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Cras GL, Hespel L, Guinault A, Sollogoub C, Alexandre S, Marais S, Follain N. Confinement Effect in Multilayer Films Made from Semicrystalline and Bio-Based Polyamide and Polylactic Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43961-43978. [PMID: 39135305 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Bio-based multilayer films were prepared by using the innovative nanolayer coextrusion process to produce films with a number of alternating layers varying from 3 to 2049. For the first time, a semicrystalline polymer was confined by another semicrystalline polymer by nanolayering in order to develop high barrier polyamide (PA11)/polylactic acid (PLA) films without compromising thermal stability and mechanical behavior. This process allows the preparation of nanostratified films with thin layers (down to nanometric thicknesses) in which a confinement effect can be induced. The stratified structure has been investigated, and the layer thicknesses have been measured. Barrier properties were successfully correlated to the microstructure, as well as the thermal behavior, and mechanical properties. The layer continuity was fully achieved for most of the films, but some layer breakups have been observed on the film with the thinnest PLA layer (2049-layers film). Coextruding PLA with PA11 has induced an increase in PLA crystallinity (from 4 to 16%) along with an increase in thermal stability of the multilayer films without impacting PA11 properties. Gas barrier properties were driven by the PLA confined layers due to the microstructural rearrangement by increasing crystallinity, whereas water barrier properties were governed by the PA11 confining layers due to its lower water affinity. As a consequence, a decrease of water permeability (up to 11 times less permeable for the 6M film) but an increase of gas barrier properties (barrier improvement factor (BIF) of 66% for the 0M film for N2 and BIF of 36% for the 6M film for CO2 for instance) were evidenced as the layer number was increased. This study paves the way for the development of ecofriendly materials with outstanding barrier performances and highlights the importance of nonmiscible polymers adhesion at melt state and additives presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Le Cras
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Louise Hespel
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Alain Guinault
- PIMM, Arts et Métiers ParisTech/CNRS/CNAM, Paris 75013, France
| | | | - Stéphane Alexandre
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Stéphane Marais
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Nadège Follain
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, Rouen F-76000, France
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2
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Dziadowiec D, Matykiewicz D, Szostak M, Andrzejewski J. Overview of the Cast Polyolefin Film Extrusion Technology for Multi-Layer Packaging Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1071. [PMID: 36770077 PMCID: PMC9920539 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The review article presents the technology of producing polyolefin-based films by extrusion casting. Due to the wide use of this type of film as packaging for food and other goods, obtaining films with favorable properties is still a challenge for many groups of producers in the plastics market. The feedblock process and multimanifold process are the main methods of producing multi-layer film. In the case of food films, appropriate barrier properties are required, as well as durability and puncture resistance also at low temperatures. On the other hand, in order to properly pack and present products, an appropriate degree of transparency must be maintained. Therefore, processing aids such as anti-slip, anti-block and release agents are commonly used. Other popular modifiers, such as waxes, fatty acid amides and mineral fillers-silica, talc or calcium carbonate-and their use in film extrusion are discussed. The article also presents common production problems and their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Dziadowiec
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Eurocast Sp. z o.o., Wejherowska 9, 84-220 Strzebielino, Poland
| | - Danuta Matykiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Szostak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Andrzejewski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
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3
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Jordan AM, Meyer L, Kim K, Lee B, Bates FS, Macosko CW. Improved Polypropylene Thermoformability through Polyethylene Layering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34134-34142. [PMID: 35848064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to its low cost, stiffness, and recyclability, isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is an excellent candidate for packaging applications. However, iPP is notoriously difficult to thermoform due to its low melt strength. The addition of just 10 thin layers of high-molecular-weight, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) into iPP sheets by coextrusion significantly increased extensional viscosity and reduced sag. Both LLDPE and iPP were metallocene-catalyzed with excellent adhesion as measured in our previous work. We performed a series of hot tensile tests and sheet sag measurements to determine the properties of the iPP sheet and the multilayer sheet between 130 and 180 °C. To evaluate the thermoformability of these multilayer sheets, truncated conical cups were positive vacuum formed at different temperatures and heating times, and the crush strength was measured. Cups that released easily from the mold with good shape retention and a crush strength within 80% of the maximum value were used to define a temperature-time thermoformability window. We estimated the maximum stress that occurred during the thermoforming process to be 5 MPa. Layer thicknesses before and after thermoforming were used to estimate an average strain of 0.78. The thin LLDPE layers decreased the yield stress below 5 MPa. This enabled thermoforming at sheet temperatures as low as 150 °C. The immiscible LLDPE interfaces increased extensional viscosity, which decreased sag in the multilayer sheets compared to iPP. This broadened the thermoforming range to temperatures as high as 180 °C and allowed longer heating times. These highly thermoformable, layered sheets may be recycled as iPP since they contain only 8% of LLDPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Jordan
