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Al-Hammadi M, Güngörmüşler M. New insights into Chlorella vulgaris applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1486-1502. [PMID: 38343183 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a big challenge that has been faced by humans in contemporary life. In this context, fossil fuel, cement production, and plastic waste pose a direct threat to the environment and biodiversity. One of the prominent solutions is the use of renewable sources, and different organisms to valorize wastes into green energy and bioplastics such as polylactic acid. Chlorella vulgaris, a microalgae, is a promising candidate to resolve these issues due to its ease of cultivation, fast growth, carbon dioxide uptake, and oxygen production during its growth on wastewater along with biofuels, and other productions. Thus, in this article, we focused on the potential of Chlorella vulgaris to be used in wastewater treatment, biohydrogen, biocement, biopolymer, food additives, and preservation, biodiesel which is seen to be the most promising for industrial scale, and related biorefineries with the most recent applications with a brief review of Chlorella and polylactic acid market size to realize the technical/nontechnical reasons behind the cost and obstacles that hinder the industrial production for the mentioned applications. We believe that our findings are important for those who are interested in scientific/financial research about microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Hammadi
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mine Güngörmüşler
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Türkiye
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2
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Wang Z, Lyu S. A polylactic acid degrading lipase from Bacillus safensis: Characterization and structural analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131916. [PMID: 38679264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A polylactic acid degrading triacylglycerol lipase (TGL) was identified from Bacillus safensis based on genome annotation and validated by real-time quantitative PCR. TGL displayed optimal activity at pH 9.0 and 55 °C. It maintained stability at pH 9.0 and temperatures 45 °C. The activity of TGL was found to benefit from the presence of potassium sodium ions, and low concentrations of Triton X-100. The TGL could erode the surface of polylactic acid films and increase its hydrophilicity. The hydrolysis products of polylactic acid by TGL were lactate monomer and dimer. TGL contains a classical catalytic triad structure of lipase (Ser77, Asp133, and His156) and an Ala-X-Ser-X-Gly sequence. Compared with some lipases produced by the same genus Bacillus, TGL is highly conserved in its amino acid sequence, mainly reflected in the amino acid residues that exercise the enzyme activity, including the catalytic activity center and the substrate binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wanting Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhanyong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Extreme-environmental Microbiology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Shuxia Lyu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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3
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Sourkouni G, Jeremić S, Kalogirou C, Höfft O, Nenadovic M, Jankovic V, Rajasekaran D, Pandis P, Padamati R, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Argirusis C. Study of PLA pre-treatment, enzymatic and model-compost degradation, and valorization of degradation products to bacterial nanocellulose. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:161. [PMID: 37067621 PMCID: PMC10110681 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
It is well acknowledged that microplastics are a major environmental problem and that the use of plastics, both petro- and bio- based, should be reduced. Nevertheless, it is also a necessity to reduce the amount of the already spread plastics. These cannot be easily degraded in the nature and accumulate in the food supply chain with major danger for animals and human life. It has been shown in the literature that advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) modify the surface of polylactic acid (PLA) materials in a way that bacteria more efficiently dock on their surface and eventually degrade them. In the present work we investigated the influence of different AOPs (ultrasounds, ultraviolet irradiation, and their combination) on the biodegradability of PLA films treated for different times between 1 and 6 h. The pre-treated samples have been degraded using a home model compost as well as a cocktail of commercial enzymes at mesophilic temperatures (37 °C and 42 °C, respectively). Degradation degree has been measured and degradation products have been identified. Excellent degradation of PLA films has been achieved with enzyme cocktail containing commercial alkaline proteases and lipases of up to 90% weight loss. For the first time, we also report valorization of PLA into bacterial nanocellulose after enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sourkouni
- Clausthal Centre for Materials Technology (CZM), Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 9, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Sanja Jeremić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade (UB), Vojvode Stepe 444a,, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Charalampia Kalogirou
