1
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Grover T, Guymon CA. Effect of Block Copolymer Self-Assembly on Phase Separation in Photopolymerizable Epoxy Blends. Macromolecules 2024; 57:4717-4728. [PMID: 38827959 PMCID: PMC11140735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Directing self-assembly of photopolymerizable systems is advantageous for controlling polymer nanostructure and material properties, but developing techniques for inducing ordered structure remains challenging. In this work, well-defined diblock or random copolymers were incorporated into cationic photopolymerizable epoxy systems to investigate the impact of copolymer architecture on self-assembly and phase separated nanostructures. Copolymers consisting of poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)-x-(butyl acrylate) were prepared using photoiniferter polymerization to control functional group placement and molecular weight/polydispersity. Prepolymer configuration and concentration induced distinctly different effects on the resin flow and photopolymerization kinetics. The diblock copolymer self-assembled into nanostructured phases within the resin matrix, whereas the random copolymer formed an isotropic mixture. Rapid photopolymerization and ambient temperature conditions during cure facilitated retention of the self-assembled phases, leading to considerably different composite morphology and thermomechanical behavior. Increased loading of the diblock copolymer induced long-range ordered cocontinuous structures. Even with nearly identical prepolymer composition, controlled nanophase separation resulted in significantly enhanced tensile properties relative to those of the isotropic system. This work demonstrates that controlling phase separation with a block copolymer architecture allows access to nanostructured photopolymers with unique and enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner
L. Grover
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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2
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Curley SJ, Szczepanski CR. Interfacial energy as an approach to designing amphipathic surfaces during photopolymerization curing. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3854-3867. [PMID: 38651540 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymerization induced phase separation (PIPS) is a platform capable of creating heterogeneous materials from initially miscible resin solutions, where both the reaction's governing thermodynamics and kinetics significantly influence the resulting phase composition and morphology. Here, PIPS is used to develop materials in a single photopolymerization step that are hydrophobic on one face and hydrophilic on the other. These two faces possess a water contact angle difference of 50°, bridged by a bulk-scale chemical gradient. The impact of the PIPS-triggering inert additive is investigated by increasing the loading of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in an acrylonitrile/1,6-hexanediol diacrylate comonomer resin. The extent of phase separation in the sample network depends on this loading, with increasing PMMA corresponding to macroscale domains that are more chemically and mechanically distinct. A significant period between the onsets of phase separation and reaction deceleration, determined using in situ FT-IR, facilitates this enhanced phase segregation in PMMA-modified samples. Spatially directed domain formation can be further promoted using multiple interface types in the sample mold, here, glass and stainless steel. With multiple interface types, interfacial rearrangements to minimize surface energy during resin photopolymerization result in a hydrophobic face that is nitrile-rich and a hydrophilic face that is nitrile-poor (e.g., acrylate-rich). Using this strategy, patterned wettability on a single face can also be engineered. This study illustrates the capabilities of PIPS for complex surface design and in applications requiring stark differences in surface character without sharp interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina J Curley
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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3
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Fu D, Holles SB, England E, Zhang Y, Cheng S, Szczepanski C. Compatibility versus reaction diffusion: Factors that determine the heterogeneity of polymerized adhesive networks. Dent Mater 2024; 40:800-810. [PMID: 38485599 PMCID: PMC11098697 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heterogeneity and phase separation during network polymerization is a major issue contributing to the failure of dental adhesives. This study investigates how the ratio of hydrophobic crosslinkers to hydrophilic comonomer (C/H ratio), as well as cosolvent fraction (ethanol/water) influences the degree of heterogeneity and proclivity for phase separation in a series of model adhesive formulations. METHODS Twelve formulations were investigated, with 4 different C/H ratios (7:1, 2.2:1, 1:1, 0.5:1) and 3 different overall cosolvent fractions (0, 10 and 20 wt%). The heterogeneity and phase behavior were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). RESULTS In resins without cosolvent, all characterizations confirm reduced heterogeneity as C/H ratio decreases. However, when 10 or 20 wt% of cosolvent is included in the adhesive formulation, a higher degree of heterogeneity and even distinct phase separation with domains ranging from a few hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers in size form. This is particularly noticeable at lower C/H ratios, which is surprising as HEMA is commonly considered a compatibilizer between hydrophobic crosslinkers and aqueous (co)solvents. SIGNIFICANCE Our experiments demonstrate that formulations with lower C/H ratio and thus a lower viscosity experience later onsets of diffusion limitations during polymerization, which favors thermodynamically driven phase separation. Therefore, to determine or predict the resulting phase structure of adhesive materials, it is necessary to consider the kinetics and diffusion constraints during the formation of the polymer network and not just the compatibility of resin constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghao Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Beth Holles
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Emily England
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Yunlu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Shiwang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| | - Caroline Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA.
