1
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Lincoln ZS, Iluc VM. Iron Olefin Metathesis: Unlocking Reactivity and Mechanistic Insights. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38889011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Olefin metathesis catalyzed by iron complexes has garnered substantial interest due to iron's abundance and nontoxicity relative to ruthenium, yet its full potential remains untapped, largely because of the propensity of iron carbenes to undergo cyclopropanation instead of cycloreversion from a metallacycle intermediate. In this report, we elucidate the reactions of [{PC(sp2)P}Fe(L)(N2)], ([PC(sp2)P] = bis[2-(diisopropylphosphino)phenyl]methylene) with strained olefins, unveiling their capability to yield metathesis-related products. Our investigations led to the isolation of a structurally characterized metallacyclobutane during the reaction with norbornadiene derivatives, ultimately leading to a ring-opened iron alkylidene. These findings provide compelling evidence that iron complexes adhere to the Chauvin olefin metathesis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Vlad M Iluc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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2
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Clarke BR, Witt CL, Ilton M, Crosby AJ, Watkins JJ, Tew GN. Bottlebrush Networks: A Primer for Advanced Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318220. [PMID: 38588310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Bottlebrush networks (BBNs) are an exciting new class of materials with interesting physical properties derived from their unique architecture. While great strides have been made in our fundamental understanding of bottlebrush polymers and networks, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary for the field to accelerate advancements. This review aims to act as a primer to BBN chemistry and physics for both new and current members of the community. In addition to providing an overview of contemporary BBN synthetic methods, we developed a workflow and desktop application (LengthScale), enabling bottlebrush physics to be more approachable. We conclude by addressing several topical issues and asking a series of pointed questions to stimulate conversation within the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Clarke
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Connor L Witt
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Mark Ilton
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - James J Watkins
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
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3
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Cater HL, Allen MJ, Linnell MI, Rylski AK, Wu Y, Lien HM, Mangolini F, Freeman BD, Page ZA. Supersoft Norbornene-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers with High Strength and Upper Service Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402431. [PMID: 38718377 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
With over 6 million tons produced annually, thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) have become ubiquitous in modern society, due to their unique combination of elasticity, toughness, and reprocessability. Nevertheless, industrial TPEs display a tradeoff between softness and strength, along with low upper service temperatures, typically ≤100 °C. This limits their utility, such as in bio-interfacial applications where supersoft deformation is required in tandem with strength, in addition to applications that require thermal stability (e.g., encapsulation of electronics, seals/joints for aeronautics, protective clothing for firefighting, and biomedical devices that can be subjected to steam sterilization). Thus, combining softness, strength, and high thermal resistance into a single versatile TPE has remained an unmet opportunity. Through de novo design and synthesis of novel norbornene-based ABA triblock copolymers, this gap is filled. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization is employed to prepare TPEs with an unprecedented combination of properties, including skin-like moduli (<100 kPa), strength competitive with commercial TPEs (>5 MPa), and upper service temperatures akin to high-performance plastics (≈260 °C). Furthermore, the materials are elastic, tough, reprocessable, and shelf stable (≥2 months) without incorporation of plasticizer. Structure-property relationships identified herein inform development of next-generation TPEs that are both biologically soft yet thermomechanically durable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry L Cater
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Marshall J Allen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mark I Linnell
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Adrian K Rylski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yudian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hsu-Ming Lien
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Filippo Mangolini
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Benny D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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4
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Lessard JJ, Mejia EB, Kim AJ, Zhang Z, Berkey MG, Medina-Barreto ZS, Ewoldt RH, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Unraveling Reactivity Differences: Room-Temperature Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) versus Frontal ROMP. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7216-7221. [PMID: 38441481 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we explore the distinct reactivity patterns between frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) and room-temperature solventless ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Despite their shared mechanism, we find that FROMP is less sensitive to inhibitor concentration than room-temperature ROMP. By increasing the initiator-to-monomer ratio for a fixed inhibitor/initiator quantity, we find reduction in the ROMP background reactivity at room temperature (i.e., increased resin pot life). At elevated temperatures where inhibitor dissociation prevails, accelerated frontal polymerization rates are observed because of the concentrated presence of the initiator. Surprisingly, the strategy of employing higher initiator loading enhances both pot life and front speeds, which leads to FROMP rates exceeding prior reported values by over 5 times. This counterintuitive behavior is attributed to an increase in the proximity of the inhibitor to the initiator within the bulk resin and to whether the temperature favors coordination or dissociation of the inhibitor. A rapid method was developed for assessing resin pot life, and a straightforward model for active initiator behavior was established. Modified resin systems enabled direct ink writing of robust thermoset structures at rates much faster than previously possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Lessard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Edgar B Mejia
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Abbie J Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Mya G Berkey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Zina S Medina-Barreto
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
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5
