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Liu L, Wang Y, Cheng C, Lyu S, Zhu Z. Preparation of phosphorus-doped chitosan derivative and its applications in polylactic acid: Crystallization, flame retardancy, anti-dripping and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130648. [PMID: 38460640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The topic of biobased flame-retardant PLA has always been of great interest. In our study, we successfully synthesized a phosphorus-containing chitosan derivative (PCS) and combined it with aluminum hypophosphate (AP) to create an effective flame-retardant PLA system. PCS acted as an enhancer, enhancing the thermal performance, crystallinity, and toughness of PLA/AP. Compared to PLA modified with 12 wt% AP achieving UL-94 V-2 level and 24.3 % of limited oxygen index, PLA containing 3 wt% PCS and 9 wt% AP achieved UL-94 V-0 level and limited oxygen index of 28 %. The system testing studies such as CCT, Raman, XPS, and TG-IR results indicated that PLA/AP/PCS exhibited a dual flame-retardant mechanism of condensed and gas phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Yadong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Chunzu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Shisheng Lyu
- College of Art and Design, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Zongmin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China.
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2
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Li W, Qi L, Ye D, Cai W, Xing W. Facile modification of aluminum hypophosphate and its flame retardancy for polystyrene. Chin J Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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3
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Avant-Garde Polymer and Nano-Graphite-Derived Nanocomposites—Versatility and Implications. Mol Vis 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/c9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphite (stacked graphene layers) has been modified in several ways to enhance its potential properties/utilities. One approach is to convert graphite into a unique ‘nano-graphite’ form. Nano-graphite consists of few-layered graphene, multi-layered graphene, graphite nanoplatelets, and other graphene aggregates. Graphite can be converted to nano-graphite using physical and chemical methods. Nano-graphite, similar to graphite, has been reinforced in conducting polymers/thermoplastics/rubbery matrices to develop high-performance nanocomposites. Nano-graphite and polymer/nano-graphite nanomaterials have characteristics that are advantageous over those of pristine graphitic materials. This review basically highlights the essential features, design versatilities, and applications of polymer/nano-graphite nanocomposites in solar cells, electromagnetic shielding, and electronic devices.
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4
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Wang Y, Yuan J, Ma L, Yin X, Zhu Z, Song P. Fabrication of anti-dripping and flame-retardant polylactide modified with chitosan derivative/aluminum hypophosphite. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Zhang C, Cai R, Xu C, Xia H, Zhu Y, Zhang S. A void surface flame retardant strategy for polymeric
polyHIPEs. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ruiyun Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Chuanbang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hongwei Xia
- Wuxi New Hongtai Electric Technology Co., Ltd. Wuxi China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Wuxi New Hongtai Electric Technology Co., Ltd. Wuxi China
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6
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Liu BW, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Advanced Flame-Retardant Methods for Polymeric Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107905. [PMID: 34837231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most organic polymeric materials have high flammability, for which the large amounts of smoke, toxic gases, heat, and melt drips produced during their burning cause immeasurable damages to human life and property every year. Despite some desirable results having been achieved by conventional flame-retardant methods, their application is encountering more and more difficulties with the ever-increasing high flame-retardant requirements such as high flame-retardant efficiency, great persistence, low release of heat, smoke, and toxic gases, and more importantly not deteriorating or even enhancing the overall properties of polymers. Under such condition, some advanced flame-retardant methods have been developed in the past years based on "all-in-one" intumescence, nanotechnology, in situ reinforcement, intrinsic char formation, plasma treatment, biomimetic coatings, etc., which have provided potential solutions to the dilemma of conventional flame-retardant methods. This review briefly outlines the development, application, and problems of conventional flame-retardant methods, including bulk-additive, bulk-copolymerization, and surface treatment, and focuses on the raise, development, and potential application of advanced flame-retardant methods. The future development of flame-retardant methods is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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7
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Lin F, Zhang M, Li X, Mao S, Wei Y. Synergistic Effects of Diatoms on Intumescent Flame Retardant High Impact Polystyrene System. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204453. [PMID: 36298033 PMCID: PMC9609494 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, aiming to improve the flame retardancy performance of high impact polystyrene (HIPS), HIPS compounds were synthesized with the addition of intumescent flame retardant (IFR: mass ratio of APP and PER was 3:1) and diatoms into HIPS matrix by melt blending method. It was found the IFR/diatoms system exhibited high flame retardant efficiency and catalytic carbonization effect to HIPS matrix in the burning process. The LOI value of HIPS-2 compound with the addition of 28 wt% IFR and 2 wt% diatoms was increased to 29.0% and passed V-0 rating. The value of PHRR for HIPS-2 compound is about 460.58 kW/m2 compared with 937.22 kW/m2 of pure HIPS and the value of THR for HIPS-2 compound is about 32.9 MJ/m2 compared with 62.7 MJ/m2 of pure HIPS, suggesting that the addition of IFR/diatoms system can decrease the values of PHRR and THR, which shows the synergistic effect between IFR and diatoms on reducing heat release. The 21.9% reduction in Av-EHC and 41.4% reduction in TSP seen on introducing an IFR/diatoms system indicates effective smoke suppression, which potentially would significantly reduce the death rate in real fire accidents. The TG-IR results indicated that the IFR/diatoms flame retardant system functioned in the gas phase to suppress the flame. The SEM images showed the char residue produced was more compact and continuous, which suggests that the IFR/diatoms flame retardant system exhibits barrier and catalytic effects to block heat transferring and promote char forming. The tensile strength and impact strength of HIPS-2 compound were 22.95 MPa and 2.63 KJ/m2, respectively. The tensile strength and impact strength were increased by 34.13% and 19.55% compared with that of pure HIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Province Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030621, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Shanxi Province Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030621, China
- Shanxi Advance Technology Low Carbon Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030021, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Shanxi Province Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030621, China
| | - Shuangdan Mao
- Shanxi Advance Technology Low Carbon Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030021, China
| | - Yinghui Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Gao Q, Zhao H, Zhou XL, Liu FY, Jiao YH, Xie JX, Qu HQ, Xu JZ, Ma HY. Flame retardant, combustion and thermal degradation properties of polypropylene composites treated with the mixture of pentaerythritol, nickel hydroxystannate and expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Superhydrophobic coating based on organic/inorganic double component adhesive and functionalized nanoparticles with good durability and anti-corrosion for protection of galvanized steel. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Yu H, Cui J, Zhang H, Yang B, Guo J, Mu B, Wang Z, Li H, Tian L. A novel flame retardant consisting of functionalized Salen-Ni based polyphosphazene microspheres. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221094972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A functionalized cross-linked polyphosphazenes microsphere (Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS) was prepared by wrapping Salen-Ni basis polyphosphazenes (Salen-PZN-Ni) with a kind of hybrid flame retardant (DHPP-PTS) to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of epoxy (EP) composites. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS greatly improved the thermal stability of the EP composites. The addition of 5 wt% Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS remarkably improved the fire safety of EP, which was illustrated by the results of the cone calorimeter. For example, the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate of the EP composites were reduced by 44.2% and 33.1%, respectively. The limiting oxygen index value of 5% Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS/EP composite reached 29.8% and UL-94 achieved V-1 rating. In addition, the introduction of Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS effectively suppressed the production of toxic CO and other volatiles. Meantime, the synergistic effect between Salen-PZN-Ni and DHPP-PTS was found. The potential flame retardant mechanism of Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS is regarded as the synergistic catalytic carbonization effect and the extremely thermally stable components forming. Enhanced fire safety of EP composites by synergistic interaction of various components (nickel and DHPP-PTS) with polyphosphazenes microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yu
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiyin Zhang
- Northwest Yongxin Paint & Coating Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoping Yang
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Mu
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Northwest Yongxin Paint & Coating Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaming Li
- Northwest Yongxin Paint & Coating Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Li C, Yu X, Tan Y, Xie G, Liu H, Tang G. Investigation on thermal properties and flame retardancy of glass‐fiber reinforced poly(butylene succinate) composites filled with aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Xiaoguang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Ying Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Guirong Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan Anhui China
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12
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Xin G, Wang M, Huang Y, Rong Y. Composition conversion and parameters influence of nanosecond ultraviolet laser cutting polystyrene film. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Miaozheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Youmin Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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13
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Wang J, Zhou H, Pan Z, Wu H, Wang D. Synthesis of low phosphorus flame retardant containing benzimidazole and hydroxyl and its application in reducing combustion smoke for epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hanjun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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14