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4
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Ahmadi M, Ehrmann K, Koch T, Liska R, Stampfl J. From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3978-4020. [PMID: 38546847 PMCID: PMC11009961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymers have been optimized as protective and decorative coating materials for decades. However, with the rise of additive manufacturing technologies, vat photopolymerization has unlocked the use of photopolymers for three-dimensional objects with new material requirements. Thus, the originally highly cross-linked, amorphous architecture of photopolymers cannot match the expectations for modern materials anymore, revealing the largely unanswered question of how diverse properties can be achieved in photopolymers. Herein, we review how microstructural features in soft matter materials should be designed and implemented to obtain high performance materials. We then translate these findings into chemical design suggestions for enhanced printable photopolymers. Based on this analysis, we have found microstructural heterogenization to be the most powerful tool to tune photopolymer performance. By combining the chemical toolbox for photopolymerization and the analytical toolbox for microstructural characterization, we examine current strategies for physical heterogenization (fillers, inkjet printing) and chemical heterogenization (semicrystalline polymers, block copolymers, interpenetrating networks, photopolymerization induced phase separation) of photopolymers and put them into a material scientific context to develop a roadmap for improving and diversifying photopolymers' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Naboulsi A, Chometon R, Ribot F, Nguyen G, Fichet O, Laberty-Robert C. Correlation between Ionic Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Solid-like PEO-based Polymer Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13869-13881. [PMID: 38466181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate polymer networks (PEO-based networks), with or without anionic bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI)-grafted groups, are promising electrolytes for Li-metal all solid-state batteries. Nevertheless, there is a need to enhance our current understanding of the physicochemical characteristics of these polymer networks to meet the mechanical and ionic conductivity property requirements for Li battery electrolyte materials. To address this challenge, our goal is to investigate the impact of the cross-linking density of the PEO-based network and the ethylene oxide/lithium ratio on mechanical properties (such as glass transition temperature and storage modulus) and ionic conductivity. We have synthesized a series of cross-linked PEO-based polymers (si-SPE for single ion solid polymer electrolyte) via solvent-free radical copolymerization. These polymers are synthesized by using commercially available lithium 3-[(trifluoromethane)sulfonamidosulfonyl]propyl methacrylate (LiMTFSI), poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate (PEGM), and [poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate] (PEGDM). In addition, we have synthesized a series of cross-linked PEO-based polymers (SPE for solid polymer electrolyte) using LiTFSI as the ionic species. Most of the resulting polymer films are amorphous, self-standing, flexible, homogeneous, and thermally stable. Interestingly, our research has revealed a correlation between ionic conductivity and mechanical properties in both the SPE and si-SPE series. Ionic conductivity increases as glass transition temperature, α relaxation temperature, and storage modulus decrease, suggesting that Li+ transport is influenced by polymer chain flexibility and Li+/EO interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Naboulsi
- LPPI, CY Cergy Paris Université, F-95000 Cergy, France
- Sorbonne Université́, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- RS2E, Réseau Français sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS 3459, 80039 Cedex 1 Amiens, France
| | - Ronan Chometon
- Sorbonne Université́, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- RS2E, Réseau Français sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS 3459, 80039 Cedex 1 Amiens, France
- CSE, Collège de France, 4 Place Marcellin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Ribot
- Sorbonne Université́, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Giao Nguyen
- LPPI, CY Cergy Paris Université, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - Odile Fichet
- LPPI, CY Cergy Paris Université, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - Christel Laberty-Robert
- Sorbonne Université́, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- RS2E, Réseau Français sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS 3459, 80039 Cedex 1 Amiens, France
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6
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Perera SD, Johnson RM, Pawle R, Elliott J, Tran TM, Gonzalez J, Huffstetler J, Ayers LC, Ganesh V, Senarathna MC, Cortés-Guzmán KP, Dube S, Springfield S, Hancock LF, Lund BR, Smaldone RA. Hierarchically Structured Metal-Organic Framework Polymer Composites for Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10795-10804. [PMID: 38377544 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have captured the imagination of researchers for their highly tunable properties and many potential applications, including as catalysts for a variety of transformations. Even though MOFs possess significant potential, the challenges associated with processing of these crystalline powders into usable form factors while retaining their functional properties limit their end use applications. Herein, we introduce a new approach to construct MOF-polymer composites via 3D photoprinting to overcome these limitations. We designed photoresin composite formulations that use polymerization-induced phase separation to cause the MOF catalysts to migrate to the surface of the printed material, where they are accessible to substrates such as chemical warfare agents. Using our approach, MOF-polymer composites can be fabricated into nearly any shape or architecture while retaining both the excellent catalytic activity at 10 wt % loading of the MOF components and the flexible, elastomeric mechanical properties of a polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachini D Perera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Rebecca M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Robert Pawle
- Akita Innovations LLC, 267 Boston Rd., Suite 11, North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, United States
| | - John Elliott
- Akita Innovations LLC, 267 Boston Rd., Suite 11, North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, United States
| | - Tien M Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jasmine Gonzalez
- Adaptive3D, 1122 Alma Road, Richardson, Texas 75081, United States
| | | | - Lyndsay C Ayers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Vijayalakshmi Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Milinda C Senarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Karen P Cortés-Guzmán
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Soumik Dube
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Samantha Springfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Lawrence F Hancock
- Akita Innovations LLC, 267 Boston Rd., Suite 11, North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, United States
| | - Benjamin R Lund
- Adaptive3D, 1122 Alma Road, Richardson, Texas 75081, United States
| | - Ronald A Smaldone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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7
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Jeong H, Gu J, Mwasame P, Patankar K, Yu D, Sing CE. Modeling the competition between phase separation and polymerization under explicit polydispersity. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:681-692. [PMID: 38164983 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01411h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The dynamics of phase separation for polymer blends is important in determining the final morphology and properties of polymer materials; in practical applications, this phase separation can be controlled by coupling to polymerization reaction kinetics via a process called 'polymerization-induced phase separation'. We develop a phase-field model for a polymer melt blend using a polymerizing Cahn-Hilliard (pCH) formalism to understand the fundamental processes underlying phase separation behavior of a mixture of two species independently undergoing linear step-growth polymerization. In our method, we explicitly model polydispersity in these systems to consider different molecular-weight components that will diffuse at different rates. We first show that this pCH model predicts results consistent with the Carothers predictions for step-growth polymerization kinetics, the Flory-Huggins theory of polymer mixing, and the classical predictions of spinodal decomposition in symmetric polymer blends. The model is then used to characterize (i) the competition between phase separation dynamics and polymerization kinetics, and (ii) the effect of unequal reaction rates between species. For large incompatibility between the species (i.e. high χ), our pCH model demonstrates that the strength for phase separation directly corresponds to the kinetics of phase separation. We find that increasing the reaction rate k̃, first induces faster phase separation but this trend reverses as we further increase k̃ due to the competition between molecular diffusion and polymerization. In this case, phase separation is delayed for faster polymerization rates due to the rapid accumulation of slow-moving, high molecular weight components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonmin Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Junsi Gu
- Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, 48667, USA
| | | | | | - Decai Yu
- Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, 48667, USA
| | - Charles E Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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8
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Patkar SS, Garcia Garcia C, Palmese LL, Kiick KL. Sequence-Encoded Differences in Phase Separation Enable Formation of Resilin-like Polypeptide-Based Microstructured Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3729-3741. [PMID: 37525441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Microstructured hydrogels are promising platforms to mimic structural and compositional heterogeneities of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). The current state-of-the-art soft matter patterning techniques for generating ECM mimics can be limited owing to their reliance on specialized equipment and multiple time- and energy-intensive steps. Here, a photocross-linking methodology that traps various morphologies of phase-separated multicomponent formulations of compositionally distinct resilin-like polypeptides (RLPs) is reported. Turbidimetry and quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy were utilized to investigate the sequence-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation of multicomponent solutions of RLPs. Differences between the intermolecular interactions of two different photocross-linkable RLPs and a phase-separating templating RLP were exploited for producing microstructured hydrogels with tunable control over pore diameters (ranging from 1.5 to 150 μm) and shear storage moduli (ranging from 0.2 to 5 kPa). The culture of human mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated high viability and attachment on microstructured hydrogels, suggesting their potential for developing customizable platforms for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai S Patkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Cristobal Garcia Garcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Luisa L Palmese
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
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9
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Szymaszek P, Tomal W, Świergosz T, Kamińska-Borek I, Popielarz R, Ortyl J. Review of quantitative and qualitative methods for monitoring photopolymerization reactions. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01538b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Authomatic in-situ monitoring and characterization of photopolymerization.
