1
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Lai M, Wang Y, Li F, Zhao J. Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Lignosulfonate-Based Phosphorus-Containing Intermediates and Its Composite Si-P-C Silicone-Acrylic Emulsion Coating for Flame-Retardant Plywood. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12573-12593. [PMID: 38843172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Through the substitution reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and sodium lignosulfonate (LS), a novel phosphorus-containing sodium lignosulfonate (DAL) was successfully synthesized via the solvothermal method and used as a multifunctional flame retardant to prepare a novel silicone-acrylic emulsion (SAE) composite Si-P-C coating. The structure of DAL was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (solid-state 13C NMR and 31P NMR). The results demonstrated that incorporating an appropriate dosage of DAL (0.9 g, 1.5 wt %) into SAE-based composite coatings enhances flame retardancy and reduces heat release and smoke production during burning. The peak heat release rate (p-HRR) decreases from 236.7 to 120.3 kW·m-2, total smoke production (TSP) decreases by 71.1%, and the flame-retardant index increases from 1.00 to 4.58. Meanwhile, the coating is transformed into a dense and nonflammable vitreous polyphosphate barrier layer during the firing process to prevent heat or mass transfer. Furthermore, the pyrolysis kinetics identify that the 3D Z-L-T model governs the coatings' pyrolysis, and the appropriate DAL makes the pyrolysis Eα climb from 300.98 to 331.30 kJ·mol-1 at 358-439 °C. Hence, this study presents a new synthesis method of multifunctional flame retardant DAL, studies the excellent properties and cross-linking mechanism of DAL-doped SAE-composite Si-P-C coatings, and explores a halogen-free, low-carbon, and clean eco-technology strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengYao Lai
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - YaChao Wang
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycling, Ministry of Education, Mianyang 621010, China
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - JiangPing Zhao
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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2
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Yu Y, Chen J, Ding A, Wang C, Wang Y, Yang L. Synthesis of a Novel P/N-Triazine-Containing Ring Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:871. [PMID: 38611130 PMCID: PMC11013841 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To meet the environmental protection and flame retardancy requirements for epoxy resins (EPs) in certain fields, in this study, a novel triazine-ring-containing DOPO-derived compound (VDPD), derived from vanillin, 2,4-Diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), was synthesized using a one-pot method. Flame-retardant epoxy resin (FREP) was prepared by adding various ratios of VDPD to EP and curing with 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The curing behavior, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and flame-retardant properties of the FREP were examined in various tests. According to the results, when the amount of VDPD added to the EP increased, the glass transition temperature of the FREP decreased linearly, and the flame-retardant properties gradually improved. With a 0.4 wt.% P content, the vertical burning rating of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 (according to the theoretical content of VDPD) reached the V-0 level, and the LOI value reached 33.1%. In addition, the results of a CCT showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 decreased by 32% in comparison with that of the EP. Furthermore, compared with those of the EP, the tensile strength of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 decreased from 80.2 MPa to 74.3 MPa, only decreasing by 6 MPa, and the tensile modulus increased. Overall, VDPD can maintain the mechanical properties of EP and effectively improve its flame-retardant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Junlei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Anxin Ding
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Changzeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
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3
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Zhang LY, Song WM, Li P, Liu Y. A P/N flame retardant for polyester-cotton fabrics: Flame retardancy, mechanical properties and antibacterial property. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129767. [PMID: 38296136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A phosphorus‑nitrogen synergistic flame retardant (named POI) was obtained by the chemical reaction between phenylphosphonic acid (PPOA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), and used to give the flame retardancy of PTCO. The effects of PPOA and POI on various properties of PTCO were investigated. PPOA obviously improved the flame retardancy of PTCO/PPOA, while the breaking force of PTCO/PPOA was greatly reduced. However, the introduction of PEI made the surface of fabrics smoother. PTCO/POI had better flame retardancy than PTCO/PPOA did, and the limiting oxygen index value of PTCO/POI reached to 29.8 %. POI had a good effect on reducing the Rmax of both cotton and polyester components. The phosphoric acid groups in POI can promote the dehydration and carbonization reactions of PTCO, which protects the inner fabrics, and POI can release incombustible gases such as NH3 and N2 during burning, which can dilute the oxygen concentration. The flame-retardant mechanism of PTCO/POI was mainly the condensed phase. At the same time, there were no changes in whiteness and mechanical properties compared with those of PTCO, and it also had antibacterial property. This work provides a simple and effective method to prepare flame-retardant and antibacterial PTCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yao Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wan-Meng Song
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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4