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Ibrahim T, Ritacco A, Nalley D, Emon OF, Liang Y, Sun H. Chemical recycling of polyolefins via ring-closing metathesis depolymerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1361-1371. [PMID: 38213307 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05612k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The current insufficient recycling of commodity polymer waste has resulted in pressing environmental and human health issues in our modern society. In the quest for next-generation polymer materials, chemists have recently shifted their attention to the design of chemically recyclable polymers that can undergo depolymerization to regenerate monomers under mild conditions. During the past decade, ring-closing metathesis reactions have been demonstrated to be a robust approach for the depolymerization of polyolefins, producing low-strain cyclic alkene products which can be repolymerized back to new batches of polymers. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent advances in chemical recycling of polyolefins enabled by ring-closing metathesis depolymerization (RCMD). A library of depolymerizable polyolefins will be covered based on the ring size of their monomers or depolymerization products, including five-membered, six-membered, eight-membered, and macrocyclic rings. Moreover, current limitations, potential applications, and future opportunities of the RCMD approach will be discussed. It is clear from recent research in this field that RCMD represents a powerful strategy towards closed-loop chemical recycling of novel polyolefin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
| | - Angelo Ritacco
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
| | - Daniel Nalley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
| | - Omar Faruk Emon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Yifei Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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6
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Gitter SR, Li R, Boydston AJ. Access to Functionalized Materials by Metal-Free Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Active Esters and Divergent Postpolymerization Modification. ACS Macro Lett 2024:144-150. [PMID: 38226917 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal-free ring-opening metathesis polymerization (MF-ROMP) is an emerging polymerization strategy that provides access to ROMP materials by using organic initiators and photoredox catalysts. Unlike metal-mediated ROMP, MF-ROMP is not highly tolerant toward functionalized monomers. Herein, we report that pentafluorophenyl esters are polymerizable under MF-ROMP conditions to produce homopolymers, statistical copolymers, and block copolymers. Amine coupling agents were then used to install a range of functional groups via acyl substitution including alkynes, amino acid derivatives, fluorophores, and redox active moieties. Overall, these findings provide a framework to prepare functionalized ROMP polymers without the risk of metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Gitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ruojia Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Clarke BR, Tew GN. Network Constitutional Isomers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:8565-8573. [PMID: 38239340 PMCID: PMC10795480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Bottlebrush networks designed to be constitutional isomers of each other were synthesized for the first time. These network constitutional isomers (NCIs) have significantly different mechanical properties depending on their kinetic chain lengths (RK), which are controlled by the monomer-to-initiator ratio. Specifically, the low frequency moduli, yield behavior, elongation at break, and adhesive strength of these NCIs are different at the same cross-link densities. The NCI concept is extended to include RKs' dispersity through the choice of the catalyst. These NCIs highlight the impact of living polymerization chemistry on network formation. The use of living polymerization chemistry to synthesize new networks, including NCIs, is expected to significantly advance the development of next-generation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Clarke
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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8
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Mandal A, Kilbinger AFM. Catalytic Living ROMP: Synthesis of Degradable Star Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1372-1378. [PMID: 37748103 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Star polymers have attracted considerable attention over the past few years due to their distinctive physical and chemical attributes that are different from conventional linear polymers. Here, we present a one-pot synthesis of narrowly dispersed and degradable homoarm and miktoarm star polymers exploiting the catalytic living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) mechanism. Several complex polymeric architectures (such as A3-, A4-, A6-, A2B-, A3B-, and AB2-type star polymers) were synthesized quite straightforwardly by using appropriate vinyl ether chain transfer agents. SEC, 1H NMR, and DOSY NMR spectroscopy were employed to analyze and characterize all of the synthesized polymers. We believe that this sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis of star polymers could become an important synthetic tool for polymer engineers working on supramolecular, industrial or biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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9
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Mandal A, Pal S, Kilbinger AFM. Controlled Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization of a New Monomer: On Switching the Solvent-Water-Soluble Homopolymers to Degradable Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300218. [PMID: 37435988 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
A new heterocyclic monomer is developed via simple Diels-Alder reaction which is reluctant to polymerize in dichloromethane (DCM) whereas undergoes facile polymerization in tetrahydrofuran with excellent control over molecular weight (Mn ) and dispersities (Đ) using Grubbs' third generation catalyst (G3). The deprotection of the tert-butoxycarbonyl group from the polymeric backbone yielded a water-soluble ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) polymer easily. Moreover, in DCM this new monomer copolymerizes with 2,3-dihydrofuran under catalytic living ROMP conditions to give backbone degradable polymers. All the synthesized polymers are characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It is believed that this new route to water soluble ROMP homopolymers as well as the cost-effective and environmentally friendly route to degradable copolymers and block-copolymers could find applications in biomedicine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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10
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Gonnot C, Scalabrini M, Roubinet B, Ziane C, Boeda F, Deniaud D, Landemarre L, Gouin SG, Fontaine L, Montembault V. ROMP-based Glycopolymers with High Affinity for Mannose-Binding Lectins. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3689-3699. [PMID: 37471408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined, highly reactive poly(norbornenyl azlactone)s of controlled length (number-average degree of polymerization D P n ¯ = 10 to 1,000) were made by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of pure exo-norbornenyl azlactone. These were converted into glycopolymers using a facile postpolymerization modification (PPM) strategy based on click aminolysis of azlactone side groups by amino-functionalized glycosides. Pegylated mannoside, heptyl-mannoside, and pegylated glucoside were used in the PPM. Binding inhibition of the resulting glycopolymers was evaluated against a lectin panel (Bc2L-A, FimH, langerin, DC-SIGN, ConA). Inhibition profiles depended on the sugars and the degrees of polymerization. Glycopolymers from pegylated-mannoside-functionalized polynorbornene, with D P n ¯ = 100, showed strong binding inhibition, with subnanomolar range inhibitory concentrations (IC50s). Polymers surpassed the inhibitory potential of their monovalent analogues by four to five orders of magnitude thanks to a multivalent (synergistic) effect. Sugar-functionalized poly(norbornenyl azlactone)s are therefore promising tools to study multivalent carbohydrate-lectin interactions and for applications against lectin-promoted bacterial/viral binding to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Gonnot
