1
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Dingcong R, Ahalajal MAN, Mendija LCC, Ruda-Bayor RJG, Maravillas FP, Cavero AI, Cea EJC, Pantaleon KJM, Tejas KJGD, Limbaga EA, Dumancas GG, Malaluan RM, Lubguban AA. Valorization of Agricultural Rice Straw as a Sustainable Feedstock for Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foam Production. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13100-13111. [PMID: 38524426 PMCID: PMC10956088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural rice straw (RS), often discarded as waste in farmlands, represents a vast and underutilized resource. This study explores the valorization of RS as a potential feedstock for rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate foam (RPUF) production. The process begins with the liquefaction of RS to create an RS-based polyol, which is then used in a modified foam formulation to prepare RPUFs. The resulting RPUF samples were comprehensively characterized according to their physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The results demonstrated that up to 50% by weight of petroleum-based polyol can be substituted with RS-based polyol to produce a highly functional RPUF. The obtained foams exhibited a notably low apparent density of 18-24 kg/m3, exceptional thermal conductivity ranging from 0.031-0.041 W/m-K, and a high compressive strength exceeding 250 kPa. This study underlines the potential of the undervalued agricultural RS as a green alternative to petroleum-based feedstocks to produce a high-value RPUF. Additionally, the findings contribute to the sustainable utilization of abundant agricultural waste while offering an eco-friendly option for various applications, including construction materials and insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger
G. Dingcong
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Mary Ann N. Ahalajal
- Department
of Civil Engineering and Technology, Mindanao
State University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Leanne Christie C. Mendija
- Department
of Materials Resources Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University− Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Rosal Jane G. Ruda-Bayor
- Department
of Materials Resources Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University− Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Felrose P. Maravillas
- Department
of Civil Engineering and Technology, Mindanao
State University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- College
of Engineering, Capitol University, Cagayan de Oro City 9000, Philippines
| | - Applegen I. Cavero
- Department
of Civil Engineering and Technology, Mindanao
State University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- AC
Joyo Design and Technical Services, Davao City 8000, Philippines
| | - Evalyn Joy C. Cea
- Department
of Civil Engineering and Technology, Mindanao
State University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Kaye Junelle M. Pantaleon
- Department
of Materials Resources Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University− Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Kassandra Jayza Gift D. Tejas
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Edison A. Limbaga
- Department
of Materials Resources Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University− Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Gerard G. Dumancas
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18510, United States
| | - Roberto M. Malaluan
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Arnold A. Lubguban
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University − Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
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2
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Kosmela P, Sałasińska K, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Barczewski M, Piasecki A, Saeb MR, Hejna A. Fire-Retardant Flexible Foamed Polyurethane (PU)-Based Composites: Armed and Charmed Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:656. [PMID: 38475340 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inadequate fire resistance of polymers raises questions about their advanced applications. Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams have myriad applications but inherently suffer from very high flammability. Because of the dependency of the ultimate properties (mechanical and damping performance) of PU foams on their cellular structure, reinforcement of PU with additives brings about further concerns. Though they are highly flammable and known for their environmental consequences, rubber wastes are desired from a circularity standpoint, which can also improve the mechanical properties of PU foams. In this work, melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are used as well-known flame retardants (FRs) to develop highly fire-retardant ground tire rubber (GTR) particles for flexible PU foams. Analysis of the burning behavior of the resulting PU/GTR composites revealed that the armed GTR particles endowed PU with reduced flammability expressed by over 30% increase in limiting oxygen index, 50% drop in peak heat release rate, as well as reduced smoke generation. The Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was used to classify and label PU/GTR composites such that the amount of GTR was found to be more important than that of FR type. The wide range of FRI (0.94-7.56), taking Poor to Good performance labels, was indicative of the sensitivity of flame retardancy to the hybridization of FR with GTR components, a feature of practicality. The results are promising for fire protection requirements in buildings; however, the flammability reduction was achieved at the expense of mechanical and thermal insulation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
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3
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Li X, Liu C, An X, Niu L, Feng J, Liu Z. Bio-Based Alkali Lignin Cooperative Systems for Improving the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4709. [PMID: 38139960 PMCID: PMC10747791 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin was utilized as an environmentally friendly synergistic agent to augment the fire resistance and mechanical characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF)/melamine-formaldehyde resin ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The incorporation of lignin significantly enhanced the charring capability and flame retardancy of PUF/MFAPP. Specifically, PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 exhibited a charring residue of 23.1% at 800 °C, accompanied by an increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 23.1%, resulting in a UL-94 V-0 rating. The cone calorimeter test (CCT) revealed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) values of PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 were all lower than for pure PUF. MFAPP and alkali lignin exerted a noticeable influence on the physical and mechanical properties, leading to increases in density (35.4 kg/m3), thermal conductivity (32.68 mW/(m·K)), and compressive strength (160.5 kPa). Observations of the morphology and elemental composition of char residues after combustion indicated the formation of an intact, thick, and continuous char layer enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus elements, which acted as a protective shield for the underlying foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Xinyu An
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Li Niu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Jacko Feng
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Zhiming Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
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4
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Yuan Y, Lin W, Xiao Y, Yu B, Wang W. Advancements in Flame-Retardant Systems for Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Molecules 2023; 28:7549. [PMID: 38005271 PMCID: PMC10673599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The amplified employment of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has accentuated the importance of its flame-retardant properties in stimulating demand. Thus, a compelling research report is essential to scrutinize the recent progression in the field of the flame retardancy and smoke toxicity reduction of RPUF. This comprehensive analysis delves into the conventional and innovative trends in flame-retardant (FR) systems, comprising reactive-type FRs, additive-type FRs, inorganic nanoparticles, and protective coatings for flame resistance, and summarizes their impacts on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and smoke toxicity suppression of the resultant foams. Nevertheless, there are still several challenges that require attention, such as the migration of additives, the insufficient interfacial compatibility between flame-retardant polyols or flame retardants and the RPUF matrix, and the complexity of achieving both flame retardancy and mechanical properties simultaneously. Moreover, future research should focus on utilizing functionalized precursors and developing biodegradable RPUF to promote sustainability and to expand the applications of polyurethane foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Weiliang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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5
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Cherednichenko K, Kopitsyn D, Smirnov E, Nikolaev N, Fakhrullin R. Fireproof Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102314. [PMID: 37242889 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
First introduced in 1954, polyurethane foams rapidly became popular because of light weight, high chemical stability, and outstanding sound and thermal insulation properties. Currently, polyurethane foam is widely applied in industrial and household products. Despite tremendous progress in the development of various formulations of versatile foams, their use is hindered due to high flammability. Fire retardant additives can be introduced into polyurethane foams to enhance their fireproof properties. Nanoscale materials employed as fire-retardant components of polyurethane foams have the potential to overcome this problem. Here, we review the recent (last 5 years) progress that has been made in polyurethane foam modification using nanomaterials to enhance its flame retardance. Different groups of nanomaterials and approaches for incorporating them into foam structures are covered. Special attention is given to the synergetic effects of nanomaterials with other flame-retardant additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Cherednichenko
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kopitsyn
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Egor Smirnov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Nikolaev
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml Uramı 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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6
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Fabrication of Rigid Isocyanate-Based Polyimide Foam Achieved Excellent Use Safety via Synergy between Expandable Graphite and Phosphorus-Containing Polyol. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061381. [PMID: 36987162 PMCID: PMC10052713 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For the advantages of low cost, excellent thermal insulation, and sound absorption properties, the rigid isocyanate-based polyimide foam (RPIF) presents great application prospects as a building insulation material. However, its inflammability and the accompanying toxic fumes create huge safety hazard. In this paper, reactive phosphate-containing polyol (PPCP) is synthesized and employed with expandable graphite (EG) to obtain RPIF with excellent use safety. EG can be considered as an ideal partner for PPCP to weaken the drawbacks in toxic fume release. Limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test (CCT), and toxic gas results show that the combination of PPCP and EG can synergistically enhance flame retardancy and the use safety of RPIF owing to the unique structure of a dense char layer possessing a flame barrier and toxic gas adsorption effects. When EG and PPCP are simultaneously applied to the RPIF system, the higher EG dosage will bring higher positive synergistic effects in the use safety of RPIF. The most preferred ratio of EG and PPCP is 2:1 (RPIF-10-5) in this study; RPIF-10-5 shows the highest LOI, low CCT results and specific optical density of smoke, and low HCN concentration. This design and the findings are of great significance to improving the application of RPIF.
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7
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Zhang X, Xu C, Wang Z, Xie H. Fabrication of flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant rigid polyurethane foam modified by hydrolyzed keratin. INT POLYM PROC 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2022-4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has been fabricated and modified by hydrolyzed keratin to improve its flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Then, the limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter (CONE), thermogravimetric analyzer and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the modified RPUFs. It was found that the LOI of the modified RPUFs increased with the presence of hydrolyzed keratin. In addition, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the modified RPUF tended to decrease. The HRR of RPUF-HK5 reduced 28.8 kW/m2 compared with RPUF-0, and the THR of RPUF-HK5 was 0.74 MJ/m2 lower than that of RPUF-0. RPUF-HK5 had the most obvious smoke suppression effect. Compared with RPUF-0, the smoke density (Ds) and light transmittance (T) of RPUF-HK5 decreased by 8.88 and increased by 11.26%, respectively. The current research results showed that hydrolyzed keratin can improve the flame-retardant and smoke-suppression performances of RPUFs and that 5 wt% hydrolyzed keratin was the most suitable ratio for the modified RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Chen Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Hua Xie
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
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8
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Lu W, Zeng Z, He Z, Liang Y, Sun Y, Song S, Wang L, Liu R. A highly efficient melamine/red phosphorus flame retardant for polyurethane‐based foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co‐founded by Shandong Province and Ministry of Science and Technology Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co‐founded by Shandong Province and Ministry of Science and Technology Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhenglong He
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co‐founded by Shandong Province and Ministry of Science and Technology Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute China
| | - Yuntao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute China
| | - Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute China
| | - Shuanglin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute China
| | | | - Ruling Liu
- Yantai Derun Liquid Crystal Materials Co., Ltd Yantai China
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9
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Muhammed Raji A, Hambali HU, Khan ZI, Binti Mohamad Z, Azman H, Ogabi R. Emerging trends in flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its composites: A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the superior thermal insulating attributes of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) compared to other insulating materials (expanded and extruded polystyrene, mineral wool), it remains the most dominant insulating material and most studied polymer foam. Like other polyurethane foam, RPUF is highly flammable, necessitating the incorporation of flame retardants (FR) during production to lower combustibility, promoting its continuous use as insulation material in construction, transportation, and others. The popular approaches for correcting the high flammability of RPUF are copolymerization and blending (with FR). The second method has proven to be most effective as there are limited trade-offs in RPUF properties. Meanwhile, the high flammability of RPUF is still a significant hindrance in emerging applications (sensors, space travel, and others), and this has continuously inspired research in the flame retardancy of RPUF. In this study, properties, and preparation methods of RPUF are described, factors responsible for the high flammability of PUF are discussed, and flame retardancy of RPUF is thoroughly reviewed. Notably, most FR for RPUF are inorganic nanoparticles, lignin, intumescent FR systems of expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and hybridized APP or EG with other FR. These could be due to their ease of processing, low cost, and being environmentally benign. Elaborate discussion on RPUF FR mechanisms were also highlighted. Lastly, a summary and future perspectives in fireproofing RPUF are provided, which could inspire the design of new FR for RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hambali Umar Hambali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Zahid Iqbal Khan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Binti Mohamad
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Azman
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Raphael Ogabi
- INSA Center Val de Loire, University Orleans, Bourges, France
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10
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A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam from 1963 to 2021. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153011. [PMID: 35893975 PMCID: PMC9332328 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant science and technology are sciences developed to prevent the occurrence of fire, meet the needs of social safety production, and protect people's lives and property. Rigid polyurethane (PU) is a polymer formed by the additional polymerization reaction of a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups with a polyol containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups under a suitable catalyst and in an appropriate ratio. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a foam-like material with a large contact area with oxygen when burning, resulting in rapid combustion. At the same time, RPUF produces a lot of toxic gases when burning and endangers human health. Improving the flame-retardant properties of RPUF is an important theme in flame-retardant science and technology. This review discusses the development of flame-retardant RPUF through the lens of bibliometrics. A total of 194 articles are analyzed, spanning from 1963 to 2021. We describe the development and focus of this theme at different stages. The various directions of this theme are discussed through keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis. Finally, we provide reasonable perspectives about the future research direction of this theme based on the bibliometric results.
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11
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Potolinca VO, Oprea S. An insight on the effect of the hard segment domain on the thermo‐mechanical and surface properties of new piperazine‐based polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Otilia Potolinca
- Department of Polyaddition and Photochemistry “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
| | - Stefan Oprea
- Department of Polyaddition and Photochemistry “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
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12
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Han X, Guo Y, Cai H, Li X, Ding J, Zhao X, Zhou H, Guo W, Huang W, Zhao T. Synergistic effects of a half‐cage and cage structure phosphorus and nitrogen‐containing
POSS
with tetrabutyl titanate on flame retardancy of vinyl epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Xiang Li
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Jiangnan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Wantao Guo
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
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13
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Enhancement of fire performance for rigid polyurethane foam composites by incorporation of aluminum hypophosphite and expanded graphite. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Li D, Zhang Z, Wang S, Xu M, Li B. A monomolecular intumescent flame retardant for improvement simultaneously of fire safety, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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15
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Xu W, Zhong D, Chen R, Cheng Z, Qiao M. Boron phenolic resin/silica sol coating gives rigid polyurethane foam excellent and long‐lasting flame‐retardant properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- Bengbu Tianyu High Temperature Resin Material Co., Ltd Bengbu People's Republic of China
| | - Zihao Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
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16
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Wang H, Jiang P, Zhang P, Zhao H, Zhao M, Deng J, Cao Z. Synthesis of polyols containing nitrogen‐phosphorus from vegetable oil derivatives for polyurethane film applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Huihang Zhao
- Department for Engineering Technology Hebei Jingu Renewable Resources Development Co., Ltd. Shijiazhuang China
| | - Minzhong Zhao
- Department for Engineering Technology Hebei Jingu Renewable Resources Development Co., Ltd. Shijiazhuang China
| | - Jianneng Deng
- Research Center for Engineering Technology Jiangsu Baichuan High‐tech New Materials Co., Ltd. Nantong China
| | - Zhiliang Cao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology Jiangsu Baichuan High‐tech New Materials Co., Ltd. Nantong China
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17
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Han X, Zhang X, Guo Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhou H, Zhang S, Zhao T. Synergistic Effects of Ladder and Cage Structured Phosphorus-Containing POSS with Tetrabutyl Titanate on Flame Retardancy of Vinyl Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091363. [PMID: 33921920 PMCID: PMC8122454 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cage and ladder structured phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DOPO-POSS) have been synthesized through the hydrolytic condensation of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES). The unique ladder and cage–ladder structured components in DOPO-POSS endowed it with good solubility in vinyl epoxy resin (VE), and it was used with tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) to construct a phosphorus-silicon-titanium synergy system for the flame retardation of VE. Thermal stabilities, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the resultant VE composites were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), three-point bending tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement, and cone calorimetry. The experimental results showed that with the addition of only 4 wt% DOPO-POSS and 0.5 wt% TBT, the limiting oxygen index value (LOI) increased from 19.5 of pure VE to 24.2. With the addition of DOPO-POSS and TBT, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) were decreased significantly compared to VE-0. In addition, the VE composites showed improved thermal stabilities and mechanical properties comparable to that of the VE-0. The investigations on pyrolysis volatiles of cured VE further revealed that DOPO-POSS and TBT exerted flame retardant effects in gas phase. The results of char residue of the VE composites by SEM and XPS showed that TBT and DOPO-POSS can accelerate the char formation during the combustion, forming an interior char layer with the honeycomb cavity structure and dense exterior char layer, making the char strong with the formation of Si-O-Ti and Ti-O-P structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xianyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Songli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
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18
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Oliwa R, Ryszkowska J, Oleksy M, Auguścik-Królikowska M, Gzik M, Bartoń J, Budzik G. Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1801. [PMID: 33917343 PMCID: PMC8038687 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the type and amount of expandable graphite (EG) and blackcurrant pomace (BCP) on the flammability, thermal stability, mechanical properties, physical, and chemical structure of viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VEF). For this purpose, the polyurethane foams containing EG, BCP, and EG with BCP were obtained. The content of EG varied in the range of 3-15 per hundred polyols (php), while the BCP content was 30 php. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the additional introduction of BCPs into EG-containing composites allows for an additive effect in improving the functional properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams. As a result, the composite containing 30 php of BCP and 15 php of EG with the largest particle size and expanded volume shows the largest change in the studied parameters (hardness (H) = 2.65 kPa (+16.2%), limiting oxygen index (LOI) = 26% (+44.4%), and peak heat release rate (pHRR) = 15.5 kW/m2 (-87.4%)). In addition, this composite was characterized by the highest char yield (m600 = 17.9% (+44.1%)). In turn, the change in mechanical properties is related to a change in the physical and chemical structure of the foams as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Oliwa
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Mariusz Oleksy
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Monika Auguścik-Królikowska
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Gzik
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bartoń
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Budzik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, Poland;
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20
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Park SJ, Cho SH, Seo HW, Nam JD, Suhr J. Natural cork agglomerate enabled mechanically robust rigid polyurethane foams with outstanding viscoelastic damping properties. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Kim Y, Lee S, Yoon H. Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:540. [PMID: 33673106 PMCID: PMC7918670 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukyung Kim
- R&D Laboratory: Korea Fire Institute, 331 Jisam-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17088, Korea;
| | - Sanghyuck Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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22
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Vasiliauskienė D, Balčiūnas G, Boris R, Kairytė A, Kremensas A, Urbonavičius J. The Effect of Different Plant Oil Impregnation and Hardening Temperatures on Physical-Mechanical Properties of Modified Biocomposite Boards Made of Hemp Shives and Corn Starch. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225275. [PMID: 33233460 PMCID: PMC7700169 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, tung tree and linseed drying oils, as well as semi-drying hempseed oil, were analyzed as the protective coatings for biocomposite boards (BcB) made of hemp shives, corn starch binder, and the performance-enhancing additives. The hydrophobization coatings were formed at 40, 90, and 120 °C temperatures, respectively. The physical-mechanical properties such as the compressive strength, thermal conductivity, dimensional stability, water absorption, and swelling were tested. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for the analysis of the board microstructure to visualize the oil fills and impregnation in pores and voids. It was demonstrated that the compressive strength of oil-modified BcBs compared to uncoated BcBs (at 10% of relative deformation) increased by up to 4.5-fold and could reach up to 14 MPa, water absorption decreased up to 4-fold (from 1.34 to 0.37 kg/m2), swelling decreased up to 48% (from 8.20% to 4.26%), whereas the thermal conductivity remained unchanged with the thermal conductivity coefficient of around 0.085 W/m·K. Significant performance-enhancing properties were obtained due to the formation of a protective oil film when the tung tree oil was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovilė Vasiliauskienė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Giedrius Balčiūnas
- Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.B.); (R.B.); (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Renata Boris
- Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.B.); (R.B.); (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.B.); (R.B.); (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Arūnas Kremensas
- Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.B.); (R.B.); (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Jaunius Urbonavičius
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-52744840
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The Synergistic Effect of Ionic Liquid-Modified Expandable Graphite and Intumescent Flame-Retardant on Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13143095. [PMID: 32664380 PMCID: PMC7411720 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a nitrogen–phosphorus intumescent flame-retardant 3-(N-diphenyl phosphate) amino propyl triethoxy silane (DPES), the ionic liquid (IL) of 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazole phosphate, and a phosphorous-containing ionic liquid-modified expandable graphite (IL-EG), were synthesized, and their molecular structures were characterized. The flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were compounded with synergistic flame-retardant IL-EG/DPES to study the effects of the combination IL-EG and DPES on the pore structure, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition behavior and thermal decomposition mechanism of RPUF. The results showed that IL-EG/DPES had good thermal stability, and an excellent expansibility and char yield. The flame-retardant RPUF, modified with IL-EG and DPES at the ratio of 1:1, had a relatively uniform pore size, the highest compressive strength, and an excellent flame-retardant performance due to the form interwoven hydrogen bonds between IL-EG and DPES, as well as the new synergistic flame-retardant coating on the RPUF surface to restrict the transfer of gas or heat into the PU matrix.
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Kairytė A. Application of Walnut Shells-Derived Biopolyol in the Synthesis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2687. [PMID: 32545580 PMCID: PMC7345166 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam properties that were synthesized from walnut shells (WS)-based polyol. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that the liquefaction of walnut shells was successfully performed. The three types of polyurethane (PUR) foams were synthesized by replacement of 10, 20, and 30 wt% of a petrochemical polyol with WS-based polyol. The impact of WS-based polyol on the cellular morphology, mechanical, thermal, and insulating characteristics of PUR foams was examined. The produced PUR foams had apparent densities from 37 to 39 kg m-3, depending on the weight ratio of WS-based polyol. PUR foams that were obtained from WS-based polyol exhibited improved mechanical characteristics when compared with PUR foams that were derived from the petrochemical polyol. PUR foams produced from WS-based polyol showed compressive strength from 255 to 310 kPa, flexural strength from 420 to 458 kPa, and impact strength from 340 to 368 kPa. The foams that were produced from WS-based polyol exhibited less uniform cell structure than foams derived from the petrochemical polyol. The thermal conductivity of the PUR foams ranged between 0.026 and 0.032 W m-1K-1, depending on the concentration of WS-based polyol. The addition of WS-based polyol had no significant influence on the thermal degradation characteristics of PUR foams. The maximum temperature of thermal decomposition was observed for PUR foams with the highest loading of WS-based polyol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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25
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Pospiech P, Strzelec K. Effects of Chemically Treated Eucalyptus Fibers on Mechanical, Thermal and Insulating Properties of Polyurethane Composite Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071781. [PMID: 32290106 PMCID: PMC7179037 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams were prepared by incorporating 2 wt% of eucalyptus fibers. The eucalyptus fibers were surface-modified by maleic anhydride, alkali, and silane (triphenylsilanol) treatment. The impact of the modified eucalyptus fibers on the mechanical, thermal, and fire performances of polyurethane foams was analyzed. It was observed that the addition of eucalyptus fibers showed improved mechanical and thermal properties and the best properties were shown by silane-treated fibers with a compressive strength of 312 kPa and a flexural strength of 432 kPa. Moreover, the thermal stability values showed the lowest decline for polyurethane foams modified with the silane-treated fibers, due to the better thermal stability of such modified fibers. Furthermore, the flame resistance of polyurethane foams modified with the silane-treated fibers was also the best among the studied composites. A cone calorimetry test showed a decrease in the peak of heat release from 245 to 110 kW∙m−2 by the incorporation of silane-treated fibers. Furthermore, total heat release and total smoke release were also found to decrease remarkably upon the incorporation of silane-treated fibers. The value of limiting oxygen index was increased from 20.2% to 22.1%. Char residue was also found to be increased from 24.4% to 28.3%. It can be concluded that the application of chemically modified eucalyptus fibers has great potential as an additive to incorporate good mechanical, thermal, and fire properties in rigid polyurethane foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Piotr Pospiech
- Centre of Papermaking and Printing, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 223, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
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