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Leguizamon SC, Lyons K, Monk NT, Hochrein MT, Jones BH, Foster JC. Additive Manufacturing of Degradable Materials via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51301-51306. [PMID: 36318511 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermoset materials comprise a significant proportion of high-performance plastics due to their shape permanence and excellent thermal and mechanical properties. However, these properties come at the expense of degradability. Here, we show for the first time that the industrial thermoset polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) can be additively manufactured (AM) with degradable 2,3-dihydrofuran (DHF) linkages using a photochemical approach. Treatment of the manufactured objects with acid results in rapid degradation to soluble byproducts. This work highlights the potential of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) chemistry to create degradable materials amenable to advanced manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Lyons
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
| | - Nicolas T Monk
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
| | - Madison T Hochrein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
| | - Brad H Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Foster
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
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2
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Cheng C, Zhang C, Chen Z, Zhou F, Sun Z, Yu M. Newly designed polydicyclopentadiene and its continuous carbon fiber composites: Preparation and mechanical properties assessment. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Leguizamon SC, Monk NT, Hochrein MT, Zapien EM, Yoon A, Foster JC, Appelhans LN. Photoinitiated Olefin Metathesis and Stereolithographic Printing of Polydicyclopentadiene. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas T. Monk
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | | | | | - Alana Yoon
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Foster
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Leah N. Appelhans
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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4
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Barabanova AI, Afanas’ev ES, Molchanov VS, Askadskii AA, Philippova OE. Unmodified Silica Nanoparticles Enhance Mechanical Properties and Welding Ability of Epoxy Thermosets with Tunable Vitrimer Matrix. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3040. [PMID: 34577941 PMCID: PMC8467415 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy/silica thermosets with tunable matrix (vitrimers) were prepared by thermal curing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) in the presence of a hardener-4-methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA), a transesterification catalyst-zinc acetylacetonate (ZAA), and 10-15 nm spherical silica nanoparticles. The properties of the resulting material were studied by tensile testing, thermomechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis. It is shown that at room temperature the introduction of 5-10 wt% of silica nanoparticles in the vitrimer matrix strengthens the material leading to the increase of the elastic modulus by 44% and the tensile stress by 25%. Simultaneously, nanoparticles enhance the dimensional stability of the material since they reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion. At the same time, the transesterification catalyst provides the thermoset with the welding ability at heating, when the chain exchange reactions are accelerated. For the first time, it was shown that the silica nanoparticles strengthen welding joints in vitrimers, which is extremely important, since it allows to repeatedly use products made of thermosets and heal defects in them. Such materials hold great promise for use in durable protective coatings, adhesives, sealants and many other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I. Barabanova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Egor S. Afanas’ev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | | | - Andrey A. Askadskii
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 129337 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga E. Philippova
- Physics Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.M.); (O.E.P.)
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5
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Ji X, Zhang M, Yin H, Lyu Y, Hoch M, Shi X. Properties and mechanism of EVM–GMA terpolymer elastomer cross-linked by epoxy–anhydride reaction. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Liu M, Rohde BJ, Krishnamoorti R, Robertson ML, Dawood M. Bond behavior of epoxy resin–polydicyclopentadiene phase separated interpenetrating networks for adhering carbon fiber reinforced polymer to steel. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas 77204‐4004
| | - Brian J. Rohde
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas 77204‐4004
| | - Ramanan Krishnamoorti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas 77204‐4004
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas 77204‐4004
| | - Mina Dawood
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas 77204‐4004
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7
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Yang J, He X, Wang H, Liu X, Lin P, Yang S, Fu S. High‐toughness, environment‐friendly solid epoxy resins: Preparation, mechanical performance, curing behavior, and thermal properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Yang
- School of Engineering, and Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency UtilizationZhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Xingwei He
- School of Engineering, and Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency UtilizationZhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Hengxu Wang
- School of Engineering, and Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency UtilizationZhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Xiaohuan Liu
- School of Engineering, and Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency UtilizationZhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Peng Lin
- School of Engineering, and Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency UtilizationZhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street Hangzhou 311300 China
- Zhonghang Monitoring Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, 358 Banshan Road Hangzhou 310022 China
| | - Shengxiang Yang
- School of Engineering, and Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency UtilizationZhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street Hangzhou 311300 China
- College of ScienceZhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Shenyuan Fu
- School of Engineering, and Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High‐Efficiency UtilizationZhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street Hangzhou 311300 China
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8
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Barabanova AI, Lokshin BV, Kharitonova EP, Afanasyev ES, Askadskii AA, Philippova OE. Curing cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with 4-methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride: Catalyzed vs. uncatalyzed reaction. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Yoo HM, Kim MS, Kim BS, Kwon DJ, Choi SW. Impact and shear properties of carbon fabric/ poly-dicyclopentadiene composites manufactured by vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding. E-POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDicyclopentadiene (DCPD) resin has gained popularity owing to its fast curing time and ease of processing with a low viscosity in the monomer state. In the present study, the impact and shear properties of a carbon fiber (CF)/p-DCPD composite were investigated. The CF/p-DCPD composite was manufactured by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding with CF as the reinforcement and p-DCPD as the resin with a maximum fiber volume fraction of 55 weight percent. Impact and shear properties of the CF/p-DCPD composite were evaluated and compared with those of a CF/Epoxy composite. The maximum shear stress and modulus of the CF/p-DCPD composite were lower than that of the CF/Epoxy composite. However, the CF/p-DCPD composite had higher toughness than that of the CF/Epoxy composite; this indicates that it is tougher and exhibits a more ductile load-displacement response with a lower modulus and larger failure deformation. The impact strength of the CF/p-DCPD composite was about three time that of the CF/Epoxy composite. The higher impact strength of the CF/p-DCPD composite is attributed to the resin characteristics: epoxy resin has a more brittle behavior, and hence, higher energy is required for crack propagation due to fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Min Yoo