- Clausthal Centre for Materials Technology (CZM), Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 9, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou St., Zografou Campus, 15773, Athens, Greece
| | - Oliver Höfft
- Institute for Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Marija Nenadovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade (UB), Vojvode Stepe 444a,, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Vukasin Jankovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade (UB), Vojvode Stepe 444a,, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Divya Rajasekaran
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pavlos Pandis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou St., Zografou Campus, 15773, Athens, Greece
| | - Ramesh Padamati
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade (UB), Vojvode Stepe 444a,, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Christos Argirusis
- Clausthal Centre for Materials Technology (CZM), Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 9, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou St., Zografou Campus, 15773, Athens, Greece
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Rapid biodegradation of high molecular weight semi-crystalline polylactic acid at ambient temperature via enzymatic and alkaline hydrolysis by a defined bacterial consortium. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Quantitative analysis of factors determining the enzymatic degradation of poly(lactic acid). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1703-1709. [PMID: 35487382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of poly(lactic acid) was catalyzed with Proteinase K and the effect of various factors on the rate of degradation was analyzed quantitatively with the help of appropriate kinetic models. The Michaelis-Menten model was modified for the purpose by considering the heterogeneous nature of the reaction and the denaturation of the enzyme. The results proved that Proteinase K degrades the polymer very efficiently. The rate of degradation increases considerably up to 0.1 mg/ml enzyme concentration, but remains constant at larger values. Temperature has an optimum at around 50 °C that is somewhat higher than the 37 °C extensively used in the literature as the most advantageous temperature. If degradation occurs in the same medium throughout the process, the formation of lactic acid results in the rapid decrease of pH and finally in the denaturation of the enzyme. The dropping of pH below 5 slows down and finally stops degradation completely. The daily change of the medium results in degradation with a constant rate and the entire amount of the polymer can be decomposed mainly into monomer or smaller oligomer fragments. Degradation rate decreases slightly with increasing molecular weight and increasing d-lactide content. The use of appropriate kinetic models allows quantitative analysis and the prediction of the rate of enzymatic degradation of PLA.
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Satti SM, Castro-Aguirre E, Shah AA, Marsh TL, Auras R. Genome Annotation of Poly(lactic acid) Degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sphingobacterium sp. and Geobacillus sp. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147385. [PMID: 34299026 PMCID: PMC8305213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Sphingobacterium sp. are well known for their ability to decontaminate many environmental pollutants while Geobacillus sp. have been exploited for their thermostable enzymes. This study reports the annotation of genomes of P. aeruginosa S3, Sphingobacterium S2 and Geobacillus EC-3 that were isolated from compost, based on their ability to degrade poly(lactic acid), PLA. Draft genomes of the strains were assembled from Illumina reads, annotated and viewed with the aim of gaining insight into the genetic elements involved in degradation of PLA. The draft genome of Sphinogobacterium strain S2 (435 contigs) was estimated at 5,604,691 bp and the draft genome of P. aeruginosa strain S3 (303 contigs) was estimated at 6,631,638 bp. The draft genome of the thermophile Geobacillus strain EC-3 (111 contigs) was estimated at 3,397,712 bp. A total of 5385 (60% with annotation), 6437 (80% with annotation) and 3790 (74% with annotation) protein-coding genes were predicted for strains S2, S3 and EC-3, respectively. Catabolic genes for the biodegradation of xenobiotics, aromatic compounds and lactic acid as well as the genes attributable to the establishment and regulation of biofilm were identified in all three draft genomes. Our results reveal essential genetic elements that facilitate PLA metabolism at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures in these three isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Mehmood Satti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (A.A.S.)
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA;
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Shamasabad, Muree Road, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Edgar Castro-Aguirre
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA;
- Kraft Heinz Company, Glenview, IL 60025-4312, USA
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Terence L. Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA
- Correspondence: (T.L.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rafael Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.L.M.); (R.A.)
