1
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Wu M, Ren Q, Zhu X, Li W, Luo H, Wu F, Wang L, Zheng W, Cui P, Yi X. Super toughened blends of poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) injection-molded foams via enhancing interfacial compatibility and cellular structure. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125490. [PMID: 37348589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) foams have drawn increasing attention due to environmental challenges and petroleum crisis. However, it still remains a challenge to prepare PLA foams with fine cellular structures and high impact property, which significantly hinders its widespread application. Herein, phase interface-enhanced PLA/ poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend foam, modified by a reactive compatibilizer through a simple reactive extrusion, was produced via a core-back foam injection molding technique. The obtained PLA blend foams displayed an impact strength as high as 49.1 kJ/m2, which was 9.3 and 6.4 times that of the unmodified PLA/PBAT blend and its corresponding foam, respectively. It proved that the interfacial adhesion and cell size both strongly affected the impact strength of injection-molded PLA/PBAT foams, and two major conclusions were proposed. First, enhancing interfacial adhesion could cause a brittle-tough transition of PLA/PBAT foams. Additionally, for foams with high interfacial adhesion, small cell size (<12 μm) was more favorable for the stretching of cells and extension of the whitened region in comparison with big cell size (cell size >60 μm), leading to the drastic toughening of PLA blends. This study provides a feasible, industrially scalable and practical strategy to prepare super toughened and fully biodegradable PLA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, PR China; Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315000, PR China
| | - Qian Ren
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiuyu Zhu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, PR China
| | - Wanwan Li
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, PR China
| | - Haibin Luo
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, PR China
| | - Fei Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, PR China
| | - Long Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ping Cui
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315000, PR China
| | - Xiaosu Yi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315000, PR China
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2
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In Situ Nanofibrillar Polypropylene-Based Composite Microcellular Foams with Enhanced Mechanical and Flame-Retardant Performances. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061497. [PMID: 36987279 PMCID: PMC10056583 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for plastic components, the development of lightweight, high strength and functionalized polypropylene (PP) from a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process is critical for resource conservation. In situ fibrillation (INF) and supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foaming technology were combined in this work to fabricate PP foams. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly(diaryloxyphosphazene)(PDPP) particles were applied to fabricate in situ fibrillated PP/PET/PDPP composite foams with enhanced mechanical properties and favorable flame-retardant performance. The existence of PET nanofibrils with a diameter of 270 nm were uniformly dispersed in PP matrix and served multiple roles by tuning melt viscoelasticity for improving microcellular foaming behavior, enhancing crystallization of PP matrix and contributing to improving the uniformity of PDPP’s dispersion in INF composite. Compared to pure PP foam, PP/PET(F)/PDPP foam exhibited refined cellular structures, thus the cell size of PP/PET(F)/PDPP foam was decreased from 69 to 23 μm, and the cell density increased from 5.4 × 106 to 1.8 × 108 cells/cm3. Furthermore, PP/PET(F)/PDPP foam showed remarkable mechanical properties, including a 975% increase in compressive stress, which was attributed to the physical entangled PET nanofibrils and refined cellular structure. Moreover, the presence of PET nanofibrils also improved the intrinsic flame-retardant nature of PDPP. The synergistical effect of the PET nanofibrillar network and low loading of PDPP additives inhibited the combustion process. These gathered advantages of PP/PET(F)/PDPP foam make it promising for lightweight, strong, and fire-retardant polymeric foams.