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 France
| | | | | | - Célia Ziane
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 France
| | - Fabien Boeda
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 France
| | - David Deniaud
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Fontaine
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 France
| | - Véronique Montembault
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 France
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11
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Sui X, Wang C, Gutekunst WR. Sequestration of Ruthenium Residues via Efficient Fluorous-enyne Termination. Polym Chem 2023; 14:3160-3165. [PMID: 38269330 PMCID: PMC10805442 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The creation of polymers without metal contamination remains a significant challenge for metathesis-based polymerization techniques and has complicated applications in biomedical and electronic applications. This communication reports a new approach for the removal of ruthenium byproducts through the design of an enyne terminator for metathesis polymerization that contains a fluorous tag. Upon reaction of a living polymer chain with the enyne, the ruthenium center is captured as a stable sulfur-chelated complex that can be efficiently removed after a single filtration through a fluorous cartridge. Levels of ruthenium residues as determined by ICP-MS were found to depend on the monomer structure, eluting solvent, and the degree of polymerization targeted. Ruthenium residues were minimized to low ppm levels (4-75 ppm) for most samples examined and also led to the improved thermal stability of the final materials. This represents the most efficient single method for removal of ruthenium residues from metathesis polymerization products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chenxiao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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12
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Jabłoński M. Halogen Bond to Experimentally Significant N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (I, IMe 2, I iPr 2, I tBu 2, IPh 2, IMes 2, IDipp 2, IAd 2; I = Imidazol-2-ylidene). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109057. [PMID: 37240403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The subjects of the article are halogen bonds between either XCN or XCCH (X = Cl, Br, I) and the carbene carbon atom in imidazol-2-ylidene (I) or its derivatives (IR2) with experimentally significant and systematically increased R substituents at both nitrogen atoms: methyl = Me, iso-propyl = iPr, tert-butyl = tBu, phenyl = Ph, mesityl = Mes, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl = Dipp, 1-adamantyl = Ad. It is shown that the halogen bond strength increases in the order Cl < Br < I and the XCN molecule forms stronger complexes than XCCH. Of all the carbenes considered, IMes2 forms the strongest and also the shortest halogen bonds with an apogee for complex IMes2⋯ICN for which D0 = 18.71 kcal/mol and dC⋯I = 2.541 Å. In many cases, IDipp2 forms as strong halogen bonds as IMes2. Quite the opposite, although characterized by the greatest nucleophilicity, ItBu2 forms the weakest complexes (and the longest halogen bonds) if X ≠ Cl. While this finding can easily be attributed to the steric hindrance exerted by the highly branched tert-butyl groups, it appears that the presence of the four C-H⋯X hydrogen bonds may also be of importance here. Similar situation occurs in the case of complexes with IAd2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Jabłoński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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13
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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Cabanero DC, Nguyen JA, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP, Rovis T. Deep Red to Near-Infrared Light-Controlled Ruthenium-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Cabanero
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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15
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Chatchaipaiboon K, Nomura K. (Arylimido)niobium(V)–Alkylidenes as the Catalysts for Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) of Cyclic Olefins: Z-Specific ROMP of Cyclooctene by Nb(CHSiMe 3)(NC 6H 5)[OC(CF 3) 3](PMe 3) 2. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Chatchaipaiboon
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0927, Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0927, Japan
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16
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Alzate-Sanchez DM, Yu CH, Lessard JJ, Paul JE, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Rapid Controlled Synthesis of Large Polymers by Frontal Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Alzate-Sanchez
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christina H Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jacob J. Lessard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justine E. Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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17
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Capacchione C, Grisi F, Lamberti M, Mazzeo M, Milani B, Milione S, Pappalardo D, Zuccaccia C, Pellecchia C. Metal Catalyzed Polymerization: From Stereoregular Poly(α‐olefins) to Tailor‐Made Biodegradable/Biorenewable Polymers and Copolymers. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Fabia Grisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Barbara Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Stefano Milione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Daniela Pappalardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Università del Sannio Via de Sanctis snc 82100 Benevento Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06132 Perugia Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Claudio Pellecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
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18
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Nomura K, Mekcham S. Organometallic complexes of vanadium and their reactions. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Ren L, Wang Q. Concurrent Construction of C═C and C≡C Linkages in Organic and Polymerization Reactions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Limei Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Hancock SN, Yuntawattana N, Valdez SM, Michaudel Q. Expedient Synthesis and Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Pyridinonorbornenes. Polym Chem 2022; 13:5530-5535. [PMID: 37193226 PMCID: PMC10168028 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00857b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine-containing polymers are promising materials for a variety of applications from the capture of contaminants to the self-assembly of block copolymers. However, the innate Lewis basicity of the pyridine motif often hampers living polymerization catalyzed by transition-metal complexes. Herein, we report the expedient synthesis of pyridinonorbornene monomers via a [4+2] cycloaddition between 2,3-pyridynes and cyclopentadiene. Well-controlled ring-opening metathesis polymerization was enabled by careful structural design of the monomer. Polypyridinonorbornenes exhibited high Tg and Td, a promising feature for high-temperature applications. Investigation of the polymerization kinetics and of the reactivity of the chain ends shed light on the influence of nitrogen coordination on the chain-growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Nattawut Yuntawattana
