1
|
Yang J, Song X, Chen D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Shi J. The improvement of flame retardancy and compatibility of PBAT/PLLA via a hybrid polyurethane. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133057. [PMID: 38866295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly (L-lactic acid) (PBAT/PLLA) is one of the most important biodegradable polymer combinations; however, they are flammable with heavy melt dripping and incompatible. To achieve the objective of flame retardation and compatibility, a hybrid polyurethane (PU) with multiple flame retardation elements is synthesized via a new ring-opening polymerization (ROP) method and integrated into PBAT/PLLA film. The PU not only dissolves in different organic solvents at mild temperature but also improves the compatibility of PBAT/PLLA. As PU with respect to PBAT/PLLA is 20 wt%, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 reach 25.5 % and V-0 rating, respectively. In cone calorimeter test, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of PU/PBAT/PLLA is ahead of PBAT/PLLA, and the total heat release (THR) decreases to 25.85 MJ/m2. The fire safety is achieved successfully. The initial pyrolysis of PU promotes the formation of a seed carbon layer; it continuously breaks down into a series of phosphorus‑oxygen radicals and generates different inert gases, while the pyrolytic solid products accelerate the carbonization to form the carbon/silicon composite layer. Then the polymeric combustion is braked completely. Besides, the PU can also tune the mechanical properties of PBAT/PLLA film and enhance its hydrophobicity. This work opens a new window for developing multifunctional flame retardant and paves the way for the richening engineering application of PBAT/PLLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, China; Jiangxi Center of Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, China.
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Jiangxi Center of Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, China
| | - Yanhe Wang
- Jiangxi Center of Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, China
| | - Jianguo Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Hou L, Liu Y, Yao Z, Liang L, Tian D, Liu C, Xue J, Zhan L, Liu Y, Zhen Z, Niu K. Balanced Thermal Insulation, Flame-Retardant and Mechanical Properties of PU Foam Constructed via Cost-Effective EG/APP/SA Ternary Synergistic Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:330. [PMID: 38337219 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To address the challenge of balancing the mechanical, thermal insulation, and flame-retardant properties of building insulation materials, this study presented a facile approach to modify the rigid polyurethane foam composites (RPUFs) via commercial expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and silica aerogel (SA). The resulting EG/APP/SA/RPUFs exhibited low thermal conductivity close to neat RPUF. However, the compressive strength of the 6EG/2APP/SA/RPUF increased by 49% along with achieving a V-0 flame retardant rating. The residual weight at 700 °C increased from 19.2 wt.% to 30.9 wt.%. Results from cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed a 9.2% reduction in total heat release (THR) and a 17.5% decrease in total smoke production (TSP). The synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of APP/EG made significant contribution to the excellent flame retardant properties of EG/APP/SA/RPUFs. The addition of SA played a vital role in reducing thermal conductivity and enhancing mechanical performance, effectively compensating for the shortcomings of APP/EG. The cost-effective EG/APP/SA system demonstrates a positive ternary synergistic effect in achieving a balance in RPUFs properties. This study provides a novel strategy aimed at developing affordable building wall insulation material with enhanced safety features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Longtao Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Zhiyu Yao
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Lixing Liang
- Microelectronics and Information Materials Research Center, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Dangxin Tian
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Junqiang Xue
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Linshan Zhan
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Zhilu Zhen
- Hebei Construction Group Corporation Limited, Baoding 071051, China
- Hebei Province Prefabricated Building Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Kangmin Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Liu C, An X, Niu L, Feng J, Liu Z. Bio-Based Alkali Lignin Cooperative Systems for Improving the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4709. [PMID: 38139960 PMCID: PMC10747791 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin was utilized as an environmentally friendly synergistic agent to augment the fire resistance and mechanical characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF)/melamine-formaldehyde resin ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The incorporation of lignin significantly enhanced the charring capability and flame retardancy of PUF/MFAPP. Specifically, PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 exhibited a charring residue of 23.1% at 800 °C, accompanied by an increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 23.1%, resulting in a UL-94 V-0 rating. The cone calorimeter test (CCT) revealed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) values of PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 were all lower than for pure PUF. MFAPP and alkali lignin exerted a noticeable influence on the physical and mechanical properties, leading to increases in density (35.4 kg/m3), thermal conductivity (32.68 mW/(m·K)), and compressive strength (160.5 kPa). Observations of the morphology and elemental composition of char residues after combustion indicated the formation of an intact, thick, and continuous char layer enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus elements, which acted as a protective shield for the underlying foam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Xinyu An