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3
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Lai J, Huang F, Huang A, Liu T, Peng X, Wu J, Geng L. Foaming behavior of polyamide 1212 elastomers/polyurethane composites with improved melt strength and interfacial compatibility via chain extension. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lai
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - An Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Lihong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
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4
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Qewami S, Rasoul Mousavi S, Ghanemi R, Mohammadi-Roshandeh J, Ali Khonakdar H, Hemmati F. An insight into simultaneous phase transition phenomena and melt-rheology of low-density polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/expanded graphite nanocomposites through continuous extrusion foaming process. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Hao Y, Tian H, Chen J, Chen Q, Zhang W, Liu W, Liu Y, Chen W, Chen W, Zuo Z, Wang F, Zhang L. Roles of physical filling and chemical crosslinking on the physico‐mechanical properties of polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Hao
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | | | | | - Weikang Liu
- Qingdao Port Dongjiakou Ore Terminal Co. LTD Qingdao China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Wei Chen
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Wenfei Chen
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Zhenjie Zuo
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Fan Wang
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
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6
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Chen L, Sun X, Ren Y, Wang R, Sun M, Liang W. Enhancing melt strength of polyglycolic acid by reactive extrusion with chain extenders. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Chen
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Yueqing Ren
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Rong Wang
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Wenbin Liang
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
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7
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Effect of the crystallization of modified polybutylene terephthalate on its foaming using supercritical CO2: Transition from microcellular to nanocellular foam. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Fluorescence assisted visualization and destruction of particles embedded thin cell walls in polymeric foams via supercritical foaming. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Preparation of biodegradable PBST/PLA microcellular foams under supercritical CO2: Heterogeneous nucleation and anti-shrinkage effect of PLA. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Basurto-Vázquez O, Sánchez-Rodríguez EP, McShane GJ, Medina DI. Load Distribution on PET-G 3D Prints of Honeycomb Cellular Structures under Compression Load. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121983. [PMID: 34204196 PMCID: PMC8234775 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy resulting from an impact is manifested through unwanted damage to objects or persons. New materials made of cellular structures have enhanced energy absorption (EA) capabilities. The hexagonal honeycomb is widely known for its space-filling capacity, structural stability, and high EA potential. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been effectively useful in a vast range of applications. The evolution of these technologies has been studied continuously, with a focus on improving the mechanical and structural characteristics of three-dimensional (3D)-printed models to create complex quality parts that satisfy design and mechanical requirements. In this study, 3D honeycomb structures of novel material polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) were fabricated by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method with different infill density values (30%, 70%, and 100%) and printing orientations (edge, flat, and upright). The effectiveness for EA of the design and the effect of the process parameters of infill density and layer printing orientation were investigated by performing in-plane compression tests, and the set of parameters that produced superior results for better EA was determined by analyzing the area under the curve and the welding between the filament layers in the printed object via FDM. The results showed that the printing parameters implemented in this study considerably affected the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed PET-G honeycomb structure. The structure with the upright printing direction and 100% infill density exhibited an extension to delamination and fragmentation, thus, a desirable performance with a long plateau region in the load-displacement curve and major absorption of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Basurto-Vázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Atizapan de Zaragoza 52926, Estado de Mexico, Mexico; (O.B.-V.); (E.P.S.-R.)
| | - Elvia P. Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Atizapan de Zaragoza 52926, Estado de Mexico, Mexico; (O.B.-V.); (E.P.S.-R.)
| | - Graham J. McShane
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK;
| | - Dora I. Medina
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Atizapan de Zaragoza 52926, Estado de Mexico, Mexico; (O.B.-V.); (E.P.S.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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On the Post-Processing of 3D-Printed ABS Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101559. [PMID: 34067991 PMCID: PMC8152243 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of Additive Manufacturing (AM) has significantly increased in the past few years. AM also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing has been currently used in fabrication of prototypes and end-use products. Considering the new applications of additively manufactured components, it is necessary to study structural details of these parts. In the current study, influence of a post-processing on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts has been investigated. To this aim, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material was used to produce test coupons based on the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process. More in deep, a device was designed and fabricated to fix imperfection and provide smooth surfaces on the 3D-printed ABS specimens. Later, original and treated specimens were subjected to a series of tensile loads, three-point bending tests, and water absorption tests. The experimental tests indicated fracture load in untreated dog-bone shaped specimen was 2026.1 N which was decreased to 1951.7 N after surface treatment. Moreover, the performed surface treatment was lead and decrease in tensile strength from 29.37 MPa to 26.25 MPa. Comparison of the results confirmed effects of the surface modification on the fracture toughness of the examined semi-circular bending components. Moreover, a 3D laser microscope was used for visual investigation of the specimens. The documented results are beneficial for next designs and optimization of finishing processes.