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10
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Dellago B, Altun AA, Liska R, Baudis S. Exploring the limits of toughness enhancers for
3D
printed photopolymers as bone replacement materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dellago
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing Vienna Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Vienna Austria
| | - Altan Alpay Altun
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing Vienna Austria
- Lithoz GmbH Vienna Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Vienna Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing Vienna Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Vienna Austria
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11
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Stubbs CJ, Khalfa AL, Chiaradia V, Worch JC, Dove AP. Intrinsically Re-curable Photopolymers Containing Dynamic Thiol-Michael Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11729-11735. [PMID: 35749449 PMCID: PMC9264357 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The development of
photopolymers that can be depolymerized and
subsequently re-cured using the same light stimulus presents a significant
technical challenge. A bio-sourced terpenoid structure, l-carvone, inspired the creation of a re-curable photopolymer in which
the orthogonal reactivity of an irreversible thioether and a dynamic
thiol-Michael bond enables both photopolymerization and thermally
driven depolymerization of mechanically robust polymer networks. The
di-alkene containing l-carvone was partially reacted with
a multi-arm thiol to generate a non-crosslinked telechelic photopolymer.
Upon further UV exposure, the photopolymer crosslinked into a mechanically
robust network featuring reversible Michael bonds at junction points
that could be activated to revert, or depolymerize, the network into
a viscous telechelic photopolymer. The regenerated photopolymer displayed
intrinsic re-curability over two recycles while maintaining the desirable
thermomechanical properties of a conventional network: insolubility,
resistance to stress relaxation, and structural integrity up to 170
°C. Our findings present an on-demand, re-curable photopolymer
platform based on a sustainable feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Stubbs
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Anissa L Khalfa
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Viviane Chiaradia
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Joshua C Worch
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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12
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Calvez I, Szczepanski CR, Landry V. Effect of Copolymer on the Wrinkle Structure Formation and Gloss of a Phase-Separated Ternary Free-Radical/Cationic Hybrid System for the Application of Self-Matting Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122371. [PMID: 35745947 PMCID: PMC9228514 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid free-radical/cationic systems can generate phase-separated polymers or interpenetrating networks driven by photopolymerization. In this study, phase separation of a ternary mixture composed of a polybutadiene urethane diacrylate (PBUDA), a cycloaliphatic diepoxyde (CE), and hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA) was investigated. Using systematic variations of the initial composition of the mixture, a miscibility phase diagram of the ternary mixture was established. Based on this diagram, a reactive copolymer (poly(butyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PBGMA)) was introduced in a reference hybrid system to manipulate the crosslinking network, polymer morphology, and properties (e.g., roughness, gloss, strain at break, and glass transition temperature Tg). When cured as a coating, the ternary hybrid system showed a depthwise gradient of epoxy conversion, and thereby developed a mostly cured skin above a viscous sublayer of uncured monomer. This skin can develop compressive stress due to the swelling from the diffusion of unreacted monomers beneath, and if the compressive stress is significantly high, wrinkles appear on the coating's surface. This work highlights how both skin thickness and elastic modulus impact wrinkle frequency and amplitude. It was demonstrated that these wrinkle parameters can be manipulated in the ternary system by the addition of PBGMA. We also demonstrated that by employing UV irradiation and varying the PBGMA content, it is possible to engineer coatings that range from smooth surfaces with high gloss to wrinkled topographies with a very low associated gloss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Calvez
- NSERC—Canlak Industrial Research Chair in Interior Wood-Products Finishes, Department of Wood and Forest Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Caroline R. Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Véronic Landry
- NSERC—Canlak Industrial Research Chair in Interior Wood-Products Finishes, Department of Wood and Forest Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-656-2131
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13
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Calvez I, Szczepanski CR, Landry V. Hybrid Free-Radical/Cationic Phase-Separated UV-Curable System: Impact of Photoinitiator Content and Monomer Fraction on Surface Morphologies and Gloss Appearance. Macromolecules 2022; 55:3129-3139. [PMID: 35502195 PMCID: PMC9048687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous photopolymerization of radical and cationic systems is one strategy to generate polymer network architectures named interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). In these hybrid systems, phase separation and final polymer morphology are ultimately governed by thermodynamic incompatibility and polymerization kinetics. This behavior is quite complex, as numerous factors can affect polymerization kinetics including monomer/oligomer viscosity and structure, light intensity, photoinitiator content and absorbance, cross-linking, vitrification, etc. In this work, the impact of photoinitiator concentration and monomer fraction on surface morphologies in a hybrid radical/cationic phase-separated system was examined. Wrinkles formed on the surface of photopolymerized films depend on the polymerization rate and acrylate/epoxy ratio. This phenomenon is partially explained by the rapid polymerization rate associated with the development of an epoxy matrix and a smaller acrylate domain. The size and shape of the wrinkles can be controlled by varying formulation parameters (mainly, composition) and photoinitiator content. It was possible to create surface roughness and consequently decrease the gloss by controlling the polymerization kinetics and phase-separated morphology. This study demonstrates that the morphology, polymerization kinetics, and film properties (e.g., gloss, transparency) can be manipulated with the ratio of the acrylate/epoxy mixture and the photoinitiator content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Calvez
- NSERC−Canlak Industrial Research Chair in interior Wood-Products finishes, Department of Wood and Forest Science, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Caroline R. Szczepanski
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Véronic Landry
- NSERC−Canlak Industrial Research Chair in interior Wood-Products finishes, Department of Wood and Forest Science, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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14
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Fauziyah NA, Nurmalasari MD, Hilmi AR, Triwikantoro T, Baqiya MA, Zainuri M, Pratapa S. Filler‐size‐dependent dynamic mechanical properties of polyethylene glycol/zircon composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aini Fauziyah
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur (UPN) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Muthia Diah Nurmalasari
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Allif Rosyidy Hilmi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Triwikantoro Triwikantoro
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Malik Anjelh Baqiya
