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Nazarychev VM, Lyulin SV. The Effect of Mechanical Elongation on the Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous and Semicrystalline Thermoplastic Polyimides: Atomistic Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2926. [PMID: 37447571 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the enhancement of polymer thermal conductivity has attracted considerable attention in the scientific community due to its potential for the development of new thermal interface materials (TIM) for both electronic and electrical devices. The mechanical elongation of polymers may be considered as an appropriate tool for the improvement of heat transport through polymers without the necessary addition of nanofillers. Polyimides (PIs) in particular have some of the best thermal, dielectric, and mechanical properties, as well as radiation and chemical resistance. They can therefore be used as polymer binders in TIM without compromising their dielectric properties. In the present study, the effects of uniaxial deformation on the thermal conductivity of thermoplastic PIs were examined for the first time using atomistic computer simulations. We believe that this approach will be important for the development of thermal interface materials based on thermoplastic PIs with improved thermal conductivity properties. Current research has focused on the analysis of three thermoplastic PIs: two semicrystalline, namely BPDA-P3 and R-BAPB; and one amorphous, ULTEMTM. To evaluate the impact of uniaxial deformation on the thermal conductivity, samples of these PIs were deformed up to 200% at a temperature of 600 K, slightly above the melting temperatures of BPDA-P3 and R-BAPB. The thermal conductivity coefficients of these PIs increased in the glassy state and above the glass transition point. Notably, some improvement in the thermal conductivity of the amorphous polyimide ULTEMTM was achieved. Our study demonstrates that the thermal conductivity coefficient is anisotropic in different directions with respect to the deformation axis and shows a significant increase in both semicrystalline and amorphous PIs in the direction parallel to the deformation. Both types of structural ordering (self-ordering of semicrystalline PI and mechanical elongation) led to the same significant increase in thermal conductivity coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Nazarychev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Prospect V.O. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey V Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Prospect V.O. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Development and Processing of New Composite Materials Based on High-Performance Semicrystalline Polyimide for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) and Their Biocompatibility. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183803. [PMID: 36145948 PMCID: PMC9505884 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples of composite materials based on high-performance semicrystalline polyimide R-BAPB (based on the dianhydride R: 1,3-bis-(3′,4,-dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene and diamine BAPB: 4,4′-bis-(4″-aminophenoxy)diphenyl)) filled with carbon nanofibers and micron-sized discrete carbon fibers were obtained by FFF printing for the first time. The viscosity of melts of the composites based on R-BAPB, thermal, mechanical characteristics of the obtained composite samples, their internal structure, and biocompatibility were studied. Simultaneously with FFF printing, samples were obtained by injection molding. The optimal concentrations of carbon fillers in polyimide R-BAPB for their further use in FFF printing were determined. The effect of the incorporation of carbon fillers on the porosity of the printed samples was investigated. It was shown that the incorporation of carbon nanofibers reduces the porosity of the printed samples, which leads to an increase in deformation at break. Modification of polyimide with discrete carbon fibers increases the strength and Young’s modulus sufficiently but decreases the deformation at break. The cytotoxicity analysis showed that the obtained composite materials are bioinert.
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Dobrovskiy AY, Nazarychev VM, Volgin IV, Lyulin SV. The Transport Properties of Semi-Crystalline Polyetherimide BPDA-P3 in Amorphous and Ordered States: Computer Simulations. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:856. [PMID: 36135875 PMCID: PMC9504751 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of polymer chain ordering on the transport properties of the polymer membrane was examined for the semi-crystalline heterocyclic polyetherimide (PEI) BPDA-P3 based on 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and diamine 1,4-bis [4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenoxy]benzene (P3). All-atom Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate the gas diffusion process carried through the pores of a free volume several nanometers in size. The long-term (~30 μs) MD simulations of BPDA-P3 were performed at T = 600 K, close to the experimental value of the melting temperature (Tm ≈ 577 K). It was found during the simulations that the transition of the PEI from an amorphous state to an ordered one occurred. We determined a decrease in solubility for both the gases examined (CO2 and CH4), caused by the redistribution of free volume elements occurring during the structural ordering of the polymer chains in glassy state (Tg ≈ 487 K). By analyzing the diffusion coefficients in the ordered state, the presence of gas diffusion anisotropy was found. However, the averaged values of the diffusion coefficients did not differ from each other in the amorphous and ordered states. Thus, permeability in the observed system is primarily determined by gas solubility, rather than by gas diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergey V. Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31 (V.O.), 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.D.); (V.M.N.); (I.V.V.)
