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Arioli M, Puiggalí J, Franco L. Nylons with Applications in Energy Generators, 3D Printing and Biomedicine. Molecules 2024; 29:2443. [PMID: 38893319 PMCID: PMC11173604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Linear polyamides, known as nylons, are a class of synthetic polymers with a wide range of applications due to their outstanding properties, such as chemical and thermal resistance or mechanical strength. These polymers have been used in various fields: from common and domestic applications, such as socks and fishing nets, to industrial gears or water purification membranes. By their durability, flexibility and wear resistance, nylons are now being used in addictive manufacturing technology as a good material choice to produce sophisticated devices with precise and complex geometric shapes. Furthermore, the emergence of triboelectric nanogenerators and the development of biomaterials have highlighted the versatility and utility of these materials. Due to their ability to enhance triboelectric performance and the range of applications, nylons show a potential use as tribo-positive materials. Because of the easy control of their shape, they can be subsequently integrated into nanogenerators. The use of nylons has also extended into the field of biomaterials, where their biocompatibility, mechanical strength and versatility have paved the way for groundbreaking advances in medical devices as dental implants, catheters and non-absorbable surgical sutures. By means of 3D bioprinting, nylons have been used to develop scaffolds, joint implants and drug carriers with tailored properties for various biomedical applications. The present paper aims to collect evidence of these recently specific applications of nylons by reviewing the literature produced in recent decades, with a special focus on the newer technologies in the field of energy harvesting and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Arioli
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 10–14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 10–14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.); (J.P.)
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10–14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Franco
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 10–14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.); (J.P.)
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10–14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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Sridhara PK, Masso F, Olsén P, Vilaseca F. Strong Polyamide-6 Nanocomposites with Cellulose Nanofibers Mediated by Green Solvent Mixtures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082127. [PMID: 34443955 PMCID: PMC8401965 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as a bio-based reinforcement has attracted tremendous interests in engineering polymer composites. This study developed a sustainable approach to reinforce polyamide-6 or nylon-6 (PA6) with CNFs through solvent casting in formic acid/water mixtures. The methodology provides an energy-efficient pathway towards well-dispersed high-CNF content PA6 biocomposites. Nanocomposite formulations up to 50 wt.% of CNFs were prepared, and excellent improvements in the tensile properties were observed, with an increase in the elastic modulus from 1.5 to 4.2 GPa, and in the tensile strength from 46.3 to 124 MPa. The experimental tensile values were compared with the analytical values obtained by micromechanical models. Fractured surfaces were observed using scanning electron microscopy to examine the interface morphology. FTIR revealed strong hydrogen bonding at the interface, and the thermal parameters were determined using TGA and DSC, where the nanocomposites' crystallinity tended to reduce with the increase in the CNF content. In addition, nanocomposites showed good thermomechanical stability for all formulations. Overall, this work provides a facile fabrication pathway for high-CNF content nanocomposites of PA6 for high-performance and advanced material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthvi K. Sridhara
- Advanced Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Ferran Masso
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.M.); (P.O.)
| | - Peter Olsén
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.M.); (P.O.)
| | - Fabiola Vilaseca
- Advanced Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-667-292-597
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Fukuda Y, Sasanuma Y. Computational Characterization of Nylon 4, a Biobased and Biodegradable Polyamide Superior to Nylon 6. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9544-9555. [PMID: 31459086 PMCID: PMC6645086 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study is an attempt to develop a theoretical methodology to elucidate or predict the structural characteristics and the physical properties of an isolated polymeric chain and its crystalline state precisely and quantitatively. To be more specific, conformational characteristics of a biobased and biodegradable polyamide, nylon 4, in the free state have been revealed by not only ab initio molecular orbital calculations on its model compound but also nuclear magnetic resonance experiments for the model and nylon 4. Furthermore, the crystal structure and solid-state properties of nylon 4 have been elucidated by density functional theory calculations with a dispersion force correction under periodic boundary conditions. In the free state, the nylon 4 chain forms intramolecular N-H···O=C hydrogen bonds, which force the polymeric chain into distorted conformations including a number of gauche bonds, whereas nylon 4 crystallizes in the fully extended all-trans structure (α form) that is stabilized by intermolecular N-H···O=C hydrogen bonds. The intermolecular interaction energy (ΔE CP) in the crystal was accurately calculated via a counterpoise (CP) method contrived here to correct the basis set superposition error, and the ultimate crystalline modulus (E b ) in the chain axis (b axis) direction at 0 K was also evaluated theoretically. The results were compared with those obtained from the α and γ crystalline forms of nylon 6, and, consequently, the superiority of nylon 4 to nylon 6 in thermal stability and mechanical properties was indicated: the ΔE CP and E b values are, respectively, -214 cal g-1 and 334 GPa (nylon 4), -191 cal g-1 and 316 GPa (α form of nylon 6), and -184 cal g-1 and 120 GPa (γ form of nylon 6). In conclusion, nylon 4 is expected to be put to practical use as a tough environmentally friendly polyamide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Sasanuma