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Ou M, Lian R, Li R, Cui J, Guan H, Zhu J, Liu L, Jiao C, Chen X. A High-Efficient DOPO-Based Flame Retardant as a Co-Curing Agent for Simultaneously Enhancing the Fire Safety and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300262. [PMID: 37335812 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously enhancing the fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP) remains a persistent challenge. Herein, a high-efficient phosphaphenanthrene-based flame retardant (FNP) is synthesized using 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, 4-formylbenzoic acid, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. Due to the presence of active amine groups, FNP is employed as a co-curing agent for fabricating EP composites with outstanding fire safety and mechanical properties. EP containing 8 wt% FNP (EP/8FNP) achieves a vertical burning (UL-94) V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index of 31%. Meanwhile, FNP declines the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke release of EP/8FNP by 41.1%, 31.8%, and 16.0%, respectively, compared to those of unmodified EP. The increased fire safety of EP/FNP composites is because FNP promotes the formation of an intumescent, compact, and cross-linking char layer for EP/FNP composites, and releases P-containing substances and noncombustible gases in the gas phase during combustion. In addition, EP/8FNP exhibits 20.3% and 5.4% increase in the flexural strength and modulus compared with those of pure EP. Furthermore, FNP enhances the glass transition temperature of EP/FNP composites from 141.6 °C for pure EP to 147.3 °C for EP/8FNP. Therefore, this work is conducive to the future development of fabricating fire-safe EP composites with enhanced mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Ou
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Richeng Lian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Rongjia Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Cui
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Haocun Guan
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jianhao Zhu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
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5
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Liu J, Qi P, Chen F, Li X, Zhang J, Qian L, Gu X, Sun J, Zhang S. Improving the hygroscopicity and flame retardancy of polyamide 6 fabrics by surface coating with β-FeOOH and sulfamic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139115. [PMID: 37270037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of polyamide 6 (PA6) fabrics releases toxic smoke, which will pollute the environment and threaten human life and health. Herein, a novel eco-friendly flame-retardant coating was constructed and applied to PA6 fabrics. Needle-like β-FeOOH with a high surface area was firstly constructed onto the surface of PA6 fabrics by the hydrolysis of Fe3+, sulfamic acid (SA) was then introduced by a facile dipping and nipping method. The growth of β-FeOOH also endowed the PA6 fabrics with certain hydrophilicity and moisture permeability, resulting in improved comfortability. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the prepared PA6/Fe/6SA sample was increased to 27.2% from 18.5% of control PA6 sample, and the damaged length was reduced to only 6.0 cm from 12.0 cm of control PA6 sample. Meanwhile, the melt dripping was also eliminated. The heat release rate and total heat release values of the PA6/Fe/6SA sample were decreased to 318.5 kW/m2 and 17.0 MJ/m2, respectively, compared with those of control PA6 (494.7 kW/m2 and 21.4 MJ/m2). The analysis results indicated that nonflammable gases diluted flammable gases. The observation of char residues demonstrated that the stable char layer was formed, which effectively inhibited the transfer of heat and oxygen. The organic solvent-free coating does not contain any conventional halogens/phosphorus elements, which provides a useful methodology to produce environmentally friendly flame-retardant fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaobei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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6
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Wang YC, Li F, Zhao JP. Novel halogen‐free
Si‐C‐P
flame‐retarding coatings constructed by
DOPO
/flake graphite co‐doping silica fume‐based geopolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chao Wang
- State Key Lab of Subtropical Building Science South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- School of Resources Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an China
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycling Ministry of Education Mianyang China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Resources Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Jiang Ping Zhao
- School of Resources Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an China
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7
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Lu J, Cai B, Xu W, Wang L, Luo Z, Wang B. A Nitrogen-Rich DOPO-Based Derivate for Increasing Fire Resistance of Epoxy Resin with Comparable Transparency. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16020519. [PMID: 36676259 PMCID: PMC9865245 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To endow synergistically epoxy resin (EP) with excellent fire resistance and high optical transparency, a nitrogen-rich DOPO-based derivate (named as FATP) was synthesized and incorporated into EP. It showed that the incorporation of the FATP reduced the fire hazard of the EP, as demonstrated by the fact that the EP/4% FATP blends gained a UL-94 V-0 rating and an LOI value of 35%, with the lowest values of the THR (86.7 MJ/m2), the PHRR (1059.3 kW/m2), and the TSP (89.6 MJ/m2). The presence of the FATP also reduced the thermal stability and the crosslinking density whilst improving the curing reaction and the storage modulus of the EP/FATP blends. The TG-FTIR spectra showed that •HPO/•PO free radicals and some nonflammable gases (HN3 and NH3) were produced during the pyrolysis, and the characterization (SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS) of char residues confirmed that the FATP facilitated the formation of continuous and compact carbon layers of greater graphitization degree. It was thus concluded that the FATP played the flame-retardant roles in both the gas and condensed phases. Furthermore, the FREPs kept almost identical transparency as the pristine EP, and mechanical properties were also slightly enhanced. The FREPs presented in this work show promising applications in the fields of advanced optical technology.