- Plastics Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin 54751, United States
| | - Laryssa Meyer
- Plastics Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin 54751, United States
| | - Kyungtae Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - Bongjoon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - Christopher W Macosko
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
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Lozay Q, Beuguel Q, Follain N, Lebrun L, Guinault A, Miquelard-Garnier G, Tencé-Girault S, Sollogoub C, Dargent E, Marais S. Structural and Barrier Properties of Compatibilized PE/PA6 Multinanolayer Films. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:75. [PMID: 33498457 PMCID: PMC7909415 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The barrier performance and structural lightening of organic materials are increasingly desired and constitute a major challenge for manufacturers, particularly for transport and packaging. A promising technique which tends to emerge in recent years is that of multinanolayer coextrusion. The advantage is that it can produce multilayers made of thousands of very thin layers, leading to new properties due to crystalline morphology changes induced by confinement. This paper is focusing on the study of multinanolayered films with alternated polyethylene (PE), compatibilizer (PEgMA) and polyamide 6 (PA6) layers and made by a forced assembly coextrusion process equipped with layer multiplying elements (LME). PE/PA6 multilayer films consisting of 5 to 2049 layers (respectively 0 to 9 LME) were successfully obtained with well-organized multilayered structure. The evolution of the morphology and the microstructure of these two semi-crystalline polymers, when the thickness of each polymer layer decreases from micro-scale to nano-scale, was correlated to the water and gas transport properties of the PE/PA multilayers. The expected improvement of barrier properties was limited due to the on-edge orientation of crystals in very thin PE and PA6 layers. Despite this change of crystalline morphology, a slight improvement of the gas barrier properties was shown by comparing experimental results with permeabilities predicted on the basis of a serial model developed by considering a PE/PA6 interphase. This interphase observed by TEM images and the on-edge crystal orientation in multilayers were evidenced from mechanical properties showing an increase of the stiffness and the strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lozay
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Quentin Beuguel
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Nadège Follain
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
| | - Laurent Lebrun
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
| | - Alain Guinault
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Sylvie Tencé-Girault
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Cyrille Sollogoub
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Eric Dargent
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Stéphane Marais
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
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5
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Embabi M, Kweon MS, Chen Z, Lee PC. Tunable Tensile Properties of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibrillar Blends through Micro-/Nanolayered Extrusion Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2585. [PMID: 33158096 PMCID: PMC7694209 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber-reinforcement is a well-established technique to enhance the tensile properties of polymer composites, which is achieved via changing the reinforcing material concentration and orientation. However, the conventional method can be costly and may lead to poor compatibility issues. To overcome these challenges, we demonstrate the use of micro-/nanolayer (MNL) extrusion technology to tune the mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibrillar blends. PET nanofibers-in-PP microfiber composites, with 3, 7, and 15 wt.% PET, are first prepared using a spunbond system to induce high aspect-ratio PET nanofibers. The PP/PET fibers are then reprocessed in an MNL extrusion system and subjected to shear and extensional flow fields in the channels of the uniquely designed layer multipliers. Increasing the mass flow rate and number of multipliers is shown to orient the PET nanofibers along the machine direction (MD), as confirmed via scanning electron microscopy. Tensile tests reveal that up to a 45% and 46% enhancement in elastic modulus and yield strength are achieved owing to the highly aligned PET nanofibers along the MD under strongest processing conditions. Overall, the range of tensile properties obtained using MNL extrusion implies that the properties of fiber-reinforced composites can be further tuned by employing this processing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick C. Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (M.E.); (M.S.K.); (Z.C.)