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Zainuri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Suminar Pratapa
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
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15
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Hasa E, Lee TY, Allan Guymon C. Controlling phase separated domains in UV-curable formulations with OH-functionalized prepolymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modification of photocurable radical systems with high molecular weight prepolymers enables access to a wide array of polymer structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erion Hasa
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tai Yeon Lee
- Covestro Additive Manufacturing, 1122 Saint Charles St, Elgin, IL 60120, USA
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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16
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Grover TL, Guymon CA. Controlling network morphology in hybrid radical/cationic photopolymerized systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01288j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid formulation chemistry was used to internally control the reaction rate differences between radical and cationic photopolymerizations leading to a tailorable array of polymer morphologies and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner L. Grover
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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17
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Blevins AK, Wang M, Lehmann ML, Hu L, Fan S, Stafford CM, Killgore JP, Lin H, Saito T, Ding Y. Photopatterning of two stage reactive polymer networks with CO 2-philic thiol–acrylate chemistry: enhanced mechanical toughness and CO 2/N 2 selectivity. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two stage reactive polymer (TSRP) networks can be programmed with spatially varying heterogeneity, presenting a new way of designing material structure and controlling or enhancing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne K. Blevins
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Michelle L. Lehmann
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Leiqing Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Shouhong Fan
- Membrane Science, Engineering and Technology Center, Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Christopher M. Stafford
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jason P. Killgore
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Haiqing Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Yifu Ding
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Membrane Science, Engineering and Technology Center, Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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18
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Leguizamon SC, Powers J, Ahn J, Dickens S, Lee S, Jones BH. Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation in Rubber-Toughened Amine-Cured Epoxy Resins: Tuning Morphology from the Nano- to Macro-scale. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Leguizamon
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jackson Powers
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Juhong Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sara Dickens
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Brad H. Jones
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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19
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Lequieu J, Magenau AJD. Reaction-induced phase transitions with block copolymers in solution and bulk. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00722f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reaction-induced phase transitions use chemical reactions to drive macromolecular organisation and self-assembly. This review highlights significant and recent advancements in this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lequieu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
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20
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Abuna G, Campos P, Hirashi N, Giannini M, Nikaido T, Tagami J, Coelho Sinhoreti MA, Geraldeli S. The ability of a nanobioglass-doped self-etching adhesive to re-mineralize and bond to artificially demineralized dentin. Dent Mater 2020; 37:120-130. [PMID: 33229040 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To a self-etch adhesive doped with nano-bioglass and evaluate its ability to bond and re-mineralize artificially demineralized dentin. METHODS Experimental Si, Ca, Na and PO4 based nanobioglass particles were synthesized, doped into experimental self-etch adhesives, and divided into 3 groups: Clearfi SE2 (CSE2), experimental (EXC), and experimental doped with 10% of nanobioglass (ExNB). The adhesives were applied onto the caries-affected dentin (chemically simulated), and evaluated after 24 h and 28 days of immersion in simulated body fluid. The remineralization process was assessed using optical coherence tomography, nanoindentation, in situ zymography, transmission electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, μ-tensile bond strength, and pH buffer. RESULTS The addition of nanobioglass particles into the experimental self-etch adhesives altered the μTBS in the short-term jeopardizing dentin bonding properties, when compared to the non-doped self-etch adhesive. The remineralization recovered the nanohardness, and volume lost by caries lesion (p = 0.02). Moreover, reduced the enzymatic activity (p = 1.24E-4) and formed new crystals within of the hybrid layer. CONCLUSION The use of nanobioglass was efficient to recover the properties of a caries affected dentin. Furthermore, the adhesive properties were not hampered and the probabilistic reliability increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Abuna
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Cariology and Operative Dentistry Department, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; General Dentistry Department, Division of Biomedical Materials, East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Paulo Campos
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noriko Hirashi
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry Department, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Toru Nikaido
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Funtional Science and Rehabiltation, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Junji Tagami
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry Department, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo Geraldeli
- General Dentistry Department, Division of Biomedical Materials, East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA
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21
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Hot Embossing of Micro-Pyramids into Thermoset Thiol-Ene Film. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102291. [PMID: 33036296 PMCID: PMC7600293 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the first attempt to texturize a fully crosslinked thermoset shape memory polymer using a hot embossing technique. UV-cured thiol-ene films were successfully embossed with anisotropically-etched Si (100) stamps at a temperature of 100 °C, which is about 50 °C above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The low storage modulus of the polymer in a rubbery state allowed us to permanently emboss random micro-pyramidal patterns onto the surface of the film with high fidelity by applying 30 MPa pressure for 1 h. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation showed perfect replication of the stamp micropattern with typical height of the largest inverted pyramids close to 0.7 µm and lateral dimensions in the range of 1–2 µm. Changes in surface roughness parameters of the embossed thiol-ene films after annealing them at 100 °C for 1 h or storing for 2 months in air at standard room conditions were negligible. The achieved results open new perspectives for the simple and inexpensive hot embossing technique to be applied for the micropatterning of prepolymerized thermoset shape memory films as an alternative to micropatterning using UV casting.