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Enhancement of fire performance for rigid polyurethane foam composites by incorporation of aluminum hypophosphite and expanded graphite. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Xu L, Jiang J, Jia X, Hu Y, Ni L, Li C, Guo W. Preparation and Study on the Flame-Retardant Properties of CNTs/PMMA Microspheres. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1347-1356. [PMID: 35036796 PMCID: PMC8757450 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites with excellent thermal stability and flame retardancy were prepared by in situ polymerization. The morphology, structure, transmittance, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of the materials were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetry, etc. According to the results, the initial decomposition temperature of CNTs/PMMA prepared using carbon nanotubes with a concentration of 2 mg/mL increases from 175 to 187 °C when compared with pure PMMA, and the weight loss ratio decreases significantly at the same time. In addition, the maximum limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of CNTs/PMMA composites is 22.17, which is 26.9% higher than that of PMMA. SEM images of residues after LOI tests demonstrate that when CNTs/PMMA is heated, a dense and stable interconnected network structure (i.e., carbon layer) is formed, which can effectively inhibit the combustion of pyrolysis products, prevent the transfer of heat and combustible gas, and finally interrupt the combustion of composite materials. However, a 25% decrease in the transmittance of CNTs/PMMA composites is observed in the Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra. Although the addition of CNTs reduces the transparency of PMMA, its tensile and impact strength are all improved, which illustrates that CNT is a competitive flame retardant for PMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjuan Xu
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- School
of Environment and Safety Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xinlei Jia
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
| | - Lei Ni
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Chao Li
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- College
of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- College
of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou
University, Binzhou, Shandong256600, China
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16
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Wang XC, Sun YP, Sheng J, Geng T, Turng LS, Guo YG, Liu XH, Liu CT. Effects of expandable graphite on the flame-retardant and mechanical performances of rigid polyurethane foams. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:084002. [PMID: 34794133 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac3b27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are found everywhere in our daily life, but they suffer from poor fire resistance. In this study, expansible graphite (EG) as flame retardant was incorporated into PUFs to improve material fire resistance. With the presence of EGs in the PU matrix, bubble size in PUF became smaller as confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy. The mass density of PUFs is directly proportional to the content of EG additive. The compression strengths of EG0/PUF and EG30/PUF decrease from 0.51 MPa to 0.29 MPa. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of RPUFs showed that the addition of EGs did not change the functional group structures of RPUFs. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) testing results showed that the carbon residue weight of EG30/PUF is higher than other PU composite foams. The combination of TGA and FTIR indicated that the EG addition did not change the thermal decomposition products of EG0/PUF, but effectively inhibited its thermal decomposition rate. Cone calorimeter combustion tests indicated that the peak of the heat release rate of EG30/PUF significantly decreased to 100.5 kW m-2compared to 390.6 kW m-2for EG0/PUF. The ignition time of EG/PUF composites also increased from 2 s to 11 s with incorporation of 30 wt% EGs. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 standard tests show that the LOI of EG30/PUF can reach 55 vol%, and go through V-0 level. This study showed that adding EG into PU foams could significantly improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy properties of EG/PUF composites without significantly sacrificing material compression strength. The research results provide useful guidelines on industrial production and applications of PUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Peng Sun
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sheng
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Geng
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yong-Gang Guo
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Hu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Tai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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An Effective Expanded Graphite Coating on Polystyrene Bead for Improving Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216729. [PMID: 34772254 PMCID: PMC8587118 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although foamed plastic insulation is widely used in construction in the Korean market, it is vulnerable to fire. To improve the flame retardancy, the method of flame-retardant coating with the EG in water-soluble state on the surface of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads has been widely used. However, polystyrene beads coated with a water-soluble flame retardant easily separate the coated flame retardant in manufacturing. In this study is devised a flame-retardant coating and two steps of coating process for adhering the flame-retardant coating film evenly to the surface of the polystyrene bead without exfoliation. It was analyzed whether a flame-retardant EPS (FR-EPS) with excellent flame retardancy could be manufactured using polystyrene beads coated in this way. Ten FR-EPS samples satisfied the HF-1 and V-0 levels in horizontal and vertical burning tests, respectively. The THR of eight FR-EPS samples for ten minutes did not exceed 8 MJ∙m−2 and the maximum HRR did not exceed 200 kW∙m−2 for more than ten consecutive seconds. FR-EPS passed the building material standard of semi-nonflammability in Korean regulations, in contrast to commercial EPS, which have not passed the semi-nonflammability standard. It was also analyzed how effective the designed coating is in this study, comparing it with composites that were planned to improve the flame resistance of polystyrene, as reported in the literature. Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) values of FR-EPS proved the “excellent” level and had higher values compared with other polystyrene composites. These results demonstrated that the coated EPS containing a water-soluble flame retardant manufactured from EG and two steps of application with the coating solution achieved fire safety standard regulations.
