot our materials economy from linearity to circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Worch
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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26
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Honda M, Ebihara T, Ohkawa T, Sugimoto H. Alternating terpolymerization of carbon dioxide, propylene oxide, and various epoxides with bulky side groups for the tuning of thermal properties. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Alberti C, Fedorenko E, Enthaler S. Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End-of-Life Polycarbonates by an Iron Pincer Complex. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:818-821. [PMID: 32789104 PMCID: PMC7418100 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical recycling processes can contribute to a resource-efficient plastic economy. Herein, a procedure for the iron-catalyzed hydrogenation of the carbonate function of end-of-life polycarbonates under simultaneous depolymerization is presented. The use of a straightforward iron pincer complex leads to high rate of depolymerization of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and poly(propylene carbonate) yielding the monomers bisphenol A and 1,2-propanediol, respectively, as products under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the iron complex was able to depolymerize polycarbonates containing goods and mixture of plastics containing polycarbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Elena Fedorenko
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
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28
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Liu Y, Fang LM, Ren BH, Lu XB. Asymmetric Alternating Copolymerization of CO 2 with meso-Epoxides: Ring Size Effects of Epoxides on Reactivity, Enantioselectivity, Crystallization, and Degradation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li-Ming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bai-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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29
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He Q, Zhang Y, Xiao H, He X, Zhou X, Ji H. Facile Synthesis of Metalloporphyrins-Ba2+ Composites as Recyclable and Efficient Catalysts for Olefins Epoxidation Reactions. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-8348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Singh R, Shahi S, Geetanjali. Chemical Degradation of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) Waste Materials: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Singh
- Department of Applied chemistryDelhi Technological University Delhi-110042 India
| | - Surybala Shahi
- Department of Applied chemistryDelhi Technological University Delhi-110042 India
| | - Geetanjali
- Department of ChemistryKirori Mal CollegeUniversity of Delhi Delhi – 110 007 India
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