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Abstract
Emerging pollutants in nature are linked to various acute and chronic detriments in biotic components and subsequently deteriorate the ecosystem with serious hazards. Conventional methods for removing pollutants are not efficient; instead, they end up with the formation of secondary pollutants. Significant destructive impacts of pollutants are perinatal disorders, mortality, respiratory disorders, allergy, cancer, cardiovascular and mental disorders, and other harmful effects. The pollutant substrate can recognize different microbial enzymes at optimum conditions (temperature/pH/contact time/concentration) to efficiently transform them into other rather unharmful products. The most representative enzymes involved in bioremediation include cytochrome P450s, laccases, hydrolases, dehalogenases, dehydrogenases, proteases, and lipases, which have shown promising potential degradation of polymers, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds, dyes, detergents, agrochemical compounds, etc. Such bioremediation is favored by various mechanisms such as oxidation, reduction, elimination, and ring-opening. The significant degradation of pollutants can be upgraded utilizing genetically engineered microorganisms that produce many recombinant enzymes through eco-friendly new technology. So far, few microbial enzymes have been exploited, and vast microbial diversity is still unexplored. This review would also be useful for further research to enhance the efficiency of degradation of xenobiotic pollutants, including agrochemical, microplastic, polyhalogenated compounds, and other hydrocarbons.
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Amobonye A, Bhagwat P, Singh S, Pillai S. Enhanced xylanase and endoglucanase production from Beauveria bassiana SAN01, an entomopathogenic fungal endophyte. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:39-48. [PMID: 33317775 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to explore alternative applications of the widely known entomopathogenic/endophytic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, besides its sole use as a biocontrol agent. B. bassiana SAN01, was investigated for the production of two glycoside hydrolases, xylanase and endoglucanase under submerged conditions. Among the different biomass tested, wheat bran provided the best results for both xylanase and endoglucanase, and their production levels were further enhanced using response surface methodology. Under optimised conditions, heightened yields of 1061 U/ml and 23.03 U/ml were observed for xylanase and endoglucanase, respectively, which were 3.44 and 1.35 folds higher than their initial yields. These are the highest ever production levels reported for xylanase and endoglucanase from any B. bassiana strain or any known entomopathogenic fungi. Furthermore, the efficacy of xylanase/endoglucanase cocktail in the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse was evaluated. The highest amount of reducing sugar released from the pretreated biomass by the action of the crude Beauveria enzyme cocktail was recorded at 30°C after 8 h incubation. The significant activities of the hydrolytic enzymes recorded with B. bassiana in this study thus present promising avenues for the use of the entomopathogen as a new source of industrial enzymes and by extension, other biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Amobonye
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Prashant Bhagwat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Satti SM, Shah AA. Polyester-based biodegradable plastics: an approach towards sustainable development. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 70:413-430. [PMID: 32086820 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-degradability of conventional plastics, filling of landfill sites, raising water and land pollution and rapid depletion of fossil resources have raised the environmental issues and global concerns. The current demand and production of plastics is putting immense pressure on fossil resources, consuming about 6% of the global oil and is expected to grow up to 20%. The polyester-based biodegradable plastics (BPs) are considered as a remedy to the issue of plastics waste in the environment. BPs appear to manage the overflow of plastics by providing new means of waste management system and help in securing the non-renewable resources of nature. This review comprehensively presents the environmental burdens due to conventional plastics as well as production of polyester-based BPs as an alternative to conventional commodity plastics. The diversity of micro-organisms and their enzymes that degrade various polyester-based BPs (PLA, PCL, PHB/PHBV and PET) has also been described in detail. Moreover, the impact of plastics degradation products on soil ecology and ecosystem functions has critically been discussed. The report ends with special focus on future recommendations for the development of sustainable waste management strategies to control pollution due to plastics waste. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Polyester-based BPs considered as a solution to current plastic waste problem as well as leading polymers in terms of biodegradability and sustainability has been critically discussed. The role of microorganisms and their enzymes involved in the biodegradation of these polymers and ecotoxicological impact of degradation products of BPs on soil microbial community and biogeochemical cycles has also been described. This report will provide an insight on the key research areas to bridge the gap for development of simulated systems as an effective and emerging strategy to divert the overflow of plastic in the environment as well as for the greener solution to the plastic waste management problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Satti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - A A Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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