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8
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Lu J, Chen L, Luo Z, Wang B. A vanillin‐containing
DOPO
‐based compound for improving the flame retardancy of epoxy resin simultaneously with comparable transparency and mechanical property. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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9
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Composites Filled with Metal Organic Frameworks and Their Derivatives: Recent Developments in Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235279. [PMID: 36501673 PMCID: PMC9740387 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer matrix is vulnerable to fire hazards and needs to add flame retardants to enhance its performance and make its application scenarios more extensive. At this stage, it is more necessary to add multiple flame-retardant elements and build a multi-component synergistic system. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been studied for nearly three decades since their introduction. MOFs are known for their structural advantages but have only been applied to flame-retardant polymers for a relatively short period of time. In this paper, we review the development of MOFs utilized as flame retardants and analyze the flame-retardant mechanisms in the gas phase and condensed phase from the original MOF materials, modified MOF composites, and MOF-derived composites as flame retardants, respectively. The effects of carbon-based materials, phosphorus-based materials, nitrogen-based materials, and biomass on the flame-retardant properties of polymers are discussed in the context of MOFs. The construction of MOF multi-structured flame retardants is also introduced, and a variety of MOF-based flame retardants with different morphologies are shown to broaden the ideas for subsequent research.
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10
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Chen B, Luo W, Lv J, Lin S, Zheng B, Zhang H, Chen M. A universal strategy toward flame retardant epoxy resin with ultra-tough and transparent properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Wang R, Zheng P, Li J, Sun J, Liu H, Li X, Liu Q. An Efficient Cross-Linked Phosphorus-Free Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resins. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37170-37179. [PMID: 36312400 PMCID: PMC9608374 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins (EPs) have been widely used due to their great physical and chemical properties, but their poor flame retardancy limits their further application. In this work, we synthesized a flame retardant containing nitrile groups and a double bond to improve the flame retardancy of EPs. In this way, multiple cross-linking reactions can occur in the EPs to confer better flame retardancy by a simple heat treatment. The UL-94 vertical combustion test, CCT, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test were used to characterize the flame retardant properties of the cross-linked flame retardant; the results show that with the 10 wt % addition of cross-linked flame retardant, the thermosets can pass the UL-94 V-0 rating. Meanwhile, the contents reached 20 wt %, and the peak heat release rate decreased 40% compared with neat EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Penglun Zheng
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Junwei Li
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Xue Li
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
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12
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Transparent, flame retardant, mechanically strengthened and low dielectric EP composites enabled by a reactive bio-based P/N flame retardant. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Song X, Xu D, Luo Z, Wang B. A silicone diphenylsulfonate for improving the flame retardancy of polycarbonate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Dehuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
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14
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Guo Y, Rong H, Yu Y, Chen T, Chen Z, Suo Y, Zhang Q, Li C, Jiang J. A facile method for synthesis of novel phenyl phosphates flame retardants and their application in epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Hu Rong
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yifan Suo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qingwu Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Changxin Li
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
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15
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Shi Q, Huo S, Wang C, Ye G, Yu L, Fang Z, Wang H, Liu Z. A phosphorus/silicon-based, hyperbranched polymer for high-performance, fire-safe, transparent epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Toughening and strengthening epoxy resins with a new bi-DOPO biphenyl reactive flame retardant. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Epoxy Compositions with Reduced Flammability Based on DER-354 Resin and a Curing Agent Containing Aminophosphazenes Synthesized in Bulk Isophoronediamine. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173592. [PMID: 36080667 PMCID: PMC9460727 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of an amine-containing epoxy resin curing agent by dissolving hexakis-[(4-formyl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene in an excess of isophoronediamine was developed. The curing agent was characterized via NMR and IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and its rheological characteristics were studied. Compositions based on DER-354 epoxy resin and the synthesized curing agent with different amounts of phosphazene content were obtained. The rheological characteristics of these compositions were studied, followed by their curing. An improvement in several thermal (DSC), mechanical (compression, tension, and adhesion), and physicochemical (water absorption and water solubility) characteristics, as well as the fire resistance of the obtained materials modified with phosphazene, was observed, compared with unmodified samples. In particular, there was an improvement in adhesive characteristics and fire resistance. Thus, compositions based on a curing agent containing a 30% modifier were shown to fulfill the V-1 fire resistance category. The developed compositions can be processed by contact molding, winding, and resin transfer molding (RTM), and the resulting material is suitable for use in aircraft, automotive products, design applications, and home repairs.
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18
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Lv J, Chen B, Zheng B, Chen M, Qiao H, Li S, Zhang H. Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lv
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Bing Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Botuo Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Mingfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Huawei Qiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Huagui Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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19
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Wu P, Peng Y, Zhang X, Zhang G, Ran J, Xu M. Unsaturated polyester resin modified with a novel reactive flame retardant: effects on thermal stability and flammability. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new reactive flame retardant (DTA), containing phosphaphenanthrene and triazine-trione groups was synthesized and applied to improve the flame retardancy of unsaturated polyester resin. The thermal stability, flame retardancy and combustion behaviors of UP/DTA thermosets were detected by thermogravimeric analysis (TG), limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL94) test and cone calorimeter test. According to the research results, the addition of DTA contributed to improving the flame retardancy of UP. After adding 20 wt% DTA, the LOI of UP composite increased from 19.0% of the neat UP to 26.6%, and UL94 rating reached V-0. In addition, compared with pure UP, the peak heat release rate (pk-HRR), average heat release rate (av-HRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of UP/DTA-20 thermosetting material decreased by 44.0, 26.2 and 29.5%, respectively. In the gaseous phase, DTA decomposed to generate nitrogen-containing fragments with diluting effect and phosphorus-containing free radicals with quenching effect to inhibit the combustion. In the condensed phase, phosphaphenanthrene group of DTA decomposed to generate phosphorus-based compounds, which promoted the carbonization of the UP matrix and cooperated with triazine-trione group to increase the char yield. Therefore, DTA plays an important role in flame retardancy in the gas and condensed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piye Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan 430205 , PR China
| | - Yongzhi Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan 430205 , PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , 450000 , PR China
| | - Gang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan 430205 , PR China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan , 430205 , PR China
| | - Jiabing Ran
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University , Yichang 443002 , China
| | - Man Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan 430205 , PR China
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20
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Multi‐element heterocyclic compound derived from
DOPO
and thiadiazole toward flame‐retardant epoxy resin with satisfactory mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Ma J, Li G, Hua X, Liu N, Liu Z, Zhang F, Yu L, Chen X, Shang L, Ao Y. Biodegradable epoxy resin from vanillin with excellent flame-retardant and outstanding mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Chen JH, Lu JH, Pu XL, Chen L, Wang YZ. Recyclable, malleable and intrinsically flame-retardant epoxy resin with catalytic transesterification. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133778. [PMID: 35093421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardancy and recyclability are two important issues in the research field of thermosets, particularly for epoxy resin (EP) with the biggest market share. It is of great importance, but rarely achievable, to integrate these properties simultaneously into EP. Herein, we report a facile way to prepare intrinsically flame-retardant epoxy vitrimers combining rapid recycling and multiple shape memory effects by introducing dynamic ester-linkages with catalytic transesterification activity into the crosslinking networks of EP. The flame-retardant epoxy vitrimers exhibited high Tg (∼110.7 °C), desirable thermal stability and excellent flame retardancy with UL-94 V-0 rating, and high LOI of ∼34%. Also, the value of the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) showed 63% and 32% reduction, respectively. Meanwhile, flame-retardant epoxy vitrimers showed high malleability that could be reprocessed in 15 min at 200 °C without sacrificing the mechanical properties and flame retardancy. Moreover, the dynamic transesterification network allowed flame-retardant EP to access multiple shape memory effect. The design of flame-retardant epoxy vitrimers provide a prime example to foster the cyclic utilization of flame-retardant thermosetting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Chen