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Li Niu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Jacko Feng
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Zhiming Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan Y, Lin W, Xiao Y, Yu B, Wang W. Advancements in Flame-Retardant Systems for Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Molecules 2023; 28:7549. [PMID: 38005271 PMCID: PMC10673599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The amplified employment of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has accentuated the importance of its flame-retardant properties in stimulating demand. Thus, a compelling research report is essential to scrutinize the recent progression in the field of the flame retardancy and smoke toxicity reduction of RPUF. This comprehensive analysis delves into the conventional and innovative trends in flame-retardant (FR) systems, comprising reactive-type FRs, additive-type FRs, inorganic nanoparticles, and protective coatings for flame resistance, and summarizes their impacts on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and smoke toxicity suppression of the resultant foams. Nevertheless, there are still several challenges that require attention, such as the migration of additives, the insufficient interfacial compatibility between flame-retardant polyols or flame retardants and the RPUF matrix, and the complexity of achieving both flame retardancy and mechanical properties simultaneously. Moreover, future research should focus on utilizing functionalized precursors and developing biodegradable RPUF to promote sustainability and to expand the applications of polyurethane foam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Weiliang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cherednichenko K, Kopitsyn D, Smirnov E, Nikolaev N, Fakhrullin R. Fireproof Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102314. [PMID: 37242889 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
First introduced in 1954, polyurethane foams rapidly became popular because of light weight, high chemical stability, and outstanding sound and thermal insulation properties. Currently, polyurethane foam is widely applied in industrial and household products. Despite tremendous progress in the development of various formulations of versatile foams, their use is hindered due to high flammability. Fire retardant additives can be introduced into polyurethane foams to enhance their fireproof properties. Nanoscale materials employed as fire-retardant components of polyurethane foams have the potential to overcome this problem. Here, we review the recent (last 5 years) progress that has been made in polyurethane foam modification using nanomaterials to enhance its flame retardance. Different groups of nanomaterials and approaches for incorporating them into foam structures are covered. Special attention is given to the synergetic effects of nanomaterials with other flame-retardant additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Cherednichenko
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kopitsyn
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Egor Smirnov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Nikolaev
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml Uramı 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao S, Xu B, Shan H, Zhang Q, Wang X. How Do Phosphorus Compounds with Different Valence States Affect the Flame Retardancy of PET? Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081917. [PMID: 37112063 PMCID: PMC10146855 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of different valence states of phosphorus-containing compounds on thermal decomposition and flame retardancy of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Three polyphosphates-PBPP with +3-valence P, PBDP with +5-valence P and PBPDP with both +3/+5-valence P-were synthesized. The combustion behaviors of flame-retardant PET were studied and the structure-property relationships between the phosphorus-based structures with different valence states and flame-retardant properties were further explored. It was found that phosphorus valence states significantly affected the flame-retardant modes of action of polyphosphate in PET. For the phosphorus structures with +3-valence, more phosphorus-containing fragments were released in the gas phase, inhibiting polymer chain decomposition reactions; by contrast, those with +5-valence phosphorus retained more P in the condensed phase, promoting the formation of more P-rich char layers. It is worth noting that the polyphosphate containing both +3/+5-valence phosphorous tended to combine the advantage of phosphorus structures with two valence states and balance the flame-retardant effect in the gas phase and condensed phase. These results contribute to guiding the design of specified phosphorus-based structures of flame-retardant compounds in polymer materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hao Shan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qinglei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Design of P-decorated POSS towards flame-retardant, mechanically-strong, tough and transparent epoxy resins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:864-876. [PMID: 36907147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins (EPs) are known for their durability, strength, and adhesive properties, which make them a versatile and popular material for use in a variety of applications, including chemical anticorrosion, small electronic devices, etc. However, EP is highly flammable due to its chemical nature. In this study, phosphorus-containing organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardant (APOP) was synthesized by introducing 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10‑phosphaphenathrene (DOPO) into cage-like octaminopropyl silsesquioxane (OA-POSS) via Schiff base reaction. The improved flame retardancy of EP was achieved by combining the physical barrier of inorganic Si-O-Si with the flame-retardant capability of phosphaphenanthrene. EP composites containing 3 wt% APOP passed the V-1 rating with a value of LOI of 30.1% and showed an apparent reduction in smoke release. Additionally, the combination of the inorganic structure and the flexible aliphatic segment in the hybrid flame retardant provides EP with molecular reinforcement, while the abundance of amino groups facilitates a good interface compatibility and outstanding transparency. Accordingly, EP containing 3 wt% APOP increased in tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength by 66.0 %, 78.6 %, and 32.3 %, respectively. The EP/APOP composites had a bending angle lower than 90°, and their successful transition to a tough material highlights the potential of this innovative combination of the inorganic structure and the flexible aliphatic segment. In addition, the relevant flame-retardant mechanism revealed that the APOP promoted the formation of a hybrid char layer containing P/N/Si for EP and produced phosphorus-containing fragments during combustion, showing flame-retardant effects in both condensed and vapor phases. This research offers innovative solutions for reconciling flame retardancy & mechanical performances and strength & toughness for polymers.
Collapse
|
8
|
Qian X, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang H, Yan S. Combining inherent and additive phosphorus-containing flame retardants for enhancing flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects on polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
|
9
|
Wu J, Zhang X, Qin Z, Zhang W, Yang R. Inorganic/organic phosphorus‐based flame retardants synergistic flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazi Wu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolu Qin
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boumdouha N, Duchet-Rumeau J, Gerard JF, Tria DE, Oukara A. Research on the Dynamic Response Properties of Nonlethal Projectiles for Injury Risk Assessment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47129-47147. [PMID: 36570218 PMCID: PMC9773345 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Based on the models already on the market, we have manufactured six types of nonlethal projectiles. We have made convex heads out of polyurethane foam (PUR) filled with mineral fillers like alumina (Al2O3) and montmorillonite (MMT). We chose a suitable holder for nonlethal projectiles. Also, we made a custom industrial model and used CAD modeling in SolidWorks to simulate the deformation of the nonlethal projectiles. The polymeric nonlethal projectile holders were then 3D-printed. We performed a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and discussed the results. Likewise, we conducted ballistic impact experiments on nonlethal projectiles (XM1006) and nonlethal projectiles manufactured that were evaluated using a rigid wall and a pneumatic launcher. Furthermore, we looked at cell structure, the spread of the mean pore diameter, and the particle size distributions of the mineral fillers using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We evaluated and discussed injury risks from nonlethal impacts. Data on nonlethal projectile lethality and safe impact speed are collected. This study explains how lab studies and real-world practice coexist through nonlethal projectile properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Boumdouha
- UMR
CNRS 5223 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, 20, Avenue Albert Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire
Dynamique des Systèmes Mécaniques, École Militaire Polytechnique, BP17 Bordj El-Bahri, 16046 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jannick Duchet-Rumeau
- UMR
CNRS 5223 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, 20, Avenue Albert Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-François Gerard
- UMR
CNRS 5223 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, 20, Avenue Albert Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Djalel Eddine Tria
- Laboratoire
Dynamique des Systèmes Mécaniques, École Militaire Polytechnique, BP17 Bordj El-Bahri, 16046 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amar Oukara
- Laboratoire
Dynamique des Systèmes Mécaniques, École Militaire Polytechnique, BP17 Bordj El-Bahri, 16046 Algiers, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cui Z, Chen Y, Meng D, Wang S, Sun T, Sun J, Li H, Gu X, Zhang S. Reactive flame-retardants prepared by transesterification between erythritol and dimethyl methyl phosphonate for rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
12
|