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Fernandes Nassar S, Delpouve N, Sollogoub C, Guinault A, Stoclet G, Régnier G, Domenek S. Impact of Nanoconfinement on Polylactide Crystallization and Gas Barrier Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9953-9965. [PMID: 32011861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The barrier properties of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) were investigated in multinanolayer systems, probing the effect of confinement, the compatibility between the confining and the confined polymer, crystal orientation, and amorphous phase properties. The multilayer coextrusion process was used to confine PLLA between two amorphous polymers (polystyrene, PS; and polycarbonate, PC), which have different chemical affinities with PLLA. Confined PLLA layers of approximately 20 nm thickness were obtained. The multinanolayer materials were annealed at different temperatures to obtain PLLA crystallites with distinct polymorphs. PLLA annealed in PC/PLLA films at 120 °C afforded a crystallinity degree up to 65%, and PLLA annealed in PC/PLLA or PS/PLLA films at 85 °C had a crystallinity degree of 45%. WAXS measurements evidenced that the PLLA lamellas between PS layers had a mixed in-plane and on-edge orientation. PLLA lamellas between PC layers were uniquely oriented in-plane. DMA results evidenced a shift of the PC glass transition toward lower temperature, suggesting the possible presence of an interphase. The development of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) in the amorphous phase during annealing was impacted by the confiner polymer. The RAF content of semicrystalline PLLA was about 15% in PC/PLLA, whereas it was neglectable in PS/PLLA. The oxygen barrier properties appeared to be governed by RAF content, and no impact of the PLLA polymorph or the crystalline orientation was observed. This study shows that the confinement of PLLA on itself does not impact barrier properties but that the proper choice of the confiner polymer can lead to decrease the phase coupling which creates the RAF. It is the prevention of RAF that decreases permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Delpouve
- Normandie Univ , UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Cyrille Sollogoub
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers, CNRS , CNAM, Hesam Université , 151, Boulevard de l'Hôpital , F-75013 Paris Cedex , France
| | - Alain Guinault
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers, CNRS , CNAM, Hesam Université , 151, Boulevard de l'Hôpital , F-75013 Paris Cedex , France
| | - Gregory Stoclet
- Univ Lille , CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Gilles Régnier
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Métiers, CNRS , CNAM, Hesam Université , 151, Boulevard de l'Hôpital , F-75013 Paris Cedex , France
| | - Sandra Domenek
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech , INRAE, UMR 0782 SayFood , 91300 Massy , France
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Yu H, Li J, Guo S. Three‐dimensional isothermal simulation of PP melt flow in laminating‐multiplying elements based on the finite element method. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaning Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Jiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
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Messin T, Marais S, Follain N, Chappey C, Guinault A, Miquelard-Garnier G, Delpouve N, Gaucher V, Sollogoub C. Impact of water and thermal induced crystallizations in a PC/MXD6 multilayer film on barrier properties. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Jordan AM, Lee P, Thurber C, Macosko CW. Adapting a Capillary Rheometer for Research on Polymer Melt Interfaces. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Jordan
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
- Plastics Engineering, University of Wisconsin − Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin 54751, United States
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Christopher Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
- The Dow Chemical
Co., Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Christopher W. Macosko
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
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Huang H, Chen X, Li R, Fukuto M, Schuele DE, Ponting M, Langhe D, Baer E, Zhu L. Flat-On Secondary Crystals as Effective Blocks To Reduce Ionic Conduction Loss in Polysulfone/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Multilayer Dielectric Films. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Huang
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Donald E. Schuele
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Michael Ponting
- PolymerPlus, LLC, 7700 Hub Pkwy, Valley View, Ohio 44125, United States
| | - Deepak Langhe