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22
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Curing behavior, chain dynamics, and microstructure of high Tg thiol-acrylate networks with systematically varied network heterogeneity. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Hasa E, Stansbury JW, Guymon CA. Manipulation of crosslinking in photo-induced phase separated polymers to control morphology and thermo-mechanical properties. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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The Organic Matrix of Restorative Composites and Adhesives. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Barszczewska-Rybarek IM. A Guide through the Dental Dimethacrylate Polymer Network Structural Characterization and Interpretation of Physico-Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E4057. [PMID: 31817410 PMCID: PMC6947234 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Material characterization by the determination of relationships between structure and properties at different scales is essential for contemporary material engineering. This review article provides a summary of such studies on dimethacrylate polymer networks. These polymers serve as photocuring organic matrices in the composite dental restorative materials. The polymer network structure was discussed from the perspective of the following three aspects: the chemical structure, molecular structure (characterized by the degree of conversion and crosslink density (chemical as well as physical)), and supramolecular structure (characterized by the microgel agglomerate dimensions). Instrumental techniques and methodologies currently used for the determination of particular structural parameters were summarized. The influence of those parameters as well as the role of hydrogen bonding on basic mechanical properties of dimethacrylate polymer networks were finally demonstrated. Mechanical strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, and impact resistance were discussed. The issue of the relationship between chemical structure and water sorption was also addressed.
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Fugolin AP, Dobson A, Ferracane JL, Pfeifer CS. Effect of residual solvent on performance of acrylamide-containing dental materials. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1378-1387. [PMID: 31378307 PMCID: PMC6750967 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methacrylamide-based monomers are being pursued as novel, hydrolytically stable materials for use in dental adhesives. The impact of residual solvents, due to the chemical synthesis procedures or the need for solvated adhesives systems, on the kinetics of polymerization and mechanical properties was the aim of the present investigation. METHODS Two base monomers (70wt% BisGMA or HEMAM-BDI - newly synthesized secondary methacrylamide) were combined with 30wt% N,N-dimethylacrylamide. Eethyl acetate (EtOAc), or 75vol% ethanol/25vol% water (EtOH/H2O) were added as solvents in concentrations of 2, 5, 15 and 20wt%. The resins were made polymerizable by the addition of 0.2wt% 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone (DMPA) and 0.4wt% diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPI-PF6). Specimens (n=3) were photoactivated with a mercury arc lamp (Acticure 4000, 320-500nm, 250mW/cm2) for 5min. Degree of conversion (DC, %) was tracked in near-IR spectroscopy in real time and yield strength and modulus of elasticity were measured in three-point bending after dry and wet storage (n=6). The data was subject to one-way ANOVA/Tukey's Test (p≤0.05), or Student's t-test (p≤0.001). RESULTS In all groups for both BisGMA and HEMAM-BDI-based materials, DC and DC at Rpmax increased and maximum rate of polymerization decreased as solvent concentration increased. Despite the increased DC, BisGMA mixtures showed a decrease in FS starting at 5wt% EtOAc or 15wt% EtOH/H2O. Yield strength for the HEMAM-BDI groups was overall lower than that of the BisGMA groups, but the modulus of elasticity was significantly higher. SIGNIFICANCE The presence of residual solvent, from manufacturing or from practitioner's handling, affects polymerization kinetics and mechanical properties of resins. Methacrylates appear to be more strongly influenced than methacrylamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Fugolin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adam Dobson
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jack L Ferracane
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carmem S Pfeifer
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Hasa E, Scholte JP, Jessop JLP, Stansbury JW, Guymon CA. Kinetically Controlled Photoinduced Phase Separation for Hybrid Radical/Cationic Systems. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erion Hasa
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, United States
| | - Jon P. Scholte
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, United States
| | - Julie L. P. Jessop
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, United States
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, United States
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28
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Sautrot-Ba P, Razza N, Breloy L, Andaloussi SA, Chiappone A, Sangermano M, Hélary C, Belbekhouche S, Coradin T, Versace DL. Photoinduced chitosan–PEG hydrogels with long-term antibacterial properties. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6526-6538. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The photo-induced synthesis of chitosan–PEG hydrogels with tremendous antibacterial and anti-adhesive properties even after 6 months’ storage.
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29
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Orman S, Hofstetter C, Aksu A, Reinauer F, Liska R, Baudis S. Toughness enhancers for bone scaffold materials based on biocompatible photopolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Orman
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/163, A‐1060, ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Christoph Hofstetter
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/308, A‐1060, ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Adem Aksu
- Karl Leibinger Medizintechnik GmbH & Co. KGKolbinger Str. 10, D‐78570, Mühlheim Germany
| | - Frank Reinauer
- Karl Leibinger Medizintechnik GmbH & Co. KGKolbinger Str. 10, D‐78570, Mühlheim Germany
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/163, A‐1060, ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/163, A‐1060, ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
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30
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Rapid, Template-Less Patterning of Polymeric Interfaces for Controlled Wettability via in Situ Heterogeneous Photopolymerizations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Falco G, Guigo N, Vincent L, Sbirrazzuoli N. Opening Furan for Tailoring Properties of Bio-based Poly(Furfuryl Alcohol) Thermoset. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:1805-1812. [PMID: 29683549 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work shows how furan ring-opening reactions were controlled by polymerization conditions to tune the cross-link density in bio-based poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA). The influence of water and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) on the polymerization of furfuryl alcohol, and particularly on furan ring-opening, was investigated by means of 13 C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Results indicated that formation of open structures were favored in the presence of solvents, thus leading to modification of the thermo-mechanical properties compared to PFA cross-linked without solvent. Dynamic mechanical analyses showed that when slightly more open structures were present in PFA it resulted in an important decrease of the cross-link density. Despite lower glass-transition temperature and lower elastic modulus for PFA polymerized with solvent, the thermal stability remains very high (>350 °C) even with more open structures in PFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Falco
- Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institution, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institution, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - Luc Vincent
- Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institution, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institution, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
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32
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Susa A, Bijleveld J, Hernandez Santana M, Garcia SJ. Understanding the Effect of the Dianhydride Structure on the Properties of Semiaromatic Polyimides Containing a Biobased Fatty Diamine. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:668-678. [PMID: 29333351 PMCID: PMC5762164 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work we report the effect of the hard block dianhydride structure on the overall properties of partially biobased semiaromatic polyimides. For the study, four polyimides were synthesized using aliphatic fatty dimer diamine (DD1) as the soft block and four different commercially available aromatic dianhydrides as the hard block: 4,4'-(4,4'-isopropylidenediphenoxy) bis(phthalic anhydride) (BPADA), 4,4'-oxidiphthalic anhydride (ODPA), 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), and 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA). The polymers synthesized were fully organo-soluble thermoplastic branched polyimides with glass transition temperatures close to room temperature. The detailed analysis took into account several aspects of the dianhydrides structure (planarity, rigidity, bridging group between the phtalimides, and electronic properties) and related them to the results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, rheology, fluorescence and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Moreover, the effects of physical parameters (crystallization and electronic interactions) on the relaxation behavior are discussed. Despite the presence of the bulky branched soft block given by the dimer diamine, all polyimides showed intermolecular charge transfer complexes, whose extent depends on the electronic properties of the dianhydride hard block. Furthermore, the results showed that polyimides containing flexible and bulky hard blocks turned out fully amorphous while the more rigid dianhydride (BPDA) led to a nanophase separated morphology with low degree of crystallinity resulting in constrained segmental relaxation with high effect on its mechanical response with the annealing time. This work represents the first detailed report on the development and characterization of polyimides based on a biobased fatty dimer diamine. The results highlight the potential of polymer property design by controlled engineering of the aromatic dianhydride blocks.