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12
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Evolution of cell morphology from sub-macroscale to nanoscale in modified thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer via supercritical CO2 foaming. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Rainglet B, Chalamet Y, Bounor-Legaré V, Delage K, Forest C, Cassagnau P. Polypropylene foams under CO2 batch conditions: From formulation and rheological modeling to cell-growth simulation. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Effects of in-situ crystallization on poly (lactic acid) microcellular foaming: Density functional theory and experiment. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Abstract
This paper is focused on the preparation of novel hybrid polymer composite materials for 3D filaments. As the reinforcing filler, expanded graphite, carbon fibers, and combinations thereof were used in various ratios up to 10%. The mechanical and thermal properties of virgin and recycled polyethylene phthalate glycol-modified (PETG) composite materials were determined. Almost all prepared composite materials were suitable for 3D printing and they have enhanced mechanical properties compared to the neat PETG matrices. Addition of the fillers to both polymer matrices has an only slight effect on the thermal stability, but the addition of carbon fibers significantly reduced the thermal expansion coefficient. The composites from cheaper recycled PETG have comparable properties to virgin PETG composites, which is of economic and ecological importance. New and cheaper materials can help expand 3D printing to manufacturing plants and the use of 3D printers for special applications.
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16
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Suparanon T, Phetwarotai W. Fire-extinguishing characteristics and flame retardant mechanism of polylactide foams: Influence of tricresyl phosphate combined with natural flame retardant. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:1090-1101. [PMID: 32344096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extrusion and compression molding techniques were used to process polylactide (PLA) foams using a mixture blowing agent. Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and natural flame retardants (NFR) from pumpkin (PK) and soybean (SB) were added to rigid PLA foams and the flame retardant properties of the foams were investigated. The effects of TCP content, types and amounts of NFR, and the ratio of TCP to NFR were determined on the physical, thermal and morphological characteristics of the foams. The fire-extinguishing characteristics and flame retardant mechanism of PLA foams with TCP were studied by thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared (TGA-FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL-94 techniques. The results revealed the efficiency of TCP as a flame retardant for PLA foams. Increased TCP levels contributed to a significant enhancement in fire-extinguishing characteristics. Phosphoric acid from thermal decomposition of TCP was a key factor in the proposed mechanism of flame retardation. Flame inhibition and retarded ignition of the PLA foams were achieved at all compositions of TCP and NFR. Due to the presence of compounds such as cellulose, phosphate, and silica, both PK and SB could be used as effective NFRs for PLA foams. All these characteristics promise extended applications for PLA foam in bio, circular, and green economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunsuda Suparanon
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Worasak Phetwarotai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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17
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Ni J, Yu K, Zhou H, Mi J, Chen S, Wang X. Morphological evolution of PLA foam from microcellular to nanocellular induced by cold crystallization assisted by supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Han S, Jiang C, Yu K, Mi J, Chen S, Wang X. Influence of crystallization on microcellular foaming behavior of polyamide 6 in a supercritical CO
2
‐assisted route. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Can Jiang
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Kesong Yu
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Chen
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
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19
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Li P, Zhang W, Zhu X, Kong M, Lv Y, Huang Y, Gong P, Li G. Simultaneous Improvement of the Foaming Property and Heat Resistance in Polylactide via One-step Branching Reaction Initiated by Cyclic Organic Peroxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Lv
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yajiang Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Pengjian Gong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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20
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Li Y, Mi J, Fu H, Zhou H, Wang X. Nanocellular Foaming Behaviors of Chain-Extended Poly(lactic acid) Induced by Isothermal Crystallization. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12512-12523. [PMID: 31460371 PMCID: PMC6682135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the fabrication of semicrystalline polymer foams with a nanocellular structure by supercritical fluids has been becoming a newly developing research hotspot, owing to their peculiar properties and prospective applications. In this work, a facile and effective isothermal crystallization-induced method was proposed to prepare nanocellular semicrystalline poly(lactic acid) (PLA) foams using CO2 as a physical blowing agent. Styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate (SAG) as a chain extender (CE) was introduced into PLA through a melt-mixing method to improve the crystallization behavior and melt viscoelasticity of PLA. The chain extension reaction between PLA and SAG occurred successfully as well as the branching and micro cross-linking structures were generated in chain-extended PLA (CPLA) samples, which