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Present Address: Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sara M Valdez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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21
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Teo YC, Park EJ, Guo J, Abbas A, Smith RAA, Goh D, Yeong JPS, Cool S, Teo P. Bioactive PCL-Peptide and PLA-Peptide Brush Copolymers for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4770-4778. [PMID: 36101969 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the modular synthesis of bioactive brush-type polycaprolactone-peptide and polylactide-peptide copolymers for applications in bone tissue engineering. The brush copolymers containing pendant side chains of polycaprolactone (PCL) or polylactide (PLA) and PEGylated peptides, including linear Arg-Gly-Asp and collagen-like peptide (Gly-Pro-Hyp)3, were synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization with high conversions and low dispersities (<1.5). These PCL-peptide and PLA-peptide copolymers exhibited good thermal stability for material processing using melt-extrusion-based methods. The copolymers were blended with commercial PCL or PLA, extruded into filaments, and 3D printed using fused filament fabrication methods. These bioactive PCL and PLA materials promoted osteogenic differentiation in vitro and showed good biocompatibility in in vivo murine model study. The promising results presented herein will serve as a useful guide for the design and functionalization of PCL or PLA materials for use in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Chin Teo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Eun Ju Park
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Jiayi Guo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Asyraf Abbas
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Raymond Alexander Alfred Smith
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Denise Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Simon Cool
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Peili Teo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634
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22
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Leguizamon SC, Monk NT, Hochrein MT, Zapien EM, Yoon A, Foster JC, Appelhans LN. Photoinitiated Olefin Metathesis and Stereolithographic Printing of Polydicyclopentadiene. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas T. Monk
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | | | | | - Alana Yoon
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Foster
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Leah N. Appelhans
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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23
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Cater HL, Balynska I, Allen MJ, Freeman BD, Page ZA. User Guide to Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of endo-Norbornene Monomers with Chelated Initiators. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry L. Cater
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Iana Balynska
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marshall J. Allen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachariah A. Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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24
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Pal S, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. Controlled Alternating Metathesis Copolymerization of Terminal Alkynes. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:847-853. [PMID: 35736023 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Terminal alkynes display high reactivity toward Ru-carbene metathesis catalysts. However, the formation of a less reactive bulky carbene hinders their homopolymerization. Simultaneously, the higher reactivity of alkynes does not allow efficient cross propagation with sterically less-hindered cycloalkene monomers, resulting in inefficient copolymerization. Nonetheless, terminal alkynes undergo rapid cross-metathesis with vinyl ethers. Therefore, an efficient cross propagation can be achieved with terminal alkynes and cyclic enol ether monomers. Here, we show that terminal alkyne derivatives can be copolymerized in an alternating fashion with 2,3-dihydrofuran using Grubbs' third generation catalyst (G3). A linear relationship of the number-average molecular weight versus monomer to initiator ratio and block copolymer synthesis confirmed a controlled copolymerization. The SEC and NMR analyses of the synthesized copolymers confirmed the excellent control over molecular weight and exclusive alternating nature of the copolymer. The regioselective chain transfer of G3 to vinyl ether and the high reactivity of the Fischer-type Ru carbene toward terminal alkynes was also exploited for polymer conjugation. Finally, the presence of an acid labile backbone functionality in the synthesized alternating copolymers allowed complete degradation of the copolymer within a short time interval which was confirmed by SEC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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25
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Coia BM, Werner SE, Kennemur JG. Conformational bias in density functional theory ring strain energy calculations of cyclopentene derivatives: Towards predictive design of chemically recyclable elastomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Coia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - Sarah E. Werner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA
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26
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Wang Z, Chan CLC, Parker RM, Vignolini S. The Limited Palette for Photonic Block-Copolymer Materials: A Historical Problem or a Practical Limitation? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117275. [PMID: 35446459 PMCID: PMC9325480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Block-copolymer self-assembly has proven to be an effective route for the fabrication of photonic films and, more recently, photonic pigments. However, despite extensive research on this topic over the past two decades, the palette of monomers and polymers employed to produce such structurally colored materials has remained surprisingly limited. In this Scientific Perspective, the commonly used block-copolymer systems reported in the literature are summarized (considering both linear and brush architectures) and their use is rationalized from the point of view of both their historical development and physicochemical constraints. Finally, the current challenges facing the field are discussed and promising new areas of research are highlighted to inspire the community to pursue new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Chun Lam Clement Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Richard M Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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27