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jia-Hui Lu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Pu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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23
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Yang Y, Xiao D. Fabrication of two multifunctional phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants toward improving the fire safety of epoxy resin. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To improve the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP), two novel phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants, which named as diphenyl allylphosphoramidate (DPCA) and N-allyl-P, P-diphenylphosphinic amide (DCA), were synthesized by acyl chloride reaction and introduced into EP for fabricating EP composites. The combustion tests showed that incorporation of 5 wt% DPCA or 5 wt% DCA into EP led to the exceptional limited oxygen index (LOI) value (27.1% or 31.6%). Besides, the peak of heat release rate of EP-5 wt% DPCA and EP-5 wt% DCA was reduced by 40.69% and 36.69%, respectively, compared to pure EP. The enhanced fire resistance of EP was ascribed to the trapping effect of fillers in the gas phase and the charring effect in the condensed phase. Furthermore, ultraviolet-visible spectra revealed that both EP-5 wt% DPCA and EP-5 wt% DCA have considerable transparency. This study is expected to broaden the application of EP in the industrial area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology , Fuzhou , Fujian , 350108 , China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology , Fuzhou , Fujian , 350108 , China
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24
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Ding H, Luo Z, Wang B. A phosphorus/sulfur‐containing compound toward simultaneously endowing epoxy resin with good flame retardancy and high transparency. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
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25
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Cao J, Duan H, Zou J, Zhang J, Wan C, Zhang C, Ma H. Bio-based phosphorus-containing benzoxazine towards high fire safety, heat resistance and mechanical properties of anhydride-cured epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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27
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Han X, Guo Y, Cai H, Li X, Ding J, Zhao X, Zhou H, Guo W, Huang W, Zhao T. Synergistic effects of a half‐cage and cage structure phosphorus and nitrogen‐containing
POSS
with tetrabutyl titanate on flame retardancy of vinyl epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Xiang Li
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Jiangnan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Wantao Guo
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
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28
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Lu X, Gu X. Fabrication of a bi-hydroxyl-bi-DOPO compound with excellent quenching and charring capacities for lignin-based epoxy resin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:539-552. [PMID: 35217079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, lignin-based epoxy resins (EP) were fabricated using lignin, phenol and glyoxal as crosslinking reagents. For improving the flame retardancy, a bi-DOPO compound with bi-hydroxyl structure was successfully synthesized, containing excellent quenching and charring capacities. Good pyrolysis behaviors of as-synthesized flame retardant resulted in significant quenching effect via structure decomposition to release PO and PO2 free radicals for capturing reactive H and OH radicals produced from epoxy combustion. With addition of 0.18 wt% phosphorus, epoxy composite (10% LPG-ER-4) passed V-0 rating with high limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 35.2%. Cone calorimeter tests showed that heat release (including heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR)) from combustion was reduced with assistance of flame retardant. Char residue analyses illustrated that bi-hydroxyl structure in DOPO-based flame retardant benefited the formation of char layer with higher compactness and integrity to serve as a protective shell of interior epoxy matrix. Furthermore, exterior pore size of char residue was narrowed or blocked to avoid the release of heat and volatiles generated from combustion. This study provided a feasible method to improve flame retardancy of lignin-based EP and proposed flame-retardant mechanism both in gaseous and solid phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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29