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Mohammad Raei Nayini M, Bastani S, Moradian S, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Allonas X. Manipulating the Surface Structure of Hybrid UV Curable Coatings through Photopolymerization-Induced Phase Separation: Influence of Inorganic Portion and Photoinitiator Content. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mohammad Raei Nayini
- Department of Printing Science and Technology; Institute for Color Science and Technology; Vafamanesh St, Sayad Shirazi North HWY PB: 54-16765 Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Bastani
- Department of Surface Coatings and Corrosion; Institute for Color Science and Technology; Vafamanesh St, Sayad Shirazi North HWY PB: 54-16765 Tehran Iran
- Center of Excellence for Color Science and Technology; Institute of Color Science and Technology; Vafamanesh St, Sayad Shirazi North HWY PB: 54-16765 Tehran Iran
| | - Siamak Moradian
- Center of Excellence for Color Science and Technology; Institute of Color Science and Technology; Vafamanesh St, Sayad Shirazi North HWY PB: 54-16765 Tehran Iran
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace; ENSCMu; 3 rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace; ENSCMu; 3 rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
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Gorsche C, Harikrishna R, Baudis S, Knaack P, Husar B, Laeuger J, Hoffmann H, Liska R. Real Time-NIR/MIR-Photorheology: A Versatile Tool for the in Situ Characterization of Photopolymerization Reactions. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4958-4968. [PMID: 28383904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In photopolymerization reactions, mostly multifunctional monomers are employed, as they ensure fast reaction times and good final mechanical properties of the cured materials. Drawing conclusions about the influence of the components and curing conditions on the mechanical properties of the subsequently formed insoluble networks is challenging. Therefore, an in situ observation of chemical and mechanical characteristics during the photopolymerization reaction is desired. By coupling of an infrared spectrometer with a photorheometer, a broad spectrum of different photopolymerizable formulations can be analyzed during the curing reaction. The rheological information (i.e., time to gelation, final modulus, shrinkage force) can be derived from a parallel plate rheometer equipped with a UV- and IR-translucent window (glass for NIR and CaF2 window for MIR). Chemical information (i.e., conversion at the gel point and final conversion) is gained by monitoring the decrease of the corresponding IR-peak for the reactive monomer unit (e.g., C═C double bond peak for (meth)acrylates, H-S thiol and C═C double bond peak in thiol-ene systems, C-O epoxy peak for epoxy resins). Depending on the relative concentration of reactive functional groups in the sample volume and the intensity of the IR signal, the conversion can be monitored in the near-infrared region (e.g., acrylate double bonds, epoxy groups) or the MIR region (e.g., thiol signal). Moreover, an integrated Peltier element and external heating hood enable the characterization of photopolymerization reactions at elevated temperatures, which also widens the window of application to resins that are waxy or solid at ambient conditions. By switching from water to heavy water, the chemical conversion during photopolymerization of hydrogel precursor formulations can also be examined. Moreover, this device could also represent an analytical tool for a variety of thermally and redox initiated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gorsche
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry , Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reghunathan Harikrishna
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry , Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Knaack
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Branislav Husar
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joerg Laeuger
- Anton Paar Germany GmbH , Helmuth-Hirth-Strasse 6, D-73760 Ostfildern, Germany
| | - Helmuth Hoffmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry , Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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35
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Sun Y, Gao Y, Zhou L, Huang J, Fang H, Ma H, Zhang Y, Yang J, Song P, Zhang C, Zhang L, Li F, Zhao Y, Li K. A Study on the Electro-Optical Properties of Thiol-Ene Polymer Dispersed Cholesteric Liquid Crystal (PDChLC) Films. Molecules 2017; 22:E317. [PMID: 28241442 PMCID: PMC6155611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal (PDChLC) film obtained via a one-step fabrication technique based on photopolymerization of a thiol-acrylate reaction system was prepared and characterized for the first time. The effects of the chiral dopant, the influence of thiol monomer functionality and content on the morphology and subsequent performance of the PDChLC films were systematically investigated. It was demonstrated that the addition of a small amount of chiral dopant slightly increased the driving voltage, but decreased the off-state transmittance significantly. Furthermore, scanning electron micrographs (SEM) shown that the liquid crystal (LC) droplet size decreased at first and then increased with the increasing amount of thiol monomer functionality, while increasing the thiol content increased the LC droplet size. Correspondingly, the electro-optical switching behavior was directly dependent on LC droplet size. By tuning the raw material composition, PDChLC film with optimized electro-optical performance was prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Sun
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
- Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114005, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yanzi Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Le Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hua Fang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haipeng Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Cuihong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Department of Applied Statistics and Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lanying Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yuzhen Zhao
- Department of Applied Statistics and Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Kexuan Li
- Department of Applied Statistics and Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, Shaanxi, China.