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18
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Yang J, Chen X, Zhou H, Guo W, Zhang J, Miao Z, He D. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite in flame‐retardant ethylene vinyl acetate composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Honglei Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Weichun Guo
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhen Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Daihua He
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
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19
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Li S, Wang J, Wen S, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang C. Synergistic effect of aluminum diethylphosphinate/sodium stearate modified vermiculite on flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of amino coatings. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34059-34070. [PMID: 35497317 PMCID: PMC9042321 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05731f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various inorganic fillers are proved to be desirable synergists to improve the fire resistance of fire-retardant coatings. Herein, a functional filler (ANE) with flame retardant property was prepared by intercalating aluminum diethylphosphinate into microwave expanded vermiculite and grafting sodium stearate on its surface. The structure of ANE was fully characterized by FTIR, XRD, XPS and SEM analyses. Then ANE was applied to melamine modified urea-formaldehyde resin to produce fire-retardant coatings. The fire resistance test, TGA and cone calorimeter test demonstrate that ANE imparts great heat insulation, thermal stability, and flame retardancy to the coatings. Moreover, the introduction of ANE exhibits an excellent synergistic effect on reducing the heat release and smoke emission of the coatings. Specifically, with the addition of 3 wt% ANE, the heat release rate and smoke density grade of the coatings are decreased by 25.24% and 60.32%, respectively, compared to that without ANE. The excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression performances of the coatings are mainly attributed to the formation of more cross-linking structures in the carbon layers, resulting in a more stable and compact char structure. In addition, the good hydrophobicity of ANE coatings can ensure the durability of flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Jihu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Shaoguo Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yabo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Jijia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Changrui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
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20
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Yu J, Hong L, Qu L. Study on char reinforcing of different inorganic fillers for expandable fire resistance silicone rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjiang Yu
- Department of chemistry School of Science, Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Ling Hong
- Department of chemistry School of Science, Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Linlin Qu
- Department of chemistry School of Science, Shanghai University Shanghai China
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21
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Guo Y, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Cui J, Guo J, Yang B. Butyltriphenylphosphine‐based chelate borates influenced on flame retardancy of polystyrene composite containing self‐expanded intumescent flame retardants. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Yanping Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou City University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Haojun Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Baoping Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou P. R. China
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22
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Ning H, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Wang Y. A novel multifunctional flame retardant MXene/nanosilica hybrid for poly(vinyl alcohol) with simultaneously improved mechanical properties. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04897f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new MXene-based flame retardant and a new strategy for the synthesis of multifunctional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Ning
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Zhongying Ma
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
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23
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Marset D, Dolza C, Fages E, Gonga E, Gutiérrez O, Gomez-Caturla J, Ivorra-Martinez J, Sanchez-Nacher L, Quiles-Carrillo L. The Effect of Halloysite Nanotubes on the Fire Retardancy Properties of Partially Biobased Polyamide 610. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3050. [PMID: 33352673 PMCID: PMC7765851 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the work reported here was the analysis and evaluation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as natural flame retardancy filler in partially biobased polyamide 610 (PA610), with 63% of carbon from natural sources. HNTs are naturally occurring clays with a nanotube-like shape. PA610 compounds containing 10%, 20%, and 30% HNT were obtained in a twin-screw co-rotating extruder. The resulting blends were injection molded to create standard samples for fire testing. The incorporation of the HNTs in the PA610 matrix leads to a reduction both in the optical density and a significant reduction in the number of toxic gases emitted during combustion. This improvement in fire properties is relevant in applications where fire safety is required. With regard to calorimetric cone results, the incorporation of 30% HNTs achieved a significant reduction in terms of the peak values obtained of the heat released rate (HRR), changing from 743 kW/m2 to about 580 kW/m2 and directly modifying the shape of the characteristic curve. This improvement in the heat released has produced a delay in the mass transfer of the volatile decomposition products, which are entrapped inside the HNTs' lumen, making it difficult for the sample to burn. However, in relation to the ignition time of the samples (TTI), the incorporation of HNTs reduces the ignition start time about 20 s. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain polymer formulations with a high renewable content such as PA610, and a natural occurring inorganic filler in the form of a nanotube, i.e., HNTs, with good flame retardancy properties in terms of toxicity, optical density and UL94 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marset