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Wang Z, Chan CLC, Parker RM, Vignolini S. The Limited Palette for Photonic Block-Copolymer Materials: A Historical Problem or a Practical Limitation? ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202117275. [PMID: 38528985 PMCID: PMC10962576 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Block-copolymer self-assembly has proven to be an effective route for the fabrication of photonic films and, more recently, photonic pigments. However, despite extensive research on this topic over the past two decades, the palette of monomers and polymers employed to produce such structurally colored materials has remained surprisingly limited. In this Scientific Perspective, the commonly used block-copolymer systems reported in the literature are summarized (considering both linear and brush architectures) and their use is rationalized from the point of view of both their historical development and physicochemical constraints. Finally, the current challenges facing the field are discussed and promising new areas of research are highlighted to inspire the community to pursue new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | | | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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28
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Sui X, Gutekunst WR. Cascade Alternating Metathesis Cyclopolymerization of Diynes and Dihydrofuran. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:630-635. [PMID: 35570817 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium alkoxymethylidene complexes have recently come into view as competent species for metathesis copolymerization reactions when coupled with appropriate comonomer targets. Here, we explore the ability of Fischer-type carbenes to participate in cascade alternating metathesis cyclopolymerization (CAMC) through facile terminal alkyne addition. The combination of diyne monomers and an equal feed ratio of low-strain dihydrofuran leads to a controlled chain-growth copolymerization with high degrees of alternation (>97% alternating diads) and produces degradable polymer materials with low dispersities and targetable molecular weights. When combined with enyne monomers, this method is amenable to the synthesis of alternating diblock copolymers that can be fully degraded to short oligomer fragments under aqueous acidic conditions. This work furthers the potential for the generation of functional metathesis materials via Fischer-type ruthenium alkylidenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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29
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Fried AD, Wilson BJ, Galan NJ, Brantley JN. Electroediting of Soft Polymer Backbones. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8885-8891. [PMID: 35576583 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methods that edit soft polymer backbones are critical technologies for tailoring the structures and properties of macromolecules. Developing strategies that leverage underexplored reaction manifolds are vital for accessing new chemical (and functional) space in soft materials. Here, we report a mild electrochemical approach that enables both degradation and functionalization of synthetic polymers. We found that bulk electrolysis (under either homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions) promoted facile, chemoselective chain scission in a variety of olefin-containing materials. Polymer degradation could also be coupled with functionalization (e.g., azidation) to afford new species that could serve as macromonomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Fried
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Breana J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Nicholas J Galan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Johnathan N Brantley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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30
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Kuanr N, Gilmour DJ, Gildenast H, Perry MR, Schafer LL. Amine-Containing Monomers for Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Understanding Chelate Effects in Aryl- and Alkylamine-Functionalized Polyolefins. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalendu Kuanr
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Damon J. Gilmour
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hans Gildenast
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mitchell R. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Battistelli G, Proetto M, Mavridi-Printezi A, Calvaresi M, Danielli A, Constantini PE, Battistella C, Gianneschi NC, Montalti M. Local detection of pH-induced disaggregation of biocompatible micelles by fluorescence switch ON. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4884-4892. [PMID: 35655864 PMCID: PMC9067588 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorogenic nanoparticles (NPs) able to sense different physiological environments and respond with disaggregation and fluorescence switching OFF/ON are powerful tools in nanomedicine as they can combine diagnostics with therapeutic action. pH-responsive NPs are particularly interesting as they can differentiate cancer tissues from healthy ones, they can drive selective intracellular drug release and they can act as pH biosensors. Controlled polymerization techniques are the basis of such materials as they provide solid routes towards the synthesis of pH-responsive block copolymers that are able to assemble/disassemble following protonation/deprotonation. Ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), in particular, has been recently exploited for the development of experimental nanomedicines owing to the efficient direct polymerization of both natural and synthetic functionalities. Here, we capitalize on these features and provide synthetic routes for the design of pH-responsive fluorogenic micelles via the assembly of ROMP block-copolymers. While detailed photophysical characterization validates the pH response, a proof of concept experiment in a model cancer cell line confirmed the activity of the biocompatible micelles in relevant biological environments, therefore pointing out the potential of this approach in the development of novel nano-theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Battistelli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" Via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Maria Proetto
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | | | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" Via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Alberto Danielli
- FaBiT, Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, University of Bologna via Selmi 3 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Paolo Emidio Constantini
- FaBiT, Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, University of Bologna via Selmi 3 40126 Bologna Italy
| | | | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" Via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
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32
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Sun Z, Kobori K, Nomura K, Asano MS. Star-Shaped ROMP Polymers Coated with Oligothiophenes That Exhibit Unique Emission. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13270-13279. [PMID: 35474816 PMCID: PMC9026110 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of oligo(thiophene)-modified "soluble" star-shaped ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) polymers were prepared by sequential living ROMP of norbornene and a cross-linking agent using a molybdenum-alkylidene catalyst, followed by Wittig-type coupling for termination with oligo(thiophene) carboxaldehydes. The resultant star-shaped ROMP polymers displayed unique emission properties affected by the core size and arm repeat units as well as the kind of oligothiophene coated. The effects of the thiophene groups on photophysical properties of star-shaped/linear polymers were studied via time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence lifetimes were determined in THF as 400, 640, 730, and 820 ps for Star 3TPh, Linear 3TPh, Star 4T, and Linear 4T, respectively. A significant enhancement of the nonradiative rate constants k nr in the star-shaped polymers results in relatively lower fluorescence quantum yields and shorter fluorescence lifetimes compared to the corresponding linear polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ken Kobori