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Nazarychev VM, Vaganov GV, Larin SV, Didenko AL, Elokhovskiy VY, Svetlichnyi VM, Yudin VE, Lyulin SV. Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Crystallizable Polyimide-Based Nanocomposites Filled with Carbon Nanotubes: Computer Simulations and Experiments. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153154. [PMID: 35956666 PMCID: PMC9370852 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a strong structural ordering of thermoplastic semi-crystalline polyimides near single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was found that can enhance their mechanical properties. In this study, a comparative analysis of the results of microsecond-scale all-atom computer simulations and experimental measurements of thermoplastic semi-crystalline polyimide R-BAPB synthesized on the basis of dianhydride R (1,3-bis-(3′,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene) and diamine BAPB (4,4′-bis-(4″-aminophenoxy) biphenyl) near the SWCNTs on the rheological properties of nanocomposites was performed. We observe the viscosity increase in the SWCNT-filled R-BAPB in the melt state both in computer simulations and experiments. For the first time, it is proven by computer simulation that this viscosity change is related to the structural ordering of the R-BAPB in the vicinity of SWCNT but not to the formation of interchain linkage. Additionally, strong anisotropy of the rheological properties of the R-BAPB near the SWCNT surface was detected due to the polyimide chain orientation. The increase in the viscosity of the polymer in the viscous-flow state and an increase in the values of the mechanical characteristics (Young’s modulus and yield peak) of the SWCNT-R-BAPB nanocomposites in the glassy state are stronger in the directions along the ordering of polymer chains close to the carbon nanofiller surface. Thus, the new experimental data obtained on the R-BAPB-based nanocomposites filled with SWCNT, being extensively compared with simulation results, confirm the idea of the influence of macromolecular ordering near the carbon nanotube on the mechanical characteristics of the composite material.
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Ivan’kova E, Vaganov G, Didenko A, Popova E, Elokhovskiy V, Bugrov A, Svetlichnyi V, Kasatkin I, Yudin V. Investigation of Polyetherimide Melt-Extruded Fibers Modified by Carbon Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237251. [PMID: 34885406 PMCID: PMC8658288 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fibers based on thermoplastic partially crystalline polyetherimide R-BAPB modified by vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCF) were prepared by melt extrusion, exposed to orientational drawing, and crystallized. All of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry to study how the carbon nanofiller influences on the internal structure and crystallization behavior of the obtained R-BAPB fibers. The mechanical properties of the composite R-BAPB fibers were also determined. It was found that VGCF nanoparticles introduced into R-BAPB polyimide can act as a nucleating agent that leads, in turn, to significant changes in the composite fibers morphology as well as thermal and mechanical characteristics. VGCF are able to improve an orientation degree of the R-BAPB macromolecules along the fiber direction, accelerate crystallization rate of the polymer, and enhance the fiber stability during crystallization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ivan’kova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O., Bol’shoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (G.V.); (A.D.); (E.P.); (V.E.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (V.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gleb Vaganov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O., Bol’shoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (G.V.); (A.D.); (E.P.); (V.E.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (V.Y.)
| | - Andrey Didenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O., Bol’shoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (G.V.); (A.D.); (E.P.); (V.E.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (V.Y.)
| | - Elena Popova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O., Bol’shoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (G.V.); (A.D.); (E.P.); (V.E.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (V.Y.)
| | - Vladimir Elokhovskiy
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O., Bol’shoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (G.V.); (A.D.); (E.P.); (V.E.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (V.Y.)
| | - Alexander Bugrov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O., Bol’shoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (G.V.); (A.D.); (E.P.); (V.E.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (V.Y.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University (ETU “LETI”), ul. Professora Popova 5, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Valentin Svetlichnyi
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O., Bol’shoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (G.V.); (A.D.); (E.P.); (V.E.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (V.Y.)
| | - Igor Kasatkin
- Research Centre for X-ray Diffraction Studies, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Yudin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O., Bol’shoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (G.V.); (A.D.); (E.P.); (V.E.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (V.Y.)
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Papadopoulos L, Klonos PA, Tzetzis D, Papageorgiou GZ, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Effects of graphene nanoplatelets on crystallization, mechanical performance and molecular dynamics of the renewable poly(propylene furanoate). POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Klonos PA. Crystallization, glass transition, and molecular dynamics in PDMS of low molecular weights: A calorimetric and dielectric study. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Larin SV, Nazarychev VM, Dobrovskiy AY, Lyulin AV, Lyulin SV. Structural Ordering in SWCNT-Polyimide Nanocomposites and Its Influence on Their Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1245. [PMID: 30961170 PMCID: PMC6401868 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Using fully-atomistic models, tens-microseconds-long molecular-dynamic modelling was carried out for the first time to simulate the kinetics of polyimides ordering induced by the presence of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanofillers. Three polyimides (PI) were considered with different dianhydride fragments, namely 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), 2,3',3,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (aBPDA), and 3,3',4,4'-oxidiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA) and same diamine 1,4-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenoxy]benzene (diamine P3). Both crystallizable PI BPDA-P3 and two amorphous polyimides ODPA-P3 and aBPDA-P3 reinforced by SWCNTs were studied. The structural properties of the nanocomposites at temperature close to the bulk polymer melting point were studied. The mechanical properties were determined for the nanocomposites cooled down to the glassy state. It was found that the SWCNT nanofiller initiates' structural ordering not only in the crystallizable BPDA-P3 but also in the amorphous ODPA-P3 samples were in agreement with previously obtained experimental results. Two stages of the structural ordering were detected in the presence of SWCNTs, namely the orientation of the planar moieties followed by the elongation of whole polymer chains. The first type of local ordering was observed on the microsecond time scale and did not lead to the change of the mechanical properties of a polymer binder in considered nanocomposites. At the end of the second stage, both BPDA-P3 and ODPA-P3 PI chains extended completely along the SWCNT surface, which in turn led to enhanced mechanical characteristics in their glassy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Larin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
| | - Victor M Nazarychev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
| | - Alexey Yu Dobrovskiy
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Lyulin
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter Group and Center for Computational Energy Research, Department of Applied Physics, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Sergey V Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia.