Muhammed Raji A, Hambali HU, Khan ZI, Binti Mohamad Z, Azman H, Ogabi R. Emerging trends in flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its composites: A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the superior thermal insulating attributes of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) compared to other insulating materials (expanded and extruded polystyrene, mineral wool), it remains the most dominant insulating material and most studied polymer foam. Like other polyurethane foam, RPUF is highly flammable, necessitating the incorporation of flame retardants (FR) during production to lower combustibility, promoting its continuous use as insulation material in construction, transportation, and others. The popular approaches for correcting the high flammability of RPUF are copolymerization and blending (with FR). The second method has proven to be most effective as there are limited trade-offs in RPUF properties. Meanwhile, the high flammability of RPUF is still a significant hindrance in emerging applications (sensors, space travel, and others), and this has continuously inspired research in the flame retardancy of RPUF. In this study, properties, and preparation methods of RPUF are described, factors responsible for the high flammability of PUF are discussed, and flame retardancy of RPUF is thoroughly reviewed. Notably, most FR for RPUF are inorganic nanoparticles, lignin, intumescent FR systems of expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and hybridized APP or EG with other FR. These could be due to their ease of processing, low cost, and being environmentally benign. Elaborate discussion on RPUF FR mechanisms were also highlighted. Lastly, a summary and future perspectives in fireproofing RPUF are provided, which could inspire the design of new FR for RPUF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hambali Umar Hambali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Zahid Iqbal Khan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Binti Mohamad
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Azman
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Raphael Ogabi
- INSA Center Val de Loire, University Orleans, Bourges, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Soykan U, Khaleel M, Cetin S, Yahsi U, Tav C. Investigation of the relation between free volume and physico-mechanical performance in rigid polyurethane foam containing turkey feather fibers: Part 2. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were modified with 0–15 wt.% turkey feather fibers (TFFs) produced from waste turkey feathers. One-shut free rising method was used for the production of TFFs-filled-RPUFs in a closed mold. The dependence of mechanical performance and water vapor permeability (WVP) feature of the final foams on TFFs loading was evaluated with free volume change. The free volume analysis was performed via Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS), while the mechanical and WVP characteristics were determined with the use of the universal tester machines. PALS findings showed that the incorporation of TFFs with RPUF matrix caused the considerable diminishment in the free volume due to TFFs serving as a filling material and formation of strong secondary bonds between components. Moreover, tensile strength and extension of the foams decreased with the increasing of TFFs, which caused by the occurrence of noteworthy restriction on the spatial alignment and orientation capability of polyurethane chains due to the lack of sufficient free volume allowing the chains to move freely. As for the compression tests, all the TFFs-loaded RPUFs depicted substantially lower performance due to TFFs interfering with the ordered organization of isocyanate domains. Moreover, impact test results showed that the addition of TFFs into RPUF matrix brought about the insufficient impact energy delocalization throughout the matrix due to the restriction on the mobility of polymer chains. Additionally, the remarkable diminishment in WVP was recorded due to the reduction in the number of vacancies and constitution of keratin composed of roundly 60% of hydrophilic protein (especially cystine). All in all, this study established a strong links between free volume and characteristics of TFFs-loaded RPUFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Soykan
- Yenicaga Yasar Celik Vocational School, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Khaleel
- Departmant of Chemistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sedat Cetin
- Departmant of Chemistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ugur Yahsi
- Deparmant of Physics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cumali Tav
- Deparmant of Physics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thermal Insulating Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Bio-Polyol from Rapeseed Oil Modified by Phosphorus Additive and Reactive Flame Retardants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012386. [PMID: 36293244 PMCID: PMC9604392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, rigid polyurethane foams obtained with the addition of a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil, were modified with the dimethyl propane phosphonate as additive flame retardant and two reactive flame retardants diethyl (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate and diethyl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-aminomethylphosphonate. The influence of used flame retardants on the foaming process and characteristic processing times of tested polyurethane systems were determined. The obtained foams were tested in terms of cell structure, physical and mechanical properties, as well as flammability. Modified foams had worse mechanical and thermal insulation properties, caused by lower cellular density and higher anisotropy coefficient in the cross-section parallel to the foam rise direction, compared to unmodified foam. However, the thermal conductivity of all tested foam materials was lower than 25.82 mW/m∙K. The applied modifiers effectively reduced the flammability of rigid polyurethane foams, among others, increasing the oxygen index above 21.4 vol.