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Motoko S. Asano
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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Das G, Choi JH, Nguyen PKT, Kim DJ, Yoon YS. Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Application: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061197. [PMID: 35335528 PMCID: PMC8955432 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The fuel cell industry is the most promising industry in terms of the advancement of clean and safe technologies for sustainable energy generation. The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is divided into two parts: anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In the case of PEMFCs, high-power density was secured and research and development for commercialization have made significant progress. However, there are technical limitations and high-cost issues for the use of precious metal catalysts including Pt, the durability of catalysts, bipolar plates, and membranes, and the use of hydrogen to ensure system stability. On the contrary, AEMFCs have been used as low-platinum or non-platinum catalysts and have a low activation energy of oxygen reduction reaction, so many studies have been conducted to find alternatives to overcome the problems of PEMFCs in the last decade. At the core of ensuring the power density of AEMFCs is the anion exchange membrane (AEM) which is less durable and less conductive than the cation exchange membrane. AEMFCs are a promising technology that can solve the high-cost problem of PEMFCs that have reached technological saturation and overcome technical limitations. This review focuses on the various aspects of AEMs for AEMFCs application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Das
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Ji-Hyeok Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Dong-Joo Kim
- Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University, 275 Wilmore Labs, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence: (D.-J.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Young Soo Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.-J.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
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Chen GY, Wan W, Cao QY, Xie Y. Aminoquinoline-anchored polynorbornene for sequential fluorescent sensing of Zn 2+ and ATP. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 269:120771. [PMID: 34952445 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel aminoquinoline functionalized norbornene (1) and its ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) copolymer P1 have been designed and synthesized. The polymer probe P1 can self-assemble nano aggregation in aqueous solution. The fluorescent experiments revealed that both 1 and P1 show a ratiometric fluorescence response toward Zn2+ over other mental ions in Tris-HCl buffer solution, with the polymer probe P1 shows a better photostability and higher binding affinity than that of the small molecular probe 1. Furthermore, the in situ formed P1-Zn2+ ensemble was successfully used as the secondary sensor for ATP. P1 is also successfully used for monitoring intracellular Zn2+ and ATP in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Wen Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Qian-Yong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
| | - Yu Xie
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China.
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36
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Rohland P, Schröter E, Nolte O, Newkome GR, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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ROMP of norbornene and oxanorbornene derivatives with pendant fluorophore carbazole and coumarin groups. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Clarke BR, Tew GN. Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) bottlebrush networks via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022; 60:1501-1510. [PMID: 35967758 PMCID: PMC9373913 DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein it is reported how the overlap concentration (C*) can be used to overcome crosslinking due to diol impurities in commercial PEG, allowing for the synthesize of bottlebrush polymers with good control over molecular weight. Additionally, PEG-based bottlebrush networks are synthesized via ROMP, attaining high conversions with minimal sol fractions (<2%). The crystallinity and mechanical properties of these networks are then further altered by solvent swelling with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate/DCM cosolvents. The syntheses reported here highlight the potential of the bottlebrush network architecture for use in the rational design of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R. Clarke
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
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Owusu F, Tress M, Nüesch FA, Lehner S, Opris DM. Synthesis of polar polynorbornenes with high dielectric relaxation strength as candidate materials for dielectric applications. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:998-1006. [PMID: 35178520 PMCID: PMC8784959 DOI: 10.1039/d1ma00704a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials with high dielectric permittivity and dielectric relaxation strength are sought for thermal and pressure sensors and electrical energy generators. However, most polymers have either too low dielectric permittivity or are so polar that their glass transition temperature (T g) is too high and thus decomposition and side reactions occur before an electric field can polarize the polar groups. Here, we use the power and versatility of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to synthesize polar polymers with high dielectric relaxation strength and T g significantly below the decomposition temperature. We first synthesized six polar norbornene monomers by conventional esterification, which were then polymerized by ROMP using Grubbs first- and third-generation catalysts. The structure of the polynorbornenes obtained were verified by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, molecular weights determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermal properties evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, their dielectric permittivity, conductivity, and dielectric losses were measured at different temperatures and frequencies ranging between 0.1 and 106 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Owusu
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers Überlandstr. 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Martin Tress
- Leipzig University, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics Linné straße 5 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Frank A Nüesch
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers Überlandstr. 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux Station 12 CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sandro Lehner
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Fibers Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Dorina M Opris