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36
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Barszczewska-Rybarek I. The role of molecular structure on impact resistance and bending strength of photocured urethane-dimethacrylate polymer networks. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-1944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Sun Y, Zhang C, Zhou L, Fang H, Huang J, Ma H, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang LY, Song P, Gao Y, Xiao J, Li F, Li K. Effect of a Polymercaptan Material on the Electro-Optical Properties of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films. Molecules 2016; 22:E43. [PMID: 28042836 PMCID: PMC6155868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films were prepared by the ultraviolet-light-induced polymerization of photopolymerizable monomers in nematic liquid crystal/chiral dopant/thiol-acrylate reaction monomer composites. The effects of the chiral dopant and crosslinking agents on the electro-optical properties of the PDLC films were systematically investigate. While added the chiral dopant S811 into the PDLC films, the initial off-state transmittance of the films was decreased. It was found that the weight ratio among acrylate monomers, thiol monomer PETMP and the polymercaptan Capcure 3-800 showed great influence on the properties of the fabricated PDLC films because of the existence of competition between thiol-acrylate reaction and acrylate monomer polymerization reaction. While adding polymercaptans curing agent Capcure 3-800 with appropriate concentration into the PDLC system, lower driven voltage and higher contrast ratio were achieved. This made the polymer network and electro-optical properties of the PDLC films easily tunable by the introduction of the thiol monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Sun
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Cuihong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Department of Applied Statistics and Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Le Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Hua Fang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haipeng Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lan-Ying Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yanzi Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jiumei Xiao
- Department of Applied Mechanics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Kexuan Li
- Department of Applied Statistics and Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, Shaanxi Province, China.
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38
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Tran-Cong-Miyata Q, Nakanishi H. Phase separation of polymer mixtures driven by photochemical reactions: current status and perspectives. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qui Tran-Cong-Miyata
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku 606-8585 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku 606-8585 Japan
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39
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Szczepanski CR, Darmanin T, Guittard F. Spontaneous, Phase-Separation Induced Surface Roughness: A New Method to Design Parahydrophobic Polymer Coatings with Rose Petal-like Morphology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:3063-3071. [PMID: 26794637 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While the development of polymer coatings with controlled surface topography is a growing research topic, a fabrication method that does not rely on lengthy processing times, bulk solvent solution, or secondary functionalization has yet to be identified. This study presents a facile, rapid, in situ method to develop parahydrophobic coatings based on phase separation during photopolymerization. A comonomer resin of ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate (PFDA) is modified with a thermoplastic additive (PVDF) to induce phase separation during polymerization. If applied to a glass substrate and photopolymerized, the EGDA/PFDA copolymer forms a homogeneous network with a single glass transition temperature (T(g)) and slight hydrophobicity (θ(w) ∼ 114°). When the resin is modified with PVDF, phase separation occurs during photopolymerization producing a heterogeneous network with two T(g) values. The phase separation causes differences in composition and cross-link density within the network, which leads to local variations in polymerization shrinkage across the nonconstrained material interface. Domains with higher cross-link densities shrink and contract toward the bulk material more dramatically, permitting the formation of rough surfaces with submicron sized spheres enriched in PVDF dispersed in a continuous matrix of EGDA/PFDA copolymer. Both the surface roughness and hydrophobic components in the resin render these surfaces parahydrophobic with θ(w) ∼ 150°, high water adhesion, and a similar morphology to rose petals observed in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Darmanin
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, LPMC, UMR 7336 , 06100 Nice, France
| | - Frédéric Guittard
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, LPMC, UMR 7336 , 06100 Nice, France
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40
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Ligon-Auer SC, Schwentenwein M, Gorsche C, Stampfl J, Liska R. Toughening of photo-curable polymer networks: a review. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys relevant scientific papers and patents on the development of crosslinked epoxies and also photo-curable polymers based on multifunctional acrylates with improved toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Clark Ligon-Auer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Digital and Restorative Dentistry
| | | | - Christian Gorsche
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Digital and Restorative Dentistry
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Digital and Restorative Dentistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- Vienna
- Austria
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Digital and Restorative Dentistry
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41
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Oh J, Seo M. Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Microphase Separation for the Preparation of Nanoporous Polymer Films. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1244-1248. [PMID: 35614821 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of photoinitiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for the facile fabrication of cross-linked nanoporous polymer films with three-dimensionally (3D) continuous pore structure. The photoinitiated polymerization of isobornyl acrylate (IBA) in the presence of 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (CTA) and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone as a photoinitiator proceeded in a controlled manner, yet more rapidly compared to thermally initiated polymerization. When polylactide-macroCTA (PLA-CTA) was used, PLA-b-PIBA with high molar mass was obtained after several minutes of irradiation at room temperature. We confirmed that microphase separation occurs in the PLA-b-PIBA and that nanoporous PIBA can be derived from the PLA-b-PIBA precursor by selective PLA etching. To fabricate the cross-linked nanoporous polymer, IBA was copolymerized with ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) in the presence of PLA-CTA to produce a cross-linked block polymer precursor consisting of bicontinuous PLA and P(IBA-co-EGDA) microdomains, via polymerization-induced microphase separation. We demonstrated that nanoporous P(IBA-co-EGDA) monoliths and films with 3D continuous pores can be readily obtained via this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Oh
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience
and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience
and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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42
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Szczepanski CR, Stansbury JW. Modification of linear prepolymers to tailor heterogeneous network formation through photo-initiated Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation. POLYMER 2015; 70:8-18. [PMID: 26190865 PMCID: PMC4503221 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) was studied in ambient photopolymerizations of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) modified by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The molecular weight of PMMA and the rate of network formation (through incident UV-irradiation) were varied to influence both the promotion of phase separation through increases in overall free energy, as well as the extent to which phase development occurs during polymerization through diffusion prior to network gelation. The overall free energy of the polymerizing system increases with PMMA molecular weight, such that PIPS is promoted thermodynamically at low loading levels (5 wt%) of a higher molecular weight PMMA (120 kDa), while a higher loading level (20 wt%) is needed to induce PIPS with lower PMMA molecular weight (11 kDa), and phase separation was not promoted at any loading level tested of the lowest molecular weight PMMA (1 kDa). Due to these differences in overall free energy, systems modified by PMMA (11 kDa) underwent phase separation via Nucleation and Growth, and systems modified by PMMA (120 kDa), followed the Spinodal Decomposition mechanism. Despite differences in phase structure, all materials form a continuous phase rich in TEGDMA homopolymer. At high irradiation intensity (Io=20mW/cm2), the rate of network formation prohibited significant phase separation, even when thermodynamically preferred. A staged curing approach, which utilizes low intensity irradiation (Io=300µW/cm2) for the first ~50% of reaction to allow phase separation via diffusion, followed by a high intensity flood-cure to achieve a high degree of conversion, was employed to form phase-separated networks with reduced polymerization stress yet equivalent final conversion and modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R. Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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43