were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra, gel fraction, and intrinsic viscosity measurements. Owing to the nucleation effect of branching points and the restricted movement of PLA molecular chains by the formation of branching and/or microcross-linking structures, a large number of small spherocrystals were generated in CPLA samples, which was beneficial to produce nanocells. Nanocellular CPLA foams were prepared successfully, when the foaming temperature was 125 °C. As the SAG content increased, the cell size of various PLA foams decreased from 364 ± 198 to 249 ± 100 nm and their volume expansion ratio increased from 1.15 ± 0.05 to 2.22 ± 0.01 times, gradually. When the foaming temperature increased from 125 to 127 °C, an interesting transition from nanocells to microcells could be observed in CPLA foam with the CE content of 2 wt %. Finally, the formation mechanism of nanocells in various PLA foams was proposed and clarified using a schematic diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Materials
and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic
of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology
for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic
Composites, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Hai Fu
- School of Material and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials
and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic
of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology
for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials
and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology
and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic
of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology
for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People’s
Republic of China
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21
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Qu Z, Mi J, Jiao Y, Zhou H, Wang X. Microcellular morphology evolution of polystyrene/thermoplastic polyurethane blends in the presence of supercritical CO2. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319852335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a facile melt blending and solid batch foaming approach was proposed to prepare microcellular polystyrene/thermoplastic polyurethane (PS/TPU) blending foams with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2). Compared with those of pure PS and pure TPU, an interesting phenomenon about the enhanced complex viscosity and storage modulus, as well as decreased loss factor of PS/TPU blends, was found. The solubility of CO2 in the PS/TPU blends was enhanced, owing to the CO2 solubilization effects of TPU. An interesting bimodal cell structure (BCS) was observed in the PS/TPU blending foams with the TPU content of 10, 15, and 20%. Consequently, a significant conclusion could be speculated that the generation of BCS in the PS/TPU blending system depended on not only the viscosity and morphology of the polymer blends but also the solubility and diffusivity of the CO2 as well as the type of cell nucleation. The thermal insulation property of PS foam was improved by the introduction of TPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Qu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Beijing Ray Applied Research Centre, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Three-dimensional cross-linking structures in ceramifiable EVA composites for improving self-supporting property and ceramifiable properties at high temperature. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Xu L, Wu X, Li L, Chen Y. Synthesis of a novel polyphosphazene/triazine bi‐group flame retardant in situ doping nano zinc oxide and its application in poly (lactic acid) resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Linshan Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
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24
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Liu W, He S, Yang Y. Effect of stereocomplex crystal on foaming behavior and sintering of poly(lactic acid) bead foams. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering; Guizhou Institute of Technology; Guiyang City PR China
- Key Laboratory of Light Metal Materials Processing Technology of Guizhou Province; Guizhou Institute of Technology; Guiyang City PR China
| | - Shicheng He
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering; Guizhou Institute of Technology; Guiyang City PR China
| | - Yujie Yang
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering; Guizhou Institute of Technology; Guiyang City PR China
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25
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Poly (lactic acid) blends: Processing, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:307-360. [PMID: 30528997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a commercial biobased, biodegradable, biocompatible, compostable and non-toxic polymer that has competitive material and processing costs and desirable mechanical properties. Thereby, it can be considered favorably for biomedical applications and as the most promising substitute for petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications. However, PLA has some significant shortcomings such as low melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, high brittleness, low toughness, and low service temperature, which limit its applications. To overcome these limitations, blending PLA with other polymers is an inexpensive approach that could also tailor the final properties of PLA-based products. During the last two decades, researchers investigated the synthesis, processing, properties, and development of various PLA-based blend systems including miscible blends of poly l-lactide (PLLA) and poly d-lactide (PDLA), which generate stereocomplex crystals, binary immiscible/miscible blends of PLA with other thermoplastics, multifunctional ternary blends using a third polymer or fillers such as nanoparticles, as well as PLA-based blend foam systems. This article reviews all these investigations and compares the syntheses/processing-morphology-properties interrelationships in PLA-based blends developed so far for various applications.