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers Überlandstr. 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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Guerzoni MG, van Ingen Y, Melen RL. Recent applications of fluorinated arylborane derivatives. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Chérif SE, Ghosh A, Chelli S, Dixon IM, Kraiem J, Lakhdar S. Merging Grubbs second-generation catalyst with photocatalysis enables Z-selective metathesis of olefins: scope, limitations, and mechanism. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12065-12070. [PMID: 36349104 PMCID: PMC9600307 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03961c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin cross-metathesis is a cornerstone reaction in organic synthesis where stereoselectivity is typically governed by the structure of the catalyst. In this work, we show that merging Grubbs second generation catalyst, a classical E-selective catalyst, with a readily available photocatalyst, enables the exclusive formation of the contra-thermodynamic Z-isomer. The scope and limitations of this unprecedented approach are discussed based on both computational and experimental mechanistic data. Light is magic! The combination of Grubbs second generation catalyst, a well-known catalyst for E-selective olefin metathesis, with a photosensitizer enables efficient access to the contra-thermodynamic Z-isomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïf Eddine Chérif
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 09 Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Développement Chimique, Galénique et Pharmacologique des Médicaments, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Avisek Ghosh
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 09 Toulouse, France
| | - Saloua Chelli
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 09 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle M. Dixon
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jamil Kraiem
- Laboratoire de Développement Chimique, Galénique et Pharmacologique des Médicaments, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 09 Toulouse, France
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42
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Purohit VB, Pięta M, Pietrasik J, Plummer CM. Recent advances in the ring-opening polymerization of sulfur-containing monomers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the broad range of applications for sulfur-containing polymers, this article presents an overview regarding various ROP technologies (ROP/rROP/ROMP) which cement the importance of sulfur-containing monomers in modern polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal B. Purohit
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)—International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Pięta
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)—International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Pietrasik
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Christopher M. Plummer
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)—International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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43
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Naguib M, Nixon K, Keddie D. Effect of Radical Copolymerization of the (Oxa)norbornene End-group of RAFT-prepared Macromonomers on Bottlebrush Copolymer Synthesis via ROMP. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01599k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers are attractive for use in a variety of different applications. Here we report synthesis of two novel trithiocarbonate RAFT agents bearing either a oxanorbornyl or norbornenyl moiety for...
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44
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Liu X, Song X, Chen B, Liu J, Feng Z, Zhang W, Zeng J, Liang L. Self-healing and shape-memory epoxy thermosets based on dynamic diselenide bonds. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Huang LX, He YB, Kim J, Sharma A, Cao QY, Kim JS. Pyridinium-conjugated polynorbornenes for nanomolar ATP sensing using an indicator displacement assay and a PET strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13530-13533. [PMID: 34849521 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05500c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An indicator displacement assay, namely polymeric PNPY-n/UD consisting of a cationic polynorbornene backbone with pyridinium functional groups (PNPY-1,2,3) and an anionic uranine dye (UD) as an indicator, has been developed for highly sensitive "turn-on" fluorescence sensing of ATP. While PNPY-1/UD itself is non-emissive, a bright green fluorescence signal was observed in the presence of ATP [Ka = 2.17 × 105 M-1, LOD = 5.7 nM]. The potential of a highly photostable system PNPY-1/UD was also validated in detecting ATP levels in live-cell imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yue-Bo He
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Jaewon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Amit Sharma
- CSIR-CSIO, Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Qian-Yong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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Bochkarev LN, Parshina YP, Gracheva YV, Kovylina TA, Lermontova SA, Klapshina LG, Konev AN, Lopatin MA, Lukina MM, Komarova AD, Shcheslavskiy VI, Shirmanova MV. Red Light-Emitting Water-Soluble Luminescent Iridium-Containing Polynorbornenes: Synthesis, Characterization and Oxygen Sensing Properties in Biological Tissues In Vivo. Molecules 2021; 26:6349. [PMID: 34770757 PMCID: PMC8587708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New water-soluble polynorbornenes P1-P4 containing oligoether, amino acid groups and luminophoric complexes of iridium(III) were synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The polymeric products in organic solvents and in water demonstrate intense photoluminescence in the red spectral region. The polymers P1 and P3 with 1-phenylisoquinoline cyclometalating ligands in iridium fragments reveal 4-6 fold higher emission quantum yields in solutions than those of P2 and P4 that contain iridium complexes with 1-(thien-2-yl)isoquinoline cyclometalating ligands. The emission parameters of P1-P4 in degassed solutions essentially differ from those in the aerated solutions showing oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence. Biological testing of P1 and P3 demonstrates that the polymers do not penetrate into live cultured cancer cells and normal skin fibroblasts and do not possess cytotoxicity within the concentrations and time ranges reasonable for biological studies. In vivo, the polymers display longer phosphorescence lifetimes in mouse tumors than in muscle, as measured using phosphorescence lifetime imaging (PLIM), which correlates with tumor hypoxia. Therefore, preliminary evaluation of the synthesized polymers shows their suitability for noninvasive in vivo assessments of oxygen levels in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid N. Bochkarev
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Yulia P. Parshina
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Yana V. Gracheva
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Tatyana A. Kovylina
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Svetlana A. Lermontova
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Larisa G. Klapshina
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Aleksey N. Konev
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Mikhail A. Lopatin
- Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina, 49, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.P.P.); (Y.V.G.); (T.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (L.G.K.); (A.N.K.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Maria M. Lukina
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.M.L.); (A.D.K.); (V.I.S.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Anastasia D. Komarova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.M.L.); (A.D.K.); (V.I.S.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Vladislav I. Shcheslavskiy
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.M.L.); (A.D.K.); (V.I.S.); (M.V.S.)