- E-mail: . Phone: +81 (0)43 290 3394. Fax: +81 (0)43 290
3394
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Galimberti DR, Milani A, Gaigeot MP, Radice S, Tonelli C, Picozzi R, Castiglioni C. Static vs dynamic DFT prediction of IR spectra of flexible molecules in the condensed phase: The (ClCF 2CF(CF 3)OCF 2CH 3) liquid as a test case. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 183:195-203. [PMID: 28448957 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
First-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations in the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT) are carried out for the prediction of the infrared spectrum of the fluorinated molecule ClCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CH3 in liquid and gas phase. This molecule is characterized by a flexible structure, allowing the co-existence of several stable conformers, that differ by values of the torsional angles. FPMD computed spectra are compared to the experimental ones, and to Boltzmann weighted IR spectra based on gas phase calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Ruth Galimberti
- Politecnico di Milano - Dip. Chimica, Materiali, Ing. Chimica "G. Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Milani
- Politecnico di Milano - Dip. Chimica, Materiali, Ing. Chimica "G. Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- LAMBE CNRS UMR8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Université d'Evry val d'Essonne, Boulevard F. Mitterrand, Bat Maupertuis, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Stefano Radice
- Solvay Specialty Polymers RD&T Center, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate, MI, Italy
| | - Claudio Tonelli
- Solvay Specialty Polymers RD&T Center, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate, MI, Italy
| | - Rosaldo Picozzi
- Solvay Specialty Polymers RD&T Center, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate, MI, Italy
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Politecnico di Milano - Dip. Chimica, Materiali, Ing. Chimica "G. Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Strain-dependent vibrational spectra and elastic modulus of poly(p-phenylene terephtalamide) from first-principles calculations. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Joshi MK, Tiwari AP, Maharjan B, Won KS, Kim HJ, Park CH, Kim CS. Cellulose reinforced nylon-6 nanofibrous membrane: Fabrication strategies, physicochemical characterizations, wicking properties and biomimetic mineralization. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 147:104-113. [PMID: 27178914 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to develop a facile, efficient approach to reinforce nylon 6 (N6) nanofibers with cellulose chains as well as to study the effect that cellulose regeneration has on the physicochemical properties of the composite fibers. Here, a cellulose acetate (CA) solution (17wt%) was prepared in formic acid and was blended with N6 solution (20%, prepared in formic acid and acetic acid) in various proportions, and the blended solutions were then electrospun to produce hybrid N6/CA nanofibers. Cellulose was regenerated in-situ in the fiber via alkaline saponification of the CA content of the hybrid fiber, leading to cellulose-reinforced N6 (N6/CL) nanofibers. Electron microscopy studies suggest that the fiber diameter and hence pore size gradually decreases as the mass composition of CA increases in the electrospinning solution. Cellulose regeneration showed noticeable change in the polymorphic behavior of N6, as observed in the XRD and IR spectra. The strong interaction of the hydroxyl group of cellulose with amide group of N6, mainly via hydrogen bonding, has a pronounced effect on the polymorphic behavior of N6. The γ-phase was dominant in pristine N6 and N6/CA fibers while α- phase was dominant in the N6/CL fibers. The surface wettability, wicking properties, and the tensile stress were greatly improved for N6/CL fibers compared to the corresponding N6/CA hybrid fibers. Results of DSC/TGA revealed that N6/CL fibers were more thermally stable than pristine N6 and N6/CA nanofibers. Furthermore, regeneration of cellulose chain improved the ability to nucleate bioactive calcium phosphate crystals in a simulated body fluid solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Joshi
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Arjun Prasad Tiwari
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Bikendra Maharjan
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ko Sung Won
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Joo Kim
- Department of Convergence Technology Engineering, College of engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Hee Park
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol Sang Kim
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Eco-friendly machine parts design research center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Wang L, Zhou H, Wang X, Mi J. Mechanism of bubble nucleation in poly(ε-caprolactone) foaming at low temperature. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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