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Szczepanski CR, Stansbury JW. Accessing photo-based morphological control in phase-separated, cross-linked networks through delayed gelation. Eur Polym J 2015; 67:314-325. [PMID: 25954051 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an approach to extend the period for phase separation, independent of temperature, in ambient phase-separating photopolymerizations based on the copolymerization of structurally similar mono- and di-vinyl monomers. Copolymer resins composed of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (EGMEMA) were modified with a thermoplastic prepolymer, poly(butyl methacrylate). With increasing EGMEMA modification into the bulk TEGDMA resin, there is a decrease in the initial reaction rate, which increases the time for development of compositionally different phases prior to network gelation. The period between phase separation and gelation was probed through optical and rheological measurements, and it was extended from 22 s in a TEGDMA resin to 69 s in a TEGDMA:EGMEMA copolymer, allowing these materials to be processed under a wide range of UV-irradiation intensities (300 µW cm-2 - 100 mW cm-2), which provided an additional degree of control over the resulting phase separated domain size and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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44
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Schellenberg J, Otto T, Schadewald A. Processing behavior and mechanical properties of autopolymerizing hypoallergenic denture base polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Schellenberg
- Institut für Kunststofftechnologie und -recycling; Industriestrasse 12, D-06369 Weißandt-Gölzau Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Institut für Kunststofftechnologie und -recycling; Industriestrasse 12, D-06369 Weißandt-Gölzau Germany
| | - Anke Schadewald
- Institut für Kunststofftechnologie und -recycling; Industriestrasse 12, D-06369 Weißandt-Gölzau Germany
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45
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Cramer AD, Gambinossi F, Wischerhoff E, Laschewsky A, Miller R, Ferri JK. Flexible thermoresponsive nanomembranes at the aqueous–air interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:877-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07359b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive freestanding nanomembranes were grown by surface-initiated polymerization at the aqueous–air interface of a pendant drop. We demonstrate formation of liquid-like interfaces supporting anisotropic stress and mechanical flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D. Cramer
- Lafayette College
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Easton
- USA
| | - Filippo Gambinossi
- Lafayette College
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Easton
- USA
| | - Erik Wischerhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research
- D-14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research
- D-14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
- University of Potsdam
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Reinhard Miller
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- D-14424 Potsdam/Golm
- Germany
| | - James K. Ferri
- Lafayette College
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Easton
- USA
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46
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KAWAKUBO R, NAKANISHI H, NORISUYE T, TRAN-CONG-MIYATA Q. Influence of Alkyl Chain Length in Methacrylate Monomers on the Phase Separation Induced by Photo-Polymerization. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2015. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2015-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie KAWAKUBO
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Toyo Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd
| | - Hideyuki NAKANISHI
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology
| | - Tomohisa NORISUYE
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology
| | - Qui TRAN-CONG-MIYATA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology
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47
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Szczepanski CR, Stansbury JW. Stress reduction in phase-separated, cross-linked networks: influence of phase structure and kinetics of reaction. J Appl Polym Sci 2014; 131. [PMID: 25418999 DOI: 10.1002/app.40879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A mechanism for polymerization shrinkage and stress reduction was developed for heterogeneous networks formed via ambient, photo-initiated polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS). The material system used consists of a bulk homopolymer matrix of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) modified with one of three non-reactive, linear prepolymers (poly-methyl, ethyl and butyl methacrylate). At higher prepolymer loading levels (10-20 wt%) an enhanced reduction in both shrinkage and polymerization stress is observed. The onset of gelation in these materials is delayed to a higher degree of methacrylate conversion (~15-25%), providing more time for phase structure evolution by thermodynamically driven monomer diffusion between immiscible phases prior to network macro-gelation. The resulting phase structure was probed by introducing a fluorescently tagged prepolymer into the matrix. The phase structure evolves from a dispersion of prepolymer at low loading levels to a fully co-continuous heterogeneous network at higher loadings. The bulk modulus in phase separated networks is equivalent or greater than that of poly(TEGDMA), despite a reduced polymerization rate and cross-link density in the prepolymer-rich domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA ; Biomaterial Research Center, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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48
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Liu J, Rad IY, Sun F, Stansbury JW. Photo-Reactive Nanogel as a Means to Tune Properties during Polymer Network Formation. Polym Chem 2014; 5. [PMID: 24348753 DOI: 10.1039/c3py00870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photo-reactive nanogels with an integrated photoinitiator-based functionality were synthesized via a Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) process. Without additional free initiators, this nanogel is capable of radical generation and initiating polymerization of a secondary monomer (i.e. dimethacrylate) that infiltrates and disperses the nanogel particles. Due to the presence of RAFT functionality and the fact that all initiating sites are initially located within the nanogel structure, gelation can be delayed by sequencing the polymerization from the nanogel to the bulk matrix. During polymerization of a nanogel-filled resin system, a progressive delay of gelation conversion from about 2 % for conventional chain growth polymerization to 18 % for the same monomer containing 20 wt% nanogel additive was achieved. A significant delay of stress development was also observed with much lower final stress achieved with the nanogel-modified systems due to the change of network formation mechanics. Compared with the nanogel-free dimethacrylate control, which contained uniformly distributed free initiator, the flexural modulus and mechanical strength results were maintained for the photopolymers with nanogel contents greater than 10 wt%. There appears to be a critical interparticle spacing of the photo-reactive nanogel that provides effective photopolymerization while providing delayed gelation and substantial stress reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ima Y Rad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Fang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China ; College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States ; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Brown C, DiNunzio J, Eglesia M, Forster S, Lamm M, Lowinger M, Marsac P, McKelvey C, Meyer R, Schenck L, Terife G, Troup G, Smith-Goettler B, Starbuck C. Hot-Melt Extrusion for Solid Dispersions: Composition and Design Considerations. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1598-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Polycaprolactone scaffolds or anisotropic particles: The initial solution temperature dependence in a gelatin particle-leaching method. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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