- Becker&Hickl GmbH, Nunsdorfer Ring 7-9, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina V. Shirmanova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.M.L.); (A.D.K.); (V.I.S.); (M.V.S.)
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47
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Jabłoński M. Theoretical Study of N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-ZnX 2 (X = H, Me, Et) Complexes. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14206147. [PMID: 34683739 PMCID: PMC8539904 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses the properties of as many as 30 carbene–ZnX2 (X = H, Me, Et) complexes featuring a zinc bond C⋯Zn. The group of carbenes is represented by imidazol-2-ylidene and its nine derivatives (labeled as IR), in which both hydrogen atoms of N-H bonds have been substituted by R groups with various spatial hindrances, from the smallest Me, iPr, tBu through Ph, Tol, and Xyl to the bulkiest Mes, Dipp, and Ad. The main goal is to study the relationship between type and size of R and X and both the strength of C⋯Zn and the torsional angle of the ZnX2 plane with respect to the plane of the imidazol-2-ylidene ring. Despite the considerable diversity of R and X, the range of dC⋯Zn is quite narrow: 2.12–2.20 Å. On the contrary, D0 is characterized by a fairly wide range of 18.5–27.4 kcal/mol. For the smallest carbenes, the ZnX2 molecule is either in the plane of the carbene or is only slightly twisted with respect to it. The twist angle becomes larger and more varied with the bulkier R. However, the value of this angle is not easy to predict because it results not only from the presence of steric effects but also from the possible presence of various interatomic interactions, such as dihydrogen bonds, tetrel bonds, agostic bonds, and hydrogen bonds. It has been shown that at least some of these interactions may have a non-negligible influence on the structure of the IR–ZnX2 complex. This fact should be taken into account in addition to the commonly discussed R⋯X steric repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Jabłoński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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48
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Playing construction with the monomer toy box for the synthesis of multi‐stimuli responsive copolymers by reversible deactivation radical polymerization protocols. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Schara S, Blau R, Church DC, Pokorski JK, Lipomi DJ. Polymer Chemistry for Haptics, Soft Robotics, and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2008375. [PMID: 34924911 PMCID: PMC8673772 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202008375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of soft devices-i.e., haptics, robotics, and human-machine interfaces (HRHMIs)-has its basis in the science of polymeric materials and chemical synthesis. However, in examining the relevant literature, we find that most developments have been enabled by off-the-shelf materials used either alone or as components of physical blends and composites. In this Progress Report, we take the position that a greater awareness of the capabilities of synthetic chemistry will accelerate the capabilities of HRHMIs. Conversely, an awareness of the applications sought by engineers working in this area may spark the development of new molecular designs and synthetic methodologies by chemists. We highlight several applications of active, stimuli-responsive polymers, which have demonstrated or shown potential use in HRHMIs. These materials share the fact that they are products of state-of-the-art synthetic techniques. The Progress Report is thus organized by the chemistry by which the materials were synthesized, including controlled radical polymerization, metal-mediated cross-coupling polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, various strategies for crosslinking, and hybrid approaches. These methods can afford polymers with multiple properties (i.e. conductivity, stimuli-responsiveness, self-healing and degradable abilities, biocompatibility, adhesiveness, and mechanical robustness) that are of great interest to scientists and engineers concerned with soft devices for human interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Schara
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Rachel Blau
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Derek C. Church
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Darren J. Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
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Jia F, Chen P, Wang D, Sun Y, Ren M, Wang Y, Cao X, Zhang L, Fang Y, Tan X, Lu H, Cai J, Lu X, Zhang K. Bottlebrush Polymer-Conjugated Melittin Exhibits Enhanced Antitumor Activity and Better Safety Profile. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:42533-42542. [PMID: 34472829 PMCID: PMC8784393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite potency against a variety of cancers in preclinical systems, melittin (MEL), a major peptide in bee venom, exhibits non-specific toxicity, severe hemolytic activity, and poor pharmacological properties. Therefore, its advancement in the clinical translation system has been limited to early-stage trials. Herein, we report a biohybrid involving a bottlebrush-architectured poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and MEL. Termed pacMEL, the conjugate consists of a high-density PEG arrangement, which provides MEL with steric inhibition against protein access, while the high molecular weight of pacMEL substantially enhances plasma pharmacokinetics with a ∼10-fold increase in the area under the curve (AUC∞) compared to free MEL. pacMEL also significantly reduces hepatic damage and unwanted innate immune response and all but eliminated hemolytic activities of MEL. Importantly, pacMEL passively accumulates at subcutaneously inoculated tumor sites and exhibits stronger tumor-suppressive activity than molecular MEL. Collectively, pacMEL makes MEL a safer and more appealing drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jia
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peiru Chen
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dali Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yehui Sun
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mengqi Ren
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xueyan Cao
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yang Fang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xuyu Tan
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hao Lu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jiansong Cai
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xueguang Lu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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