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797, Changwon-daero, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Sun Kim
- Advanced Railroad Vehicle Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do 437-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 38, Cheondaegukchi-gil, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jun Kwon
- Resin Research Team, Korea Dyeing & Finishing Technology Institute, 92, Dalseocheon-ro, Seo-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woong Choi
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 38, Cheondaegukchi-gil, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 53064, Republic of Korea
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10
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Rohde BJ, Culp TE, Gomez ED, Ilavsky J, Krishnamoorti R, Robertson ML. Nanostructured Thermoset/Thermoset Blends Compatibilized with an Amphiphilic Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Rohde
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Tyler E. Culp
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ramanan Krishnamoorti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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11
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Barabanova AI, Lokshin BV, Kharitonova EP, Karandi IV, Afanasyev ES, Askadskii AA, Philippova OE. Cycloaliphatic epoxy resin cured with anhydride in the absence of catalyst. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Cuthbert TJ, Li T, Speed AWH, Wulff JE. Structure of the Thermally Induced Cross-Link in C-Linked Methyl Ester-Functionalized Polydicyclopentadiene (fPDCPD). Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Alexander W. H. Speed
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Jeremy E. Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
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Thành ĐM, Hiền LX, Dũng NT, Thắng ĐX. Nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của tỷ lệ các hợp phần đến phản ứng khâu mạch nhựa epoxy biến tính dầu hạt cây đen ( Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei
) bằng dianhydrit piromelitic. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.15625/vjc.2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Đỗ Minh Thành
- Viện Kỹ thuật nhiệt đới, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam
| | - Lê Xuân Hiền
- Viện Kỹ thuật nhiệt đới, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam
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14
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Wazarkar K, Kathalewar M, Sabnis A. Anticorrosive and insulating properties of cardanol based anhydride curing agent for epoxy coatings. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Thermokinetics behavior of epoxy adhesive reinforced with low viscous aliphatic reactive diluent and nano-fillers. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2015. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Rohde BJ, Le KM, Krishnamoorti R, Robertson ML. Thermoset Blends of an Epoxy Resin and Polydicyclopentadiene. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Rohde
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Kim Mai Le
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Ramanan Krishnamoorti
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
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18
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Sun Q, Ma S, Ge Z, Luo Y. Preparation and curing behavior of high-stress solid propellant binder based on polydicyclopentadiene. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316664797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ring-opening metathesis polymerization reaction of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) was carried out using Grubbs first generation catalyst. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic-thermo mechanical analysis (DMA), and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the curing behavior of this polymer. The FTIR results showed that DCPD had not cured completely and the polymers were composed of linear and cross-linked polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD). The DMA test showed that the polymer possesses the glass transition temperature of linear PDCPD and cross-linked PDCPD, which had also proved the FTIR result. Furthermore, in order to explain the strange phenomenon that the band at 3004 cm−1 should have been detected in infrared spectrum, the Raman spectrum of PDCPD was applied to analyze the bonding mechanism of =C–H bond in the process of polymerization. Moreover, the real-time FTIR result cure formula showed that the cure degree increases first then constants trend with cure time of increasing, the cure degree reached the maximum value (96.76%) at 60°C for 192 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Song Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Ge
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Kristufek SL, Yang G, Link LA, Rohde BJ, Robertson ML, Wooley KL. Synthesis, Characterization, and Cross-Linking Strategy of a Quercetin-Based Epoxidized Monomer as a Naturally-Derived Replacement for BPA in Epoxy Resins. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:2135-2142. [PMID: 27415143 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The natural polyphenolic compound quercetin was functionalized and cross-linked to afford a robust epoxy network. Quercetin was selectively methylated and functionalized with glycidyl ether moieties using a microwave-assisted reaction on a gram scale to afford the desired monomer (Q). This quercetin-derived monomer was treated with nadic methyl anhydride (NMA) to obtain a cross-linked network (Q-NMA). The thermal and mechanical properties of this naturally derived network were compared to those of a conventional diglycidyl ether bisphenol A-derived counterpart (DGEBA-NMA). Q-NMA had similar thermal properties [i.e., glass transition (Tg ) and decomposition (Td ) temperatures] and comparable mechanical properties (i.e., Young's Modulus, storage modulus) to that of DGEBA-NMA. However, it had a lower tensile strength and higher flexural modulus at elevated temperatures. The application of naturally derived, sustainable compounds for the replacement of commercially available petrochemical-based epoxies is of great interest to reduce the environmental impact of these materials. Q-NMA is an attractive candidate for the replacement of bisphenol A-based epoxies in various specialty engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Kristufek
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Departments of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, United States
| | - Guozhen Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-4004, United States
| | - Lauren A Link
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Departments of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, United States
| | - Brian J Rohde
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-4004, United States
| | - Megan L Robertson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-4004, United States
| | - Karen L Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Departments of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, United States.
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20
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Yerro O, Radojevic V, Radovic I, Petrovic M, Uskokovic P, Stojanovic D, Aleksic R. Thermoplastic acrylic resin with self-healing properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Yerro
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
| | - V. Radojevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
| | - I. Radovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
| | - M. Petrovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
| | - P.S. Uskokovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
| | - D.B. Stojanovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
| | - R. Aleksic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Belgrade 11 000 Serbia
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21
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Yang B, Wang W, Huang J. Synergic effects of poly(vinyl butyral) on toughening epoxies by nanostructured rubbers. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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