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26
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Zhou H, Song J, Ding X, Qu Z, Wang X, Mi J, Wang J. Cellular morphology evolution of chain extended poly(butylene succinate)/organic montmorillonite nanocomposite foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Song
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - X. Ding
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Z. Qu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - X. Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Wang
- Applied Chemistry DepartmentYuncheng University Yuncheng, 044000 People's Republic of China
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27
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Li B, Zhao G, Wang G, Zhang L, Gong J. Fabrication of high-expansion microcellular PLA foams based on pre-isothermal cold crystallization and supercritical CO2 foaming. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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Wei L, Shicheng H, Hongfu Z. Effect of octa(epoxycyclohexyl) POSS on thermal, rheology property, and foaming behavior of PLA composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wei
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering; Guizhou Institute of Technology; Guiyang City Guizhou Province 550003 People's Republic of China
| | - He Shicheng
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering; Guizhou Institute of Technology; Guiyang City Guizhou Province 550003 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Hongfu
- Key laboratory of Processing and Quality Evaluation Technology of Green Plastics of China National Light Industry council; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 China
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29
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Wang X, Mi J, Wang J, Zhou H, Wang X. Multiple actions of poly(ethylene octene) grafted with glycidyl methacrylate on the performance of poly(lactic acid). RSC Adv 2018; 8:34418-34427. [PMID: 35548650 PMCID: PMC9087122 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07510g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene octene) grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (POE-g-GMA) was employed to improve the rheological and thermal properties, toughness, and foaming behaviors of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) through a chain extension effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Applied Chemistry Department
- Yuncheng University
- Yuncheng 044000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
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30
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Role of high-density polyethylene in the crystallization behaviors, rheological property, and supercritical CO2 foaming of poly (lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Evolution of double crystal melting peak in polypropylene foam assisted by β-nucleating agent and supercritical CO2. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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32
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Wang W, Yu K, Zhou H, Wang X, Mi J. The Effect of Compatibilization on the Properties and Foaming Behavior of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(ethylene-octene) Blends. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931703600602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The methodology for improving the properties and foaming behavior of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/poly(ethylene-octene) (POE) blends through compatibilization was proposed. In this paper, PET/POE blends were prepared through a melt blending method, POE was employed as elastomer toughener, maleic anhydride grafted POE (mPOE) was selected as compatibilizer, and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) was used as chain extender. The content of mPOE was changeable to study the effect of compatibility on crystallization behavior, toughness, dispersion morphology, and rheological behavior of PET/ POE blends. The results demonstrated that the crystallization peak of PET/POE blends shifted towards high temperatures from 196.97°C to 201.24°C with the content of mPOE increasing. The brittle-ductile transition for PET/POE blends occurred at the mPOE content in the range of 4–5 phr. The particle size of POE dispersed phase decline firstly and then was almost unchanged with an increasing content of mPOE. The storage modulus and complex viscosity of compatibilized PET/POE blends were obviously higher than that of uncompatibilized PET/POE blends. Then PET/POE blends were foamed using supercritical CO2 as physical blowing agent. The results showed that the cell size, cell density, and tensile properties of the PET/POE blending foams were affected by the content of mPOE strongly. With the content of mPOE, the cell size decreased and then kept stable as well as the cell density the trend of cell size increased then remained unchanged. In addition, the elongation at break of PET/POE blending foams was higher than that of the uncompatibilized PET/POE blending foam. PET/POE blending foams with fine cell morphology and good ductility could be achieved with a proper content of compatibilizer in the blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Kesong Yu
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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33
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Jin Y, Men S, Weng Y. An investigation of the impact of an amino-ended hyperbranched polymer as a new type of modifier on the compatibility of PLA/PBAT blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2016-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends using amino-ended hyperbranched polymers (HBP) as modifiers were prepared by melt-mixing through a double-roller mill and injection molding. It was found that when the content of HBP was 2.5 phr, the elongation at break and the impact strength of PLA/PBAT blends both reached peak values. Moreover, by addition of HBP, the ΔTg of the blends was smaller. These results, together with Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images on the fractured morphology of the blends, indicate that the compatibility between PLA and PBAT is improved upon addition of HBP. The mechanism of the impact of HBP on the improvement of the compatibility between PLA and PBAT is proposed based upon Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Jin
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , P.R. China
| | - Shuang Men
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Shenyang Ligong University , Shenyang 110159 , P.R. China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , P.R. China
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34
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A cooling and two-step depressurization foaming approach for the preparation of modified HDPE foam with complex cellular structure. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Song Z, Zhen W. Performance and crystallization kinetics of poly (L-lactic acid) toughened by poly (D-lactic acid). ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Song
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals; Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang University; Urumqi China