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Celia Dolza
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Eloi Gonga
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Jaume Gomez-Caturla
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
| | - Lourdes Sanchez-Nacher
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
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24
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Baby A, Tretsiakova-McNally S, Arun M, Joseph P, Zhang J. Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance. Molecules 2020; 25:E3779. [PMID: 32825185 PMCID: PMC7504409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene, despite its high flammability, is widely used as a thermal insulation material for buildings, for food packaging, in electrical and automotive industries, etc. A number of modification routes have been explored to improve the fire retardance and boost the thermal stability of commercially important styrene-based polymeric products. The earlier strategies mostly involved the use of halogenated fire retardants. Nowadays, these compounds are considered to be persistent pollutants that are hazardous to public and environmental health. Many well-known halogen-based fire retardants, regardless of their chemical structures and modes of action, have been withdrawn from built environments in the European Union, USA, and Canada. This had triggered a growing research interest in, and an industrial demand for, halogen-free alternatives, which not only will reduce the flammability but also address toxicity and bioaccumulation issues. Among the possible options, phosphorus-containing compounds have received greater attention due to their excellent fire-retarding efficiencies and environmentally friendly attributes. Numerous reports were also published on reactive and additive modifications of polystyrene in different forms, particularly in the last decade; hence, the current article aims to provide a critical review of these publications. The authors mainly intend to focus on the chemistries of phosphorous compounds, with the P atom being in different chemical environments, used either as reactive, or additive, fire retardants in styrene-based materials. The chemical pathways and possible mechanisms behind the fire retardance are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloshy Baby
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Svetlana Tretsiakova-McNally
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Malavika Arun
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Paul Joseph
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
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25
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Sabet M, Soleimani H, Hosseini S, Mohammadian E. Impact of graphene oxide on epoxy resin characteristics. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320943929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of a small part of graphene oxide (GO) offers an appropriate fire retardant for thermally conductive epoxy (EP) resin composites, which is verified by the upper limiting oxygen index of 24.5% and other standard flame-retardant tests. The smoke production rate, total smoke production (TSP), and the smoke density of EP composites were reduced with additional GO. The increased efficiency of fire resistance and smoke suppression is primarily due to the formation of physical barrier and compactness of the developed GO char layers, serving as an effective barrier layer that increases the fire resistance, and the thermal steadiness of the char layers derives from the effect of GO inclusion. The barrier impact of GO and the limited mobility of polymer chains are crucial factors in increasing thermal stability and reduction of generating dangerous carbon monoxide during burns. The thermal stability increased and the peak heat release rate, total heat release, TSP, and the largest smoke density value reduced to 52.5%, 43.6%, 33.9%, and 44.2%, correspondingly, compared with pure EP. The tensile strength and elongation at break of EP composites were enhanced by 23% and 8.4% compared with pure EP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziyar Sabet
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hassan Soleimani
- Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Seyednooroldin Hosseini
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, EOR Research Center, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran
| | - Erfan Mohammadian
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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26
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Cheng Z, Liao D, Hu X, Li W, Xie C, Zhang H, Yang W. Synergistic fire retardant effect between expandable graphite and ferrocene-based non-phosphorus polymer on polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Sieradzka M, Fabia J, Biniaś D, Fryczkowski R, Janicki J. The Role of Reduced Graphene Oxide in the Suspension Polymerization of Styrene and Its Effect on the Morphology and Thermal Properties of the Polystyrene/rGO Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071468. [PMID: 32629867 PMCID: PMC7407986 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used to obtain Polystyrene (PS)/rGO nanocomposites via in-situ suspension polymerization. The main goal of the article was to determine how rGO influences the morphology and thermal properties of PS beads. The obtained samples were studied by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and calorimetric and thermogravimetric analysis (DCS, TGA). It was proven that the addition of rGO, due to the presence of polar functional groups, causes significant changes in bead sizes and size distribution, and in their morphology (on the surface and in cross-section). The increasing amount of rGO in the polymer matrix increased the size of beads from 0.36 to 3.17 mm for pure PS and PS with 0.2 wt% rGO content, respectively. PS/rGO nanocomposites are characterized by distinctly improved thermostability, which is primarily expressed in the increase in their decomposition temperature. For a sample containing 0.3 wt% rGO, the difference is more than 12 °C in comparison to pure PS beads.