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Wen N, Zeng W, Yang Y, Yang Z, Li H, Li X, Li Q, Ding H, Lei Z. Preparation of the Intrinsic Flame-Retardant Curing Agent of Inorganic Epoxy Resin Containing Nitrogen and Phosphorus. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Sun Y, Peng Y, Zhang Y. A Study on the Synthesis, Curing Behavior and Flame Retardance of a Novel Flame Retardant Curing Agent for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:245. [PMID: 35054651 PMCID: PMC8781762 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a flame retardant curing agent (DOPO-MAC) composed of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide DOPO and methyl acrylamide (MAC) was synthesized successfully, and the structure of the compound was characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The non-isothermal kinetics of the epoxy resin/DOPO-MAC system with 1% phosphorus was studied by non-isothermal DSC method. The activation energy of the reaction (Ea), about 46 kJ/mol, was calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa method, indicating that the curing reaction was easy to carry out. The flame retardancy of the epoxy resin system was analyzed by vertical combustion test (UL94) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. The results showed that epoxy resin (EP) with 1% phosphorus successfully passed a UL-94 V-0 rating, and the LOI value increased along with the increasing of phosphorus content. It confirmed that DOPO-MAC possessed excellent flame retardance and higher curing reactivity. Moreover, the thermal stability of EP materials was also investigated by TGA. With the DOPO-MAC added, the residual mass of EP materials increased remarkably although the initial decomposition temperature decreased slightly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Yongli Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
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31
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Investigation on flame retardancy of sulfur/nitrogen-based compounds for polyamide 6 fabric through facile exhaustion route. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Fan WX, Li Z, Yang Z, Ou JF, Xiang M, Qin ZL. Improving the curing and flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites by multifunctional Si-containing cyclophosphazene derivatives. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13756-13764. [PMID: 35530380 PMCID: PMC9074772 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel star-like molecules containing P, N and Si with dual functions of flame retardance and curing promotion (abridged as HCCP–KH540) were successfully synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (KH540). HCCP–KH540 was incorporated with the matrix of epoxy resin (EP) to form a flame retardant composite abridged as E-HK. The activation energy of the curing reaction of the E-HK composite was reduced but the curing reaction rate was accelerated by HCCP–KH540. The E-HK composite with 30 phr content of HCCP–KH540 exhibited excellent flame retardancy with limiting oxygen index of 29.6% and V-1 rating in the vertical burning test as well as excellent thermal stability with a char yield of 23.77% at 700 °C, compared with only 8.64% for pure EP. Novel star-like molecules containing P, N and Si with dual functions of flame retardance and curing promotion were synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Xi Fan
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Zefang Li
- School of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fei Ou
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Meng Xiang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Li Qin
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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33
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Li D, Zhang Z, Wang S, Xu M, Li B. A monomolecular intumescent flame retardant for improvement simultaneously of fire safety, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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34
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Jiang J, Huo S, Zheng Y, Yang C, Yan H, Ran S, Fang Z. A Novel Synergistic Flame Retardant of Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213648. [PMID: 34771209 PMCID: PMC8588180 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCP) is a common flame retardant for epoxy resin (EP). To improve the thermostability and fire safety of HPCP-containing EP, we combined UiO66-NH2 (a kind of metal-organic frame, MOF) with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) by hydrothermal reaction to create a novel synergistic flame retardant (H-U) of HPCP for EP. For the EP containing HPCP and H-U, the initial decomposition temperature (T5%) and the temperature of maximum decomposition rate (Tmax) increased by 11 and 17 °C under nitrogen atmosphere compared with those of the EP containing only HPCP. Meanwhile, the EP containing HPCP and H-U exhibited better tensile and flexural properties due to the addition of rigid nanoparticles. Notably, the EP containing HPCP and H-U reached a V-0 rating in UL-94 test and a limited oxygen index (LOI) of 35.2%. However, with the introduction of H-U, the flame retardant performances of EP composites were weakened in the cone calorimeter test, which was probably due to the decreased height of intumescent residual char.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Jiang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Siqi Huo
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
| | - Yi Zheng
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
| | - Chengyun Yang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
| | - Hongqiang Yan
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (S.R.)
| | - Shiya Ran
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (S.R.)
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.J.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Z.F.)