| | - Weijun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals; Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang University; Urumqi China
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36
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Liu W, Chen P, Wang X, Wang F, Wu Y. Effects of Poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) as a Macromolecular Nucleating Agent on the Crystallization and Foaming Behavior of Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid). CELLULAR POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931703600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a bio-based macromolecule, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), on the crystallization and foaming behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was evaluated. The crystallization kinetics results show that the addition of PBAT improved the crystallization of PLA by increasing the overall crystallinity and enhancing the crystal morphology of PLA. The massive crystallization zones may have prevented the escape of foaming gases to the surrounding area; the expansion ratio of the PLA foams increased from 4.87 to 10.94. Thus, a novel macromolecular crystallization nucleating agent for PLA was developed; the effect of the crystallization of PLA on its foaming behavior was also investigated. A high expansion ratio and finer cellular structure of PLA foam were obtained by optimizing the PBAT content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Fuchun Wang
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, PR China
| | - Yujiao Wu
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, PR China
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37
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Wang W, Wang L, Jiao Y, Zeng X, Wang X, Lu Y, Cheng A, Dai P, Zhao X. Fine dispersion morphology of polystyrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol) blending generation for controlled foaming behavior. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol) (PS/PETG) blends with different PETG contents were prepared using a Haake internal mixer at 190 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Wang
- Beijing Radiation Center
- Beijing 100875
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials
- Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application
| | - Liancai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials
- Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application
- Beijing 100015
- China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials
- Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application
- Beijing 100015
- China
| | - Xinmiao Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials
- Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application
- Beijing 100015
- China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials
- Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application
- Beijing 100015
- China
| | - Anren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials
- Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application
- Beijing 100015
- China
| | - Pei Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials
- Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application
- Beijing 100015
- China
| | - Xuena Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials
- Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application
- Beijing 100015
- China
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38
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Forghani E, Azizi H, Karabi M, Ghasemi I. Compatibility, morphology and mechanical properties of polylactic acid/polyolefin elastomer foams. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16681450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, different blends based on polylactic acid (PLA)/polyolefin elastomer (POE) and compatibilized PLA/POE was prepared by melt mixing. The compatibilizer glycidyl methacrylate-grafted-polyolefin elastomer (POE-g-GMA) was synthesized in a separate process. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed the reaction of POE and glycidyl methacrylate. Meanwhile, the morphology of dispersed phase was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that the compatibilizer has improved the compatibility and interfacial adhesion between PLA and POE phase. The rheological test results revealed that the introduction of compatibilizer could enhance the storage modulus and melt complex viscosity of PLA/POE blends. The foamability was studied in the presence of azodicarbonamide as a chemical blowing agent in the batch foaming process. Morphology of foams such as porous cell size, porous cell population density, and foam density were studied. It was found that the presence of POE in PLA foams has a great influence on their mechanical properties and the toughness. Addition of POE-g-GMA in samples increased elastic modulus of foams and decreased their strain at break.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Forghani
- Department of Plastic Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Azizi
- Department of Plastic Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Karabi
- Department of Elastomer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - I Ghasemi
- Department of Plastic Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
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39
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Wang X, Wang W, Liu B, Du Z, Peng X. Complex cellular structure evolution of polystyrene/poly (ethylene terephthalate glycol-modified) foam using a two-step depressurization batch foaming process. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x15584653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to decrease the cell size and maintain very high volume expansion ratio simultaneously, a methodology for the preparation of complex cellular structure (CCS) in polystyrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol-modified) (PS/PETG) blend using two-step depressurization pressure batch foaming process was proposed. First, the optimum foaming temperature for PS and PS/PETG blend, respectively, were confirmed by one-step depressurization foaming process. Then, the CCS in PS and PS/PETG blending foam were fabricated by two-step depressurization foaming process at the optimum foaming temperature. The rheological properties of PS and PS/PETG blend were tested by dynamic rotational rheometer. The dispersion morphologies and foam morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscope. The lowest densities of PS and PS/PETG blending foams were obtained at the temperature of 136℃. The interfaces between PS and PETG could act as nucleation sites for the cell nucleation, which were helpful to fabricate the CCS. The CCS could be controlled by tuning the degree of the first-step depressurization and the holding time. The results showed that the large cells could be beneficial to decrease the foam density and the presence of small cells was beneficial to increase the cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bengang Liu
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing , PR China
| | - Zhongjie Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing , PR China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- National Engineering Research Centre for New Polymer Formed Equipment, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