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Klonos P, Sulym IY, Sternik D, Konstantinou P, Goncharuk OV, Deryło–Marczewska A, Gun'ko VM, Kyritsis A, Pissis P. Morphology, crystallization and rigid amorphous fraction in PDMS adsorbed onto carbon nanotubes and graphite. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nazarychev VM, Larin SV, Lyulin AV, Dingemans T, Kenny JM, Lyulin SV. Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Initial Crystallization Stage in an SWCNT-Polyetherimide Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9100548. [PMID: 30965851 PMCID: PMC6418835 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystallization of all-aromatic heterocyclic polymers typically results in an improvement of their thermo-mechanical properties. Nucleation agents may be used to promote crystallization, and it is well known that the incorporation of nanoparticles, and in particular carbon-based nanofillers, may induce or accelerate crystallization through nucleation. The present study addresses the structural properties of polyetherimide-based nanocomposites and the initial stages of polyetherimide crystallization as a result of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) incorporation. We selected two amorphous thermoplastic polyetherimides ODPA-P3 and aBPDA-P3 based on 3,3′,4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA), 2,3′,3,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (aBPDA) and diamine 1,4-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenoxy]benzene (P3) and simulated the onset of crystallization in the presence of SWCNTs using atomistic molecular dynamics. For ODPA-P3, we found that the planar phthalimide and phenylene moieties show pronounced ordering near the CNT (carbon nanotube) surface, which can be regarded as the initial stage of crystallization. We will discuss two possible mechanisms for ODPA-P3 crystallization in the presence of SWCNTs: the spatial confinement caused by the CNTs and π–π interactions at the CNT-polymer matrix interface. Based on our simulation results, we propose that ODPA-P3 crystallization is most likely initiated by favorable π–π interactions between the carbon nanofiller surface and the planar ODPA-P3 phthalimide and phenylene moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Nazarychev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bol'shoi pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Larin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bol'shoi pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Lyulin
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter Group, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 1113, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA.
| | - Jose M Kenny
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bol'shoi pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
- Materials Science and Technology Centre, University of Perugia, Loc. Pentima, 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Sergey V Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bol'shoi pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
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Teng X, Wen L, Lv Y, Tang W, Zhao X, Chen C. Effects of potassium titanate whisker and glass fiber on tribological and mechanical properties of PTFE/PEEK blend. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317723444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two series of 10% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/polyether ether ketone (PEEK) composites reinforced with potassium titanate whisker (PTW/PTFE/PEEK) and chopped glass fiber (GF/PTFE/PEEK) were prepared and characterized. We investigated the effects of the additives on thermal stability, tribological properties, mechanical properties, and rheological behavior. The results illustrated that the mechanical properties of 10% PTFE/PEEK blend can be dramatically improved by incorporating either PTW or GF; however, the reinforcing effect of GF was found to be superior. It was found that 1% additive resulted in blends with the best tribological properties. Compared to the unmodified blend, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the 1% PTW blend decreased by 7.2% and 21%, respectively, while the corresponding values of 1% GF blend decreased by 0.66% and 51%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Teng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lefei Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxia Lv
- Changchun Department for Product Quality Supervision and Testing, Changchun, China
| | - Wenge Tang
- Changchun Department for Product Quality Supervision and Testing, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Klonos P, Pissis P. Effects of interfacial interactions and of crystallization on rigid amorphous fraction and molecular dynamics in polylactide/silica nanocomposites: A methodological approach. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Malagù M, Lyulin A, Benvenuti E, Simone A. A Molecular-Dynamics Study of Size and Chirality Effects on Glass-Transition Temperature and Ordering in Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201600041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Malagù
- Engineering Department; University of Ferrara; Via Saragat 1 44122 Ferrara Italy
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences; Delft University of Technology; P.O. Box 5048 2600 GA Delft The Netherlands
| | - Alexey Lyulin
- Department of Applied Physics; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Elena Benvenuti
- Engineering Department; University of Ferrara; Via Saragat 1 44122 Ferrara Italy
| | - Angelo Simone
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences; Delft University of Technology; P.O. Box 5048 2600 GA Delft The Netherlands
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Miao W, Lv Y, Zheng W, Wang Z, Chen ZR. Epitaxial crystallization of precisely fluorine substituted polyethylene induced by carbon nanotube and reduced graphene oxide. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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