%, reducing the total heat released by about 41-51% and the rate of heat release by about 2-52%. A correlation between the limiting oxygen index values and both total heat released parameters from the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and cone calorimetry was observed. The correlation was also visible between the value of the heat release capacity (HRC) parameter obtained from the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) from the cone calorimeter test.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang R, Gu G, Li M, Li J. Preparation of flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foam with bio‐based phosphorus‐containing polyols and expandable graphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Guozhang Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Jinchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A Phosphorous-Based Bi-Functional Flame Retardant Based on Phosphaphenanthrene and Aluminum Hypophosphite for an Epoxy Thermoset. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911256. [PMID: 36232556 PMCID: PMC9569656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A phosphorous-based bi-functional compound HPDAl was used as a reactive-type flame retardant (FR) in an epoxy thermoset (EP) aiming to improve the flame retardant efficiency of phosphorus-based compounds. HPDAl, consisting of two different P-groups of aluminum phosphinate (AHP) and phosphophenanthrene (DOPO) with different phosphorous chemical environments and thus exerting different FR actions, exhibited an intramolecular P-P groups synergy and possessed superior flame-retardant efficiency compared with DOPO or AHP alone or the physical combination of DOPO/AHP in EP. Adding 2 wt.% HPDAl made EP composites acquire a LOI value of 32.3%, pass a UL94 V-0 rating with a blowing-out effect, and exhibit a decrease in the heat/smoke release. The flame retardant modes of action of HPDAl were confirmed by the experiments of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-GC/MS). The results indicate that the phosphorous-based FRs show different influences on the flame retardancy of composites, mainly depending on their chemical structures. HPDAl had a flame inhibition effect in the gas phase and a charring effect in the condensed phase, with a well-balanced distribution of P content in the gas/condensed phase. Furthermore, the addition of HPDAl hardly impaired the mechanical properties of the matrix due to the link by chemical bonds between them.
Collapse
|
17
|
Oraby H, Tantawy HR, Correa-Duarte MA, Darwish M, Elsaidy A, Naeem I, Senna MH. Tuning Electro-Magnetic Interference Shielding Efficiency of Customized Polyurethane Composite Foams Taking Advantage of rGO/Fe 3O 4 Hybrid Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2805. [PMID: 36014670 PMCID: PMC9415845 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) has been recognized as a new sort of pollution and can be considered as the direct interference of electromagnetic waves among electronic equipment that frequently affects their typical efficiency. As a result, shielding the electronics from this interfering radiation has been addressed as critical issue of great interest. In this study, different hybrid nanocomposites consisting of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as (conductive/magnetic) fillers, taking into account different rGO mass ratios, were synthesized and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM and their magnetic properties were assessed via VSM. The acquired fillers were encapsulated in the polyurethane foam matrix with different loading percentages (wt%) to evaluate their role in EMI shielding. Moreover, their structure, morphology, and thermal stability were investigated by SEM, FTIR, and TGA, respectively. In addition, the impact of filler loading on their final mechanical properties was determined. The obtained results revealed that the Fe3O4@rGO composites displayed superparamagnetic behavior and acceptable electrical conductivity value. The performance assessment of the conducting Fe3O4@rGO/PU composite foams in EMI shielding efficiency (SE) was investigated at the X-band (8-12) GHz, and interestingly, an optimized value of SE -33 dBw was achieved with Fe3O4@rGO at a 80:20 wt% ratio and 35 wt% filler loading in the final effective PU matrix. Thus, this study sheds light on a novel optimization strategy for electromagnetic shielding, taking into account conducting new materials with variable filler loading, composition ratio, and mechanical properties in such a way as to open the door for achieving a remarkable SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Oraby
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Technical College, Cairo 1111, Egypt
| | - Hesham Ramzy Tantawy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Technical College, Cairo 1111, Egypt
| | | | - Mohammad Darwish
- Department of Radar, Military Technical College, Cairo 4393010, Egypt
| | - Amir Elsaidy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Technical College, Cairo 1111, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Naeem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Technical College, Cairo 1111, Egypt
| | - Magdy H. Senna