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28
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Tikhani F, Moghari S, Jouyandeh M, Laoutid F, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Dubois P. Curing Kinetics and Thermal Stability of Epoxy Composites Containing Newly Obtained Nano-Scale Aluminum Hypophosphite (AlPO 2). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030644. [PMID: 32178292 PMCID: PMC7183063 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, nano-scale aluminum hypophosphite (AlPO2) was simply obtained in a two-step milling process and applied in preparation of epoxy nanocomposites varying concentration (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.% based on resin weight). Studying the cure kinetics and thermal stability of these nanocomposites would pave the way toward the design of high-performance nanocomposites for special applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmittance electron microscopy (TEM) revealed AlPO2 particles having domains less than 60 nm with high potential for agglomeration. Excellent (at heating rate of 5 °C/min) and Good (at heating rates of 10, 15 and 20 °C/min) cure states were detected for nanocomposites under nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). While the dimensionless curing temperature interval (ΔT*) was almost equal for epoxy/AlPO2 nanocomposites, dimensionless heat release (ΔH*) changed by densification of polymeric network. Quantitative cure analysis based on isoconversional Friedman and Kissinger methods gave rise to the kinetic parameters such as activation energy and the order of reaction as well as frequency factor. Variation of glass transition temperature (Tg) was monitored to explain the molecular interaction in the system, where Tg increased from 73.2 °C for neat epoxy to just 79.5 °C for the system containing 0.1 wt.% AlPO2. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that nanocomposites were thermally stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Tikhani
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran; (F.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Shahab Moghari
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran; (F.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric & Composite Materials, Materia Nova Research Center, Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); (M.R.S.); (P.D.); Tel.: +33-(0)3-8793-9186 (H.V.); +98-(0)-21-2295-6209 (M.R.S.); +32-(0)-6537-3000 (P.D.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 16765-654, Iran
- Correspondence: (H.V.); (M.R.S.); (P.D.); Tel.: +33-(0)3-8793-9186 (H.V.); +98-(0)-21-2295-6209 (M.R.S.); +32-(0)-6537-3000 (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Health and Materials Research Institutes, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Correspondence: (H.V.); (M.R.S.); (P.D.); Tel.: +33-(0)3-8793-9186 (H.V.); +98-(0)-21-2295-6209 (M.R.S.); +32-(0)-6537-3000 (P.D.)
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29
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Leng Y, Xu M, Sun Y, Li B. Simultaneously improving the thermal conductive and flame retardant performance for epoxy resins thermosets by constructing core‐shell‐brush structure and distributing of MWCNTs in brush intervals. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Leng
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yue Sun
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
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30
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Kang F, Wang C, Deng J, Yang K, Ma L, Pang Q. Flame retardancy and smoke suppression of silicone foams with microcapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and zinc borate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu‐Ru Kang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Cai‐Ping Wang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Jun Deng
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
| | - Qing‐Tao Pang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an China
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31
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Lv X, Zeng W, Yang Z, Yang Y, Wang Y, Lei Z, Liu J, Chen D. Fabrication of ZIF‐8@Polyphosphazene core‐shell structure and its efficient synergism with ammonium polyphosphate in flame‐retarding epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Zhiwang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yaoxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Ziqiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Quangang Petrochemical Research InstituteFujian Normal University Quanzhou China
| | - Denglong Chen
- Quangang Petrochemical Research InstituteFujian Normal University Quanzhou China
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32
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Tang H, Zhou H. A novel nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron ionic pair compound toward fire safety and mechanical enhancement effect for epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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33
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Wang J, Xue L, Zhao B, Lin G, Jin X, Liu D, Zhu H, Yang J, Shang K. Flame Retardancy, Fire Behavior, and Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant EPDM Containing Ammonium Polyphosphate/Pentaerythrotol and Expandable Graphite. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244035. [PMID: 31817279 PMCID: PMC6947204 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intumescent flame retardant ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) was prepared using intumescent flame retardant (IFR), including ammonium polyphosphate (APP) /pentaerythrotol (PER) and expandable graphite (EG), as the flame retardant agent. The effects of IFR and EG on the flame retardancy, fire behavior, and thermal stability of the EPDM were investigated. The results show that IFR and EG have excellent synergistic flame retardant effects. When the mass ratio of IFR to EG is 3:1 and the total addition content is 40 phr, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the EPDM material (EPDM/IFR/EG) can reach 30.4%, and it can pass a V-0 rating in the vertical combustion (UL-94) test. Meanwhile, during the cone calorimetry test, the heat release rate and total heat release of EPDM/IFR/EG are 69.0% and 33.3% lower than that of the pure EPDM, respectively, and the smoke release of the material also decreases significantly, suggesting that the sample shows good fire safety. In addition, the flame retardant mechanism of IFR and EG is systematically investigated by thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicate that IFR and EG have only physical interaction. Moreover, the reason why IFR exhibits a poor flame retardant effect in EPDM materials is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Wang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Lei Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; (L.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Bi Zhao
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Guide Lin
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Xing Jin
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Dan Liu
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Haibo Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; (L.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jinjun Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; (L.X.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (K.S.); Tel.: +86-022-23861237 (K.S.)