- PolymerPlus, LLC, 7700 Hub Pkwy, Valley View, Ohio 44125, United States
| | - Eric Baer
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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Samanta P, Srivastava R, Nandan B. Block copolymer compatibilization driven frustrated crystallization in electrospun nanofibers of polystyrene/poly(ethylene oxide) blends. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17989-18007. [PMID: 35542103 PMCID: PMC9080552 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The confined crystallization behaviour of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been studied in electrospun nanofibers of the phase-separated blends of polystyrene (PS) and PEO compatibilized with polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) block copolymer. The PS was present as the majority component such that the electrospun nanofibers consisted of PEO domains dispersed in the PS matrix. The phase separation in the blend occurred under the radial constraint of the nanofibers which led to the formation of small-sized fibrillar PEO domains. The use of block copolymer compatibilizer resulted in a noticeable decrease in the PEO domain size in the as-spun nanofibers. Moreover, the decrease in the domain size and domain connectivity was more substantial in the thermally annealed blend nanofibers due to the suppression of the domain coalescence mechanism resulting from the localization of the PS-b-PEO block copolymer at the interface. Consequently, the fraction of PEO domains crystallizing via homogeneous nucleation increased in the compatibilized blend nanofibers due to the presence of higher number of heterogeneity free PEO domains and disruption in their spatial connectivity. Interestingly, in the compatibilized blend nanofibers consisting of low molecular weight PEO, additional crystallization event attributed to surface nucleation was observed. The surface nucleation, plausibly, resulted from the formation of wet-brush structures where the PEO homopolymers homogeneously wet the PEO blocks present at the interface. In such a scenario, the PEO crystallization occurred via surface nucleation at the domain interface. The surface nucleated crystallization was absent in the compatibilized blend nanofibers composed of high molecular weight PEO presumably due to the formation of morphology with dry-brush structures. Confined crystallization behaviour of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was studied in electrospun nanofibers of the phase-separated blends of polystyrene (PS) and PEO compatibilized with polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) block copolymer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratick Samanta
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Rajiv Srivastava
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Bhanu Nandan
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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14
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Wei R, Wang X, Zhang X, Chen C, Du S. Fabrication of High Gas Barrier Epoxy Nanocomposites: An Approach Based on Layered Silicate Functionalized by a Compatible and Reactive Modifier of Epoxy-Diamine Adduct. Molecules 2018; 23:E1075. [PMID: 29751551 PMCID: PMC6099994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To solve the drawbacks of poor dispersion and weak interface in gas barrier nanocomposites, a novel epoxy-diamine adduct (DDA) was synthesized by reacting epoxy monomer DGEBA with curing agent D400 to functionalize montmorillonite (MMT), which could provide complete compatibility and reactivity with a DGEBA/D400 epoxy matrix. Thereafter, sodium type montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and organic-MMTs functionalized by DDA and polyether amines were incorporated with epoxy to manufacture nanocomposites. The effects of MMT functionalization on the morphology and gas barrier property of nanocomposites were evaluated. The results showed that DDA was successfully synthesized, terminating with epoxy and amine groups. By simulating the small-angle neutron scattering data with a sandwich structure model, the optimal dispersion/exfoliation of MMT was observed in a DDA-MMT/DGEBA nanocomposite with a mean radius of 751 Å, a layer thickness of 30.8 Å, and only two layers in each tactoid. Moreover, the DDA-MMT/DGEBA nanocomposite exhibited the best N₂ barrier properties, which were about five times those of neat epoxy. Based on a modified Nielsen model, it was clarified that this excellent gas barrier property was due to the homogeneously dispersed lamellas with almost exfoliated structures. The improved morphology and barrier property confirmed the superiority of the adduct, which provides a general method for developing gas barrier nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201324, China.
| | - Shanyi Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China.
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15
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Messin T, Follain N, Guinault A, Sollogoub C, Gaucher V, Delpouve N, Marais S. Structure and Barrier Properties of Multinanolayered Biodegradable PLA/PBSA Films: Confinement Effect via Forced Assembly Coextrusion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:29101-29112. [PMID: 28758727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer coextrusion processing was applied to produce 2049-layer film of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) confined against poly(lactic acid) (PLA) using forced assembly, where the PBSA layer thickness was about 60 nm. This unique technology allowed to process semicrystalline PBSA as confined polymer and amorphous PLA as confining polymer in a continuous manner. The continuity of PBSA layers within the 80/20 wt % PLA/PBSA layered films was clearly evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Similar thermal events to the reference films were revealed by thermal studies; indicating no diffusion of polymers during the melt-processing. Mechanical properties were measured for the multilayer film and the obtained results were those expected considering the fraction of each polymer, revealing the absence of delamination in the PLA/PBSA multinanolayer film. The confinement effect induced by PLA led to a slight orientation of the crystals, an increase of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) in PBSA with a densification of this fraction without changing film crystallinity. These structural changes allowed to strongly improve the water vapor and gas barrier properties of the PBSA layer into the multilayer film up to two decades in the case of CO2 gas. By confining the PBSA structure in very thin and continuous layers, it was then possible to improve the barrier performances of a biodegradable system and the resulting barrier properties were successfully correlated to the effect of confinement on the microstructure and the chain segment mobility of the amorphous phase. Such investigation on these multinanolayers of PLA/PBSA with the aim of evidencing relationships between microstructure implying RAF and barrier performances has never been performed yet. Besides, gas and water permeation results have shown that the barrier improvement obtained from the multilayer was mainly due to the reduction of solubility linked to the reduction of the free volume while the tortuosity effect, as usually expected, was not really observed. This work brings new insights in the field of physicochemical behaviors of new multilayer films made of biodegradable polyesters but also in interfacial processes due to the confinement effect induced in these multinanolayer structures obtained by the forced assembly coextrusion. This original coextrusion process was a very advantageous technique to produce eco-friendly materials with functional properties without the help of tie layer, additives, solvents, surface treatments, or inorganic fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Messin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Nadège Follain
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Alain Guinault
- PIMM, Arts et Métiers ParisTech/CNRS/CNAM, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Gaucher
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations, UMR 8207 CNRS/Université Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Nicolas Delpouve
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Marais
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
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16
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Crystallization of polypropylene in multilayered spaces: Controllable morphologies and properties. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Messin T, Follain N, Guinault A, Miquelard-Garnier G, Sollogoub C, Delpouve N, Gaucher V, Marais S. Confinement effect in PC/MXD6 multilayer films: Impact of the microlayered structure on water and gas barrier properties. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Effects of crystallization temperature and spherulite size on cracking behavior of semi-crystalline polymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Yang S, Yu H, Lei F, Li J, Guo S, Wu H, Shen J, Xiong Y, Chen R. Formation Mechanism and Morphology of β-Transcrystallinity of Polypropylene Induced by Two-Dimensional Layered Interface. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Huaning Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Fan Lei
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jiabin Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Rong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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20
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Zhang G, Xu H, MacInnis K, Baer E. The structure-property relationships of LLDPE–EVOH blend films fabricated by multiplication extrusion. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Cui Y, Kumar S, Rao Kona B, van Houcke D. Gas barrier properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10333a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The state-of-the-art progress on the use of clay for the gas barrier properties of polymer nanocomposites have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Cui
- Institute Center for Microsystems (iMicro)
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (MME)
- Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- U.A.E
| | - S. Kumar
- Institute Center for Microsystems (iMicro)
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (MME)
- Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- U.A.E
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22
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Jia X, Zheng J, Lin S, Li W, Cai Q, Sui G, Yang X. Highly moisture-resistant epoxy composites: an approach based on liquid nano-reinforcement containing well-dispersed activated montmorillonite. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06397c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-step reaction approach was exploited to prepare an activated liquid nano-reinforcement (BGE-MMTs) for enhancing moisture-barrier characteristics of epoxy composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Junyi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Song Lin
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology
- Beijing 100076
- P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
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23
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Zhang G, Xu H, MacInnis K, Baer E. Crystallization of linear low density polyethylene under two-dimensional confinement in high barrier blend systems. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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