- Radiation Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 11762, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Akdogan E, Erdem M. Environmentally-benign rigid polyurethane foam produced from a reactive and phosphorus-functionalized biopolyol: Assessment of physicomechanical and flame-retardant properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Liang S, Liu J, Guo Y, Luo J, Liu H, Peng S. Role of expandable graphite on flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and acid resistance of polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shitong Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Jichun Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Yiming Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Shuge Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Waste Resource Utilization Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co‐construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non‐ferrous Metal New Materials and Advanced Processing Technology Luoyang China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam from 1963 to 2021. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153011. [PMID: 35893975 PMCID: PMC9332328 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant science and technology are sciences developed to prevent the occurrence of fire, meet the needs of social safety production, and protect people's lives and property. Rigid polyurethane (PU) is a polymer formed by the additional polymerization reaction of a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups with a polyol containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups under a suitable catalyst and in an appropriate ratio. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a foam-like material with a large contact area with oxygen when burning, resulting in rapid combustion. At the same time, RPUF produces a lot of toxic gases when burning and endangers human health. Improving the flame-retardant properties of RPUF is an important theme in flame-retardant science and technology. This review discusses the development of flame-retardant RPUF through the lens of bibliometrics. A total of 194 articles are analyzed, spanning from 1963 to 2021. We describe the development and focus of this theme at different stages. The various directions of this theme are discussed through keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis. Finally, we provide reasonable perspectives about the future research direction of this theme based on the bibliometric results.
Collapse
|
21
|
He Z, Jia D, Wang L, Gao A, zeng Z, Wang X. Highly dispersed red phosphorus produced by mechanical milling for enhanced flame retardancy of polyurethane-based foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
22
|
Chen X, Wang B, Hao Z, Tan G, Selim MS, Yu J, Huang Y. Synergistic Effect of Multifunctional Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Hybrids and Modified Phosphagen with an Active Amino Group for Enhancing the Smoke Suppression and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21714-21726. [PMID: 35785288 PMCID: PMC9245116 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To improve the fire hazard of epoxy resin (EP), phosphomolybdate (PMoA), as a classical Keggin cluster, was successfully intercalated into Mg, Al, and Zn layered double hydrotalcite (LDH) by the reconstruction method, and it was denoted as MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA. The structure and morphology of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, hexa(4-aminophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (HACP) was prepared and characterized as a high-performance organic flame retardant, which is rich in flame elements phosphorus and nitrogen. The synergistic effects of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP on the fire safety of EP composites loaded with different amounts of flame retardant hybrids were studied in detail. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the char residue of these EP composites increased significantly. Compared with the EP matrix filled with only MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA or HACP, the incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP had a synergistic effect on promoting char formation of EP composites. Particularly, the char yield of EP7 is as high as 29.0%. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA with HACP were investigated using the cone calorimeter combustion tests. The results showed that the total heat release and peak heat release rate of the EP composites remarkably declined by 35.2 and 50.9%, respectively, with a loading of 7 wt % hybrid flame retardant. Moreover, the hybrid flame retardants also showed an obvious inhibitory effect on the total smoke production and the release of toxic CO gas. The detailed analysis of the residual char indicated that the main mechanism for improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance is due to both the catalytic carbonization of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and phosphoric acid compounds and physical barrier function of the char layer. In addition, the molybdenum oxides produced from [PMo12O40]3- during combustion can not only increase the yield and compactness of the char layer but also reduce the release of CO through a redox reaction, which has important application value to reduce the fire hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Hao
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guizhen Tan
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mohamed S. Selim
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Petroleum
Application Department, Egyptian Petroleum
Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jian Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingmin Huang
- Guangzhou
Panyu Cable Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gao Z, Xie J, Huang H, Miao Z. Preparation and thermal properties of a novel
DOPO