| | - Ke Shang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (K.S.); Tel.: +86-022-23861237 (K.S.)
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Zhu ZM, Shang K, Wang LX, Wang JS. Synthesis of an effective bio-based flame-retardant curing agent and its application in epoxy resin: Curing behavior, thermal stability and flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Savas LA, Dogan M. Flame retardant effect of zinc borate in polyamide 6 containing aluminum hypophosphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu W, Wang X, Wu X, Li W, Cheng C. Organic-Inorganic dual modified graphene: Improving the dispersibility of graphene in epoxy resin and the fire safety of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Tang H, Zhu Z, Chen R, Wang J, Zhou H. Synthesis of DOPO‐based pyrazine derivative and its effect on flame retardancy and thermal stability of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - ZongMin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - JunJie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
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Yuan B, Wang G, Bai S, Liu P. Preparation of halogen‐free flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene foam by suspension polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Pengju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
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Zhang C, Shi M, Zhang Y, Yang W, Jiao Z, Yang L. EG/TPU composites with enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical properties prepared by microlayer coextrusion technology. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23944-23956. [PMID: 35530590 PMCID: PMC9069529 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, expandable graphite (EG)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites with excellent exfoliation, dispersion and two-dimensional plane orientation of the EG fillers were manufactured by microlayer coextrusion technology. The influence of microlayer coextrusion technology on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of microlayer coextruded composites was investigated. The exfoliation, dispersion and orientation of the EG fillers in TPU matrix were characterized by SEM and XRD. The flame retardancy and thermal stability of the composites were characterized by UL 94, LOI, TGA and CCT. The mechanical properties of the composites were characterized by tensile tests. SEM and XRD showed that microlayer coextrusion technology could not only greatly promote exfoliation and dispersion of the EG fillers in TPU matrix, but also could enhance the two-dimensional plane orientation of the EG fillers in TPU matrix. As compared with the conventional blended composites, the microlayer coextruded composites showed enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical properties, with 15 wt% of EG, the as prepared EG/TPU composites showed a V-0 flame retardance level, whereas EG/TPU composite prepared by conventional blending only showed a V-2 flame retardance level. The exfoliation, dispersion and two-dimensional plane orientation of the EG fillers in TPU matrix were believed to play a critical role in the improvement of flame retardancy. The significance of this research was providing a new feasible idea to fabricate flame retardant composites with excellent mechanical properties. In this work, expandable graphite (EG)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites with excellent exfoliation, dispersion and two-dimensional plane orientation of the EG fillers were manufactured by microlayer coextrusion technology.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Meinong Shi
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Youchen Zhang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Liping Yang
- Guangdong Gulf New Materials Institute
- Shenzhen 518172
- China
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Wang H, Cao J, Luo F, Cao C, Qian Q, Huang B, Xiao L, Chen Q. Simultaneously enhanced mechanical properties and flame retardancy of UHMWPE with polydopamine-coated expandable graphite. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21371-21380. [PMID: 35521313 PMCID: PMC9066032 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02861g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential prospect of expandable graphite (EG) in the development of polymer composites is severely limited by required large additions and poor interface compatibility with the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse
- China
| | - Jingshi Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse
- China
| | - Fubin Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse
- China
| | - Changlin Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse
- China
| | - Qingrong Qian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse
- China
| | - Baoquan Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse
- China
| | - Liren Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Fujian Normal University
- China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse
- China
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