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35
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Xu Q, Zhang S, Su Z, Li D, Liang S, Li B, Lian T, Qin X, Jiang M, Liu P. A novel 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide‐based reactive flame retardant for epoxy resin: Synthesis, properties, and comparison. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Xu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shengchang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zexi Su
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Dazhe Li
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shuheng Liang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tingting Lian
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiangpu Qin
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Mengjin Jiang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Pengqing Liu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Liu D, Ji P, Zhang T, Lv J, Cui Y. A bi-DOPO type of flame retardancy epoxy prepolymer: Synthesis, properties and flame-retardant mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Superior radical scavenging and catalytic carbonization capacities of bioderived assembly modified ammonium polyphosphate as a mono-component intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhao P, Zeng W, Yang Z, Yang Y, Li J, Shi J, Wen N, Li H, Guan J, Lei Z, Chen D. Preparation of a novel functionalized magnesium-based curing agent as an intrinsic flame retardant for epoxy resin. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129658. [PMID: 33529798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardant 10-(1,4-dicarboxylic acid magnesium salt)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DMMH) was synthesized via neutralization and addition reaction of maleic acid, magnesium hydroxide and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and subsequently used in an intrinsic flame retardant epoxy resin. The chemical structure and morphology of DMMH were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, the prepared DMMH was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form an intumescent flame retardant system. The thermal stability and flame retardance were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), UL-94 vertical burning test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. It was observed that the addition of 1.7% DMMH and 5.3% APP led EP-7 to acquire UL-94 V-0 rating, with the limiting oxygen index of 26.0%. As compared with pure EP, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate and total smoke production of the sample was noted to decrease by 54.5%, 35.1%, 43.6% and 38.1%, respectively. In addition, the introduction of DMMH did not negatively impact the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pufang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Zhiwang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Yaoxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Ju Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Jianping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Na Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Jie Guan
- Lanzhou Fire and Rescue Division, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ziqiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
| | - Denglong Chen
- Quangang Petrochemical Research Institute, Fujian Normal University, Quanzhou, 362801, China
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Cao J, Duan H, Zou J, Zhang J, Ma H. A bio-based phosphorus-containing co-curing agent towards excellent flame retardance and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Towards Selection Charts for Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Their Fibre-Fabric Composites with Flame Retardants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051181. [PMID: 33802309 PMCID: PMC7959149 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins are the most used thermosetting polymers. They are commonly used in electronics, construction, marine, automotive and aircraft industries. Moreover, reinforcing both epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins with carbon or glass fibre in a fabric form has enabled them to be used in high-performance applications. However, their organic nature as any other polymeric materials made them highly flammable materials. Enhancing the flame retardancy performance of thermosetting polymers and their composites can be improved by the addition of flame-retardant materials, but this comes at the expense of their mechanical properties. In this regard, a comprehensive review on the recent research articles that studied the flame retardancy of epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin and their composites were covered. Flame retardancy performance of different flame retardant/polymer systems was evaluated in terms of Flame Retardancy index (FRI) that was calculated based on the data extracted from the cone calorimeter test. Furthermore, flame retardant selection charts that relate between the flame retardancy level with mechanical properties in the aspects of tensile and flexural strength were presented. This review paper is also dedicated to providing the reader with a brief overview on the combustion mechanism of polymeric materials, their flammability behaviour and the commonly used flammability testing techniques and the mechanism of action of flame retardants.
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Younis A, Faheim AA, Elsawy M, El‐Wahab HA. Novel flame retardant paint based on Co(II) and Ni(II) metal complexes as new additives for surface coating applications. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Younis
- Fire and Explosion Protection (FEP) Laboratory National Institute for Standards (NIS) Giza Egypt
| | - Abeer A. Faheim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Girl) Al‐Azhar University Cairo Egypt
| | - M.M. Elsawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Girl) Al‐Azhar University Cairo Egypt
| | - H. Abd El‐Wahab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys) Al‐Azhar University Cairo Egypt
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Qu L, Sui Y, Zhang C, Li P, Dai X, Xu B. Compatible cyclophosphazene-functionalized graphene hybrids to improve flame retardancy for epoxy nanocomposites. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ji S, Duan H, Chen Y, Guo D, Ma H. A novel phosphorus/nitrogen-containing liquid acrylate monomer endowing vinyl ester resin with excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Effects of DOPO-Grafted Epoxidized Soybean Oil on Fracture Toughness and Flame Retardant of Epoxy Resin/Rice Husk Silica Hybrid. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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