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40
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Chen T, Zhang J, You H. Photodegradation behavior and mechanism of poly(ethylene glycol-co-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate) (PETG) random copolymers: correlation with copolymer composition. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21985c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Norrish type I and II mechanisms occurred in PETG copolymers. The inherent photostability of PETG decreased with increasing CHDM content. The higher CHDM content resulted in the higher crosslinking degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites
| | - Hongjun You
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
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41
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The synergistic effect of zinc oxide and phenylphosphonic acid zinc salt on the crystallization behavior of poly (lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Yu P, Mi HY, Huang A, Geng LH, Chen BY, Kuang TR, Mou WJ, Peng XF. Effect of Poly(butylenes succinate) on Poly(lactic acid) Foaming Behavior: Formation of Open Cell Structure. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- National
Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing,
The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of
Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
- The
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yang Mi
- National
Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing,
The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of
Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - An Huang
- National
Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing,
The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of
Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hong Geng
- National
Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing,
The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of
Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Bin-Yi Chen
- National
Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing,
The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of
Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Tai-Rong Kuang
- National
Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing,
The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of
Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Mou
- The
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- National
Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing,
The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of
Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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43
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Zhang L, Xiong Z, Shams SS, Yu R, Huang J, Zhang R, Zhu J. Free radical competitions in polylactide/bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane/ free radical initiator ternary blends and their final properties. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Liu H, Wang X, Zhou H, Liu W, Liu B. The Preparation and Characterization of Branching Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and its Foaming Behavior. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931503400202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chain extension was an effective method for increasing the molecular weight, the melt strength and the foaming property of linear polymer. In this paper, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) was used as chain extender to improve these properties of linear poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The intrinsic viscosity, rheological and thermal characterizations of various PET samples was investigated. The results demonstrated that the increasement of the viscoelasticity at low frequencies was correlated to the raise of the intrinsic viscosity and the formation of long chain branching. These structural changes resulted in the decreasement of the crystallization temperature and melt temperature as well as the increase in the cold crystallization values with the increasing content of PMDA. The cellular morphology and expansion ratio of CEPET foams were also obviously improved by the introduction of PMDA. The expansion ratio of CEPET foam with the PMDA content of 1.0 phr would reach 31.78. In addition, the effect of the chain extension reaction time on the intrinsic viscosity, the rheological behavior, and foaming properties of PET were also studied. The results showed that the intrinsic viscosity, the rheological behavior, and the foamability of CEPET also decreased gradually with increasing chain extension reaction time, which should be attributed to the occurrence of more and more intense thermal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Liu
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Bengang Liu
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
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45
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Bao RY, Jiang WR, Liu ZY, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB. Balanced strength and ductility improvement of in situ crosslinked polylactide/poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol) blends. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02575c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide/poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol) (PLA/PETG) blends with balanced strength and ductility improvement were achieved by crosslinking of PLA matrix and interfacial compatibilization via reactive melt blending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Wen-Rou Jiang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Bang-Hu Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
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46
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Wang X, Liu W, Li H, Du Z, Zhang C. Role of maleic- anhydride-grafted- polypropylene in supercritical CO2 foaming of poly (lactic acid) and its effect on cellular morphology. J CELL PLAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14539526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid)/maleic-anhydride-grafted-polypropylene (PLA/MAPP) blends were prepared by melt blending method. The effect of MAPP content on the dispersion morphology, thermal properties, and rheological behavior of PLA/MAPP blends was studied. Then PLA/MAPP blends were foamed using supercritical CO2 as physical blowing agent; and the cellular structure, cell size, as well as cell density were investigated. The results showed that of MA reacted with PLA, and thus a small amount of branched polymer would be formed. The branching structure strongly affected the rheological behavior, as well as the thermal properties of PLA. The blending morphology of PLA/MAPP blends also had a significant effect on the cell density of all the samples. The results indicated that homogeneous and finer cellular morphology for PLA/MAPP foams with high expansion ratio could be achieved with a proper content of MAPP in the blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hangquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhongjie Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
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