‐based Schiff base derivative as a flame retardant for polystyrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Gao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Juan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low‐ and Medium‐grade Phosphate Ore and Its Associated Resources, Wengfu Group Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Hong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low‐ and Medium‐grade Phosphate Ore and Its Associated Resources, Wengfu Group Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Zhiwei Miao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low‐ and Medium‐grade Phosphate Ore and Its Associated Resources, Wengfu Group Guiyang Guizhou China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Multi‐element heterocyclic compound derived from
DOPO
and thiadiazole toward flame‐retardant epoxy resin with satisfactory mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
26
|
He T, Chen F, Zhu W, Yan N. Functionalized lignin nanoparticles for producing mechanically strong and tough flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1339-1351. [PMID: 35460757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong interest in developing environmentally friendly synthesis approaches for making polyurethane elastomers (PUE) with desirable mechanical performance and flame retardancy suitable for a variety of applications. Hence, in this study, a novel nano functionalized lignin nanoparticle (Nano-FL) containing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) moieties was developed via mild grafting reactions combined with the ultrasound method. The Nano-FL incorporated in the PUE acted as both crosslinking agents and flame retardants. The novel Nano-FL showed good compatibility and dispersibility in the PUE matrix, thereby overcoming the weakening effect of adding traditional lignin flame retardants on the mechanical properties of the PUE materials. PUE/Nano-FL exhibited strong tensile properties. Compared with control neat PUE, with 10 wt% of Nano-FL addition, the PUE attained a limiting oxygen index as high as 29.8% and it also passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. Furthermore, Cone Calorimetry Test (CCT) showed that the addition of Nano-FL not only reduced the heat release rate and the total heat release but also decreased the total smoke production rate during combustion. The char residues of PUEs with Nano-FL showed a high oxidation resistance with dense and continuous structural morphologies. The combined barrier and quenching effects of the char layer provided excellent flame retardancy performance. The novel Nano-FL developed in this study showed excellent promises as green functional additives for enhancing mechanical, thermal and flame retardancy performance of a wide range of polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian He
- State Key Laboratory of Pulping and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Fangeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulping and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China.
| | - Wenxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulping and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu B, Zhao S, Shan H, Qian L, Wang J, Xin F. Effect of two boron compounds on smoke suppression and flame retardant properties for rigid polyurethane foams. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Siheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Hao Shan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Fei Xin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Enhancement of fire performance for rigid polyurethane foam composites by incorporation of aluminum hypophosphite and expanded graphite. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
29
|
Liu X, Sui Y, Guo P, Chen R, Mu J. A flame retardant containing biomass-based polydopamine for high-performance rigid polyurethane foam. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An inorganic/polymer flame retardant system constructed from biomass can improve the comprehensive properties of rigid polyurethane foam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - Pengyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Mu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Qian X, Liu Q, Zhang L, Li H, Liu J, Yan S. Synthesis of Reactive DOPO-Based Flame Retardant and Its Application in Rigid Polyisocyanurate-Polyurethane Foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Zemła M, Prociak A, Michałowski S. Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010102. [PMID: 35012126 PMCID: PMC8747242 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPURF) containing a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil and different phosphorus-based flame retardants were obtained. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), dimethyl propane phosphonate (DMPP) and cyclic phosphonates Addforce CT 901 (20 parts per hundred polyol by weight) were used in the synthesis of RPURF. The influence of used flame retardants on foaming process, cell structure, and physical-mechanical properties as well as flammability of RPURF were examined. The addition of flame retardants influenced the parameters of the cellular structure and decreased compressive strength. All obtained foam materials had a low thermal conductivity coefficient, which allows them to be used as thermal insulation. The research results of bio-based RPURF were compared with foams obtained without bio-polyol. All modified materials had an oxygen index above 21 vol%; therefore, they can be classified as self-extinguishing materials. The analysis of parameters obtained after the cone calorimeter test showed that the modified RPURF have a lower tendency to fire development compared to the reference foams, which was particularly noticeable for the materials with the addition of DMPP.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gong Q, Qin L, Yang L, Liang K, Wang N. Effect of flame retardants on mechanical and thermal properties of bio-based polyurethane rigid foams. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30860-30872. [PMID: 35498937 PMCID: PMC9041321 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05519d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A soy oil-based polyol (HSBP) was synthesized from epoxidized soy oil through a ring-opening reaction with distilled water. A phosphorus-containing flame retardant (DOPO–HSBP) was synthesized through the reaction of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and HSBP. A nitrogen-containing flame retardant (T–D) was prepared by the reaction of diethanolamine with glycol diglycidyl ether. The structures of HSBP, DOPO–HSBP, and T–D were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (PPUFs and NPUFs) was prepared successfully by mixing HSBP, DOPO–HSBP, and T–D. The effects of DOPO–HSBP content on the mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of PPUFs and NPUFs were investigated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL-94 vertical burning level. The morphology of PPUFs and NPUFs was studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With the increase in the percentage of DOPO–HSBP added, the flame retardant property of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) was greatly improved. When the phosphorus-containing flame retardant DOPO–HSBP was added to 50% of the RPUF with the nitrogen-containing flame retardant T–D, the LOI value of the foam increased from 18.3 to 25.5, and the UL-94 result was classified as “V-0” with almost no effect on the mechanical properties of the RPUF. The results showed that the phosphorus and nitrogen synergistic flame retardants of DOPO–HSBP and T–D can endow excellent flame retardant properties to RPUF without affecting its mechanical properties. A vegetable oil-based polyurethane rigid foam containing a phosphorus–nitrogen dualflame retardant system was prepared, and the foam exhibited not only excellent flame retardant properties but also good mechanical properties.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Liangyu Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Liangmin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Keke Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Niangui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang Y, Dai Z, Liu M, Jiang H, Fan C, Wang B, Tang G, Wang H. Flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam composites based on microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and microencapsulated expanded graphite. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1920333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Mengru Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Haohao Jiang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Chuangang Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Huatian Engineering & Technology Corporation MCC, Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection Research Institute, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vasiljević J, Štular D, Kalčíková G, Zajc J, Šobak M, Demšar A, Tomšič B, Simončič B, Čolović M, Šelih VS, Jerman I. New Insights into Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties, Cytotoxicity and Aquatic Ecotoxicity of Flame Retardant PA6/DOPO-Derivative Nanocomposite Textile Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:905. [PMID: 33804277 PMCID: PMC7998799 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, leaching, and ecotoxicity of novel flame retardant polyamide 6 (PA6) textile fibers developed by our research group. The textile fibers were produced by the incorporation of flame-retardant bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative (PHED) in the PA6 matrix during the in situ polymerization process at concentrations equal to 10 and 15 wt% (PA6/10PHED and PA6/15PHED, respectively). Whilst the nanodispersed PHED provided highly efficient flame retardancy, its biological activity led to excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as excellent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The results confirmed leaching of the PHED, but the tested leachates did not cause any measurable toxic effect to the duckweed Lemna minor. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the leached PHED from the PA6/15PHED sample was confirmed for human cells from adipose tissue in direct and prolonged contact. The targeted biological activity of the organophosphinate flame retardant could be beneficial for the development of PA6 textile materials with multifunctional properties and the low ecotoxicity profile, while the PHED's leaching and cytotoxicity limit their application involving the washing processes and direct contact with the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vasiljević
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (B.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Danaja Štular
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (M.Č.); (V.S.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Gabriela Kalčíková
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Janja Zajc
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Matic Šobak
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (M.Č.); (V.S.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Andrej Demšar
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (B.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Brigita Tomšič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (B.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Simončič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (B.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Marija Čolović
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (M.Č.); (V.S.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Vid Simon Šelih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (M.Č.); (V.S.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (M.Č.); (V.S.Š.); (I.